JPS629953Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS629953Y2 JPS629953Y2 JP8437982U JP8437982U JPS629953Y2 JP S629953 Y2 JPS629953 Y2 JP S629953Y2 JP 8437982 U JP8437982 U JP 8437982U JP 8437982 U JP8437982 U JP 8437982U JP S629953 Y2 JPS629953 Y2 JP S629953Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- electric field
- field panel
- pile
- main body
- panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009503 electrostatic coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Electrostatic Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
本考案は静電植毛及び静電塗装技術に関し、詳
しくは繊維パイル又は粉体塗料等を均一に三相電
界パネル上に落下させ被着物に均一に被着させる
装置に係るものである。[Detailed description of the invention] This invention relates to electrostatic flocking and electrostatic coating technology, and more specifically, to a device that allows fiber piles or powder coatings to fall uniformly onto a three-phase electric field panel and coat them uniformly on the adherend. This is related.
三相又は単相の交流電圧を利用して、繊維パイ
ルや粉体塗料等を移動させる静電植毛及び静電塗
装の原理はすでに広く知られており、例えば粉体
塗料を塗装する場合は一般に粉体塗装ガンが使用
されている。しかしながら、基材(被着物)が凹
形状をしている場合にはその全面にわたつて均一
な厚さに塗装することは難しく、例えば80ミクロ
ンを目標にして塗装したとしても最低プラスマイ
ナス10ミクロン程度の膜厚分布のバラツキは避け
ることができない。 The principles of electrostatic flocking and electrostatic coating, which use three-phase or single-phase alternating current voltage to move fiber piles, powder coatings, etc., are already widely known. For example, when applying powder coatings, it is generally A powder coating gun is used. However, if the base material (substrate) has a concave shape, it is difficult to coat the entire surface with a uniform thickness. Some degree of variation in film thickness distribution cannot be avoided.
また繊維を小さくカツトした静電植毛用パイル
をダウン法、すなわち被着物の上方に設置した電
極の多数の間隙を通過させることによつて帯電し
た繊維パイルや粉体塗料を散布落下させて被着物
に吸着させる方式で植毛した場合は、過剰のパイ
ルが植毛されて製品の外観を損うことが多い。 In addition, the pile for electrostatic flocking, in which the fibers are cut into small pieces, is passed through a number of gaps between electrodes installed above the adherend, and the charged fiber pile and powder paint are sprayed and dropped onto the adherend. If the hair is transplanted using the adsorption method, excessive pile is often transplanted and spoils the appearance of the product.
一方アツプ法、すなわち被着物の下方に設置し
た電界パネル上面に散布された繊維パイルや粉体
塗料を上昇させて被着物に吸着させる方式で植毛
する場合は、電極の上にパイルを均一に散布して
おきその後電圧をかけて植毛するが、連続して植
毛しなければならない場合には各植毛工程ごとに
電極上へパイルを均一に散布しなければならず、
煩雑な操作を必要とするだけでなく製品の品質が
安定しないという欠点があつた。 On the other hand, when flocking using the up method, in which the fiber piles or powder paint sprinkled on the top surface of the electric field panel installed below the adherend are raised and adsorbed to the adherend, the piles are evenly spread over the electrode. After that, voltage is applied and the hair is transplanted. However, if the hair needs to be transplanted continuously, the pile must be evenly spread over the electrode after each hair transplanting process.
This method not only requires complicated operations but also has the disadvantage that the quality of the product is unstable.
本考案は、前述のような従来の欠点を除去し、
樋状又は管状の散布器を振動又は回転させること
によつて、繊維パイルや粉体塗料を均一に散布す
ることができる静電装置を提供することを目的と
する。 The present invention eliminates the conventional drawbacks as mentioned above,
An object of the present invention is to provide an electrostatic device capable of uniformly dispersing fiber piles or powder paint by vibrating or rotating a gutter-shaped or tubular dispersing device.
