JPS628726B2 - - Google Patents

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

The present invention relates to the automatic control by acoustic vibration of technical parameters in various manufacturing processes in various industries, more