本考案に係る静電装置は、絶縁物又は半導体よ
り成る薄板に複数の対向電極を埋設して形成し被
着物に対向配置した電界パネルと、前記電界パネ
ルの端縁付近上方に配置した樋状又は管状の散布
器とを備えて成る静電装置であつて、前記電界パ
ネルの前記対向電極に三相交流電圧と直流高電圧
とを重畳して印加し、前記散布器の本体の長さは
前記電界パネルの端縁部の幅に対応する長さと
し、前記本体の底面には一端から他端へと徐々に
大きくなる複数の開口を設け、小さな開口の側を
パイル投入端側として上方に持上げて散布器を傾
斜せしめると共に前記本体を振動又は回転可能に
保持し、これにより繊維パイル又は粉体塗料等が
前記電界パネル上に均一に散布落下せしめられ、
次いで電界パネル上を下流側に移送され、前記電
界パネルに対向配置されかつ接地されている被着
物上に均一かつ連続的に被着せしめられることを
特徴としている。 The electrostatic device according to the present invention includes an electric field panel formed by embedding a plurality of opposing electrodes in a thin plate made of an insulating material or a semiconductor and placed opposite to an adherend, and a gutter-shaped gutter placed above an edge of the electric field panel. or an electrostatic device comprising a tubular spreader, in which a three-phase AC voltage and a DC high voltage are superimposed and applied to the opposing electrode of the electric field panel, and the length of the main body of the spreader is The length corresponds to the width of the edge of the electric field panel, and the bottom of the main body is provided with a plurality of openings that gradually become larger from one end to the other, and the side with the smaller opening is lifted upward as the pile input end. tilting the sprayer and holding the main body so as to be able to vibrate or rotate, whereby the fiber pile or powder coating or the like is uniformly spread and fallen onto the electric field panel,
It is then transferred to the downstream side over the electric field panel, and is uniformly and continuously deposited on the adherend which is placed opposite to the electric field panel and is grounded.
繊維パイル又は粉体塗料等は、三相交流電圧に
よつて発生する進行波型交流電界の作用によつて
電界パネル上を下流側に移送される。 The fiber pile, powder coating, etc. are transported downstream on the electric field panel by the action of the traveling wave AC electric field generated by the three-phase AC voltage.
散布器の底面に設ける開口は、平板に穿孔した
長方形の孔あるいはフルイの網目孔で構成するこ
とができる。 The opening provided in the bottom of the spreader can be a rectangular hole drilled in a flat plate or a mesh hole in a sieve.
本考案はその一実施例において、余剰のパイル
や粉体等を回収し、再び供給器に戻して塗着工程
に利用することができる。 In one embodiment of the present invention, surplus piles, powder, etc. can be collected and returned to the supply device for use in the coating process.
以下、図面に示す実施例を参照しながら本考案
をさらに詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to embodiments shown in the drawings.
第1図は本考案を円弧状の被植毛体10内面に
パイル20を植毛する静電装置に適用した実施例
を表わしている。 FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which the present invention is applied to an electrostatic device for planting piles 20 on the inner surface of an arc-shaped flocking object 10.
第1図において、ナイロンの繊維片から成るパ
イル20(例えば長さ1mm、太さ3デニール)が
パイル供給機11内に収容されている。パイル供
給機としては例えば三協電業(株)製のマイクロフイ
ーダMF型を使用することができる。パイル20
は、その内側にプリント板(フレキシブルプリン
ト)28がエポキシ樹脂で貼付けられて環状電極
を形成している第7図に示す円筒状輸送管12内
に投入される。プリント板28は、絶縁物又は半
導体であるポリイミド、ポリエステル等より成る
薄板に銅、ニクロム、ステンレス等より成る円形
又は箔状の線状電極を積層又は埋設して形成さ
れ、可撓性を有する。 In FIG. 1, a pile 20 (for example, 1 mm in length and 3 denier in thickness) made of nylon fiber pieces is housed in a pile feeder 11. As the pile feeder, for example, a Micro Feeder MF model manufactured by Sankyo Dengyo Co., Ltd. can be used. pile 20
is introduced into the cylindrical transport tube 12 shown in FIG. 7, on the inside of which a printed board (flexible print) 28 is pasted with epoxy resin to form an annular electrode. The printed board 28 is flexible and is formed by laminating or embedding circular or foil-shaped linear electrodes made of copper, nichrome, stainless steel, etc. on a thin plate made of polyimide, polyester, etc., which are insulators or semiconductors.
プリント板28には第7図に示すように三相交
流電圧発生機13からの三相交流電圧が印加され
ており、環状電極に印加される三相交流電圧が生
起する進行波型交流電界の作用により、荷電され
たパイル20を自動的に輸送管12の吐出口へ向
けて移送することができる。 As shown in FIG. 7, a three-phase AC voltage from the three-phase AC voltage generator 13 is applied to the printed board 28, and a traveling wave AC electric field generated by the three-phase AC voltage applied to the annular electrode is generated. By this action, the charged pile 20 can be automatically transferred toward the outlet of the transport pipe 12.
輸送管12を出たパイル20は、樋状の散布器
30上に送られる。散布器30の底面には一端か
ら他端へと徐々に大きくなる複数の開口P(第2
図P1〜P9参照)が設けられ、小さな開口P1の側が
パイル投入端側として上方に持上げられ傾斜して
いる。この傾斜角度aは例えば5゜程度とする。
第2図に示すように散布器30には例えば50mmの
ピツチで9個の長方形の孔P1〜P9を設ける。 The pile 20 leaving the transport pipe 12 is sent onto a trough-like spreader 30. The bottom of the sprayer 30 has a plurality of openings P (second
(see Figures P 1 to P 9 ), and the side of the small opening P 1 is lifted upward and inclined as the pile input end side. This inclination angle a is, for example, about 5°.
As shown in FIG. 2, the sprayer 30 is provided with nine rectangular holes P 1 to P 9 at a pitch of, for example, 50 mm.
散布器30は電磁振動により上下に振動可能に
保持されており、散布器上に投入されたパイル2
0は振動と傾斜とによつて下流側に移動し、底面
の孔を通過して下方の電界パネル17上に落下す
る。各孔の大きさを適当に選ぶことにより各孔か
ら供給パイルの約1/10ずつ落下させることができ
る。いずれの孔にも落下しなかつたパイルの余剰
分約1/10は散布器の最下端から回収容器(図示せ
ず)内に集めて供給機11内に戻すことができ
る。 The spreader 30 is held so that it can vibrate up and down by electromagnetic vibration, and the pile 2 placed on the spreader
0 moves downstream due to vibration and inclination, passes through the hole in the bottom, and falls onto the electric field panel 17 below. By appropriately selecting the size of each hole, approximately 1/10 of the supplied pile can be dropped from each hole. Approximately 1/10 of the excess pile that did not fall into any of the holes can be collected from the lowest end of the spreader into a collection container (not shown) and returned to the feeder 11.
第3図は、散布器の他の実施例として振動分散
器30と同じ機能を持つ回転フルイ式分散器40
を表わしている。この分散器40には5個のフル
イ41〜45が設けられ、矢印の下流方向に行く
に従つてフルイの網目が広くなつており、また水
平に対して角度b例えば5゜傾斜して取付けられ
ている。フルイの網目サイズは例えば41を400
メツシユ、42を325メツシユ、43を250メツシ
ユ、44を200メツシユ、45を150メツシユとす
れば、供給されたパイル20は概ね各フルイ部分
で均等に落下するようになる。余剰なパイルは回
収部48に集めてから再び供給機11に戻すこと
ができる。 FIG. 3 shows a rotating sieve type disperser 40 having the same function as the vibration disperser 30 as another embodiment of the disperser.
It represents. This distributor 40 is provided with five sieves 41 to 45, and the mesh of the sieves becomes wider in the downstream direction of the arrow, and is installed at an angle b of, for example, 5 degrees with respect to the horizontal. ing. For example, the mesh size of the sieve is 41 to 400.
By setting 42 to 325 meshes, 43 to 250 meshes, 44 to 200 meshes, and 45 to 150 meshes, the supplied pile 20 will fall approximately evenly at each sieve section. Excess piles can be collected in the collecting section 48 and then returned to the feeder 11 again.
第1図において、電界パネル17には三相交流
電圧14と直流電圧15とが重畳して印加されて
おり、印加電圧は直流+30KV交流4KVである。
散布器30,40の本体の長さは電界パネル17
の端縁部の幅に対応する長さとし、電界パネル1
7上の所要部分にパイルが均一に落下するように
する。電界パネル17の前縁部33(第4図)上
に落下したパイルは、三相交流電圧によつて発生
する進行波型交流電界の作用によつて電界パネル
上を下流側の主体部34に向つて移送される。 In FIG. 1, a three-phase AC voltage 14 and a DC voltage 15 are applied to the electric field panel 17 in a superimposed manner, and the applied voltages are +30KV DC and 4KV AC.
The length of the main body of the spreader 30, 40 is the electric field panel 17.
The length corresponds to the width of the edge of the electric field panel 1.
7. Make sure the pile falls evenly onto the required area. The pile that has fallen onto the front edge 33 (FIG. 4) of the electric field panel 17 is moved over the electric field panel to the main body 34 on the downstream side by the action of the traveling wave AC electric field generated by the three-phase AC voltage. transported towards.
電界パネル17の主体部34の形状は、被植毛
体10の形状に沿つて対向するように形成されて
いるので、コンベアレール36、吊具を介して接
地されている被植毛体10との間に静電作用を誘
起し、電界パネル上のパイルは被植毛体の内側へ
と突進し、接着剤を利用して植毛される。 The shape of the main body 34 of the electric field panel 17 is formed so as to face the flocked object 10 along the shape of the flocked object 10, so that there is no space between the main body 34 and the flocked object 10 which is grounded via the conveyor rail 36 and the hanging device. This induces an electrostatic effect, and the piles on the electric field panel rush toward the inside of the object to be flocked, where they are flocked using adhesive.
被植毛体上に一定量のパイルが塗着されるとそ
れ以上は付着しないので、上流側から順に植毛が
実施されて下流側まで植毛が完了し、余分なパイ
ルは回収ホツパー19に集められさらにケーブル
38を通つてパイル供給機11へと輸送される。 Once a certain amount of pile has been applied to the body to be transplanted, no more will adhere, so the flocking is carried out sequentially from the upstream side until the downstream side is completed, and the excess pile is collected in the collection hopper 19 and further It is transported to the pile feeder 11 through the cable 38.
以上の実施例において、パイルを長さ1mm太さ
3デニールのナイロン植毛用パイルとし、パイル
供給量300g/分、コンベア速度1m/秒、被植
毛体を幅1.4m長さ1m深さ0.4mの自動車用成形
天井として適用したところ、110g/m2の均一な
植毛製品が得られた。 In the above example, the pile is a nylon flocking pile with a length of 1 mm and a thickness of 3 denier, a pile supply rate of 300 g/min, a conveyor speed of 1 m/sec, and a flocked body of 1.4 m in width, 1 m in length, and 0.4 m in depth. When applied as a molded ceiling for an automobile, a uniform flocked product of 110 g/m 2 was obtained.
第4図は電界パネル17の静電板の構造の一例
を表わしており、プラスチツク基板25上に、直
径0.3mmのニクロム線を5mmの平行間隔で埋設し
たプリント板を積層して作られている。 FIG. 4 shows an example of the structure of the electrostatic plate of the electric field panel 17, which is made by laminating a printed board on which nichrome wires with a diameter of 0.3 mm are embedded at parallel intervals of 5 mm on a plastic substrate 25. .
第5図は前述の静電板の詳細を表わしており、
プラスチツク基板25の上に、ポリイミドにニク
ロム線23を埋設して形成したプリント板(フレ
キシブルプリント)を接合したものである。該プ
リント板は展開形状により平面状に形成したもの
を適宜折曲げて形成する。 Figure 5 shows the details of the electrostatic plate mentioned above.
A printed board (flexible print) formed by embedding nichrome wire 23 in polyimide is bonded onto a plastic substrate 25. The printed board is formed by suitably bending a planar board according to a developed shape.
第6図は三相交流電圧を印加するための線状電
極23の配列方法の一例を表わしており、平行な
線状電極23を2本おきに同相に接続し、A,
B,Cの各相に三相交流電圧14を印加すると共
に直流電圧15を印加している。 FIG. 6 shows an example of an arrangement method of linear electrodes 23 for applying a three-phase AC voltage, in which every second parallel linear electrode 23 is connected in the same phase, A,
A three-phase AC voltage 14 and a DC voltage 15 are applied to each phase of B and C.
第7図は、円筒状輸送管12の内側に貼付けら
れたプリント板28に三相交流電圧発生機13か
らの三相交流電圧が印加されている状態を拡大し
て表わしている。 FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of a state in which three-phase AC voltage from the three-phase AC voltage generator 13 is applied to the printed board 28 attached to the inside of the cylindrical transport pipe 12.
以上詳細に説明した如く、本考案の静電装置に
よれば、電界パネル上に繊維パイルや粉体塗料を
連続的かつ均等に分散し、さらに下流側へと移送
しつつ塗着工程を実行することができるので、繊
維パイルは被植毛体に均等に吸着されて均一に植
毛された外観、品質の優れた植毛品が得られ、し
かも従来のように大量のパイルを一度に回収する
ための大型の回収装置は不要となる等の優れた効
果がある。 As explained in detail above, according to the electrostatic device of the present invention, the fiber pile and powder coating are continuously and evenly distributed on the electric field panel, and the coating process is executed while further transferring it to the downstream side. As a result, the fiber pile is evenly adsorbed to the grafted body, resulting in a flocked product with a uniformly flocked appearance and excellent quality.In addition, unlike conventional methods, it is possible to collect a large amount of pile at once. This has excellent effects such as eliminating the need for recovery equipment.
第1図は本考案に基づく静電装置の全体斜視
図、第2図は樋状の散布器の開口の配置を表わす
平面図、第3図は管状の散布器の斜視図、第4図
は電界パネルの斜視図、第5図は第4図のV−V
線に沿う断面図、第6図は線状電極の配列を表わ
す斜視図、第7図は管状輸送管の縦断面図であ
る。
10……被植毛体、12……輸送管、13,1
4……三相交流発生機、15……直流発生機、1
7……電界パネル、20……パイル、23……電
極、25……プラスチツク基板、27……エポキ
シ樹脂、28……プリント板、30,40……散
布器。
Fig. 1 is an overall perspective view of the electrostatic device based on the present invention, Fig. 2 is a plan view showing the arrangement of the openings of the gutter-like spreader, Fig. 3 is a perspective view of the tubular spreader, and Fig. 4 is a perspective view of the electrostatic device according to the present invention. A perspective view of the electric field panel, Figure 5 is taken from V-V in Figure 4.
6 is a perspective view showing an arrangement of linear electrodes, and FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view of a tubular transport pipe. 10... Hair transplanted body, 12... Transport pipe, 13,1
4...Three-phase AC generator, 15...DC generator, 1
7... Electric field panel, 20... Pile, 23... Electrode, 25... Plastic substrate, 27... Epoxy resin, 28... Printed board, 30, 40... Spreader.
Claims (1)
電極を埋設して形成し被着物に対向配置した電
界パネルと、前記電界パネルの端縁付近上方に
配置した樋状又は管状の散布器とを備えて成る
静電装置であつて、 前記電界パネルの前記対向電極に三相交流電
圧と直流高電圧とを重畳して印加し、 前記散布器の本体の長さは前記電界パネルの
端縁部の幅に対応する長さとし、前記本体の底
面には一端から他端へと徐々に大きくなる複数
の開口を設け、小さな開口の側をパイル投入端
側として上方に持上げて散布器を傾斜せしめる
と共に前記本体を振動又は回転可能に保持し、 これにより繊維パイル又は粉体塗料等が前記
電界パネル上に均一に散布落下せしめられ、次
いで電界パネル上を下流側に移送され、前記電
界パネルに対向配置されかつ接地されている被
着物上に均一かつ連続的に被着せしめられるこ
とを特徴とする静電装置。 2 前記開口は平板に穿孔された長方形の孔であ
る実用新案登録請求の範囲第1項記載の静電装
置。 3 前記開口はフルイの網目孔である実用新案登
録請求の範囲第1項記載の静電装置。[Claims for Utility Model Registration] 1. An electric field panel formed by embedding a plurality of counter electrodes in a thin plate made of an insulating material or a semiconductor and arranged to face an adherend, and a gutter-shaped panel arranged above near the edge of the electric field panel. or a tubular spreader, wherein a three-phase AC voltage and a DC high voltage are superimposed and applied to the opposing electrode of the electric field panel, and the length of the main body of the spreader is The length corresponds to the width of the edge of the electric field panel, and the bottom of the main body is provided with a plurality of openings that gradually become larger from one end to the other, and the side with the smaller opening is lifted upward as the pile input end. The sprayer is tilted and the main body is vibrated or rotatably held, so that fiber piles or powder coatings, etc. are uniformly spread and dropped onto the electric field panel, and then transferred onto the electric field panel to the downstream side. . An electrostatic device, characterized in that it is uniformly and continuously deposited on an adherend that is placed opposite to the electric field panel and is grounded. 2. The electrostatic device according to claim 1, wherein the opening is a rectangular hole bored in a flat plate. 3. The electrostatic device according to claim 1, wherein the opening is a mesh hole of a sieve.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8437982U JPS58186857U (en) | 1982-06-07 | 1982-06-07 | electrostatic device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP8437982U JPS58186857U (en) | 1982-06-07 | 1982-06-07 | electrostatic device |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS58186857U JPS58186857U (en) | 1983-12-12 |
JPS629953Y2 true JPS629953Y2 (en) | 1987-03-09 |
Family
ID=30093330
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP8437982U Granted JPS58186857U (en) | 1982-06-07 | 1982-06-07 | electrostatic device |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS58186857U (en) |
-
1982
- 1982-06-07 JP JP8437982U patent/JPS58186857U/en active Granted
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS58186857U (en) | 1983-12-12 |
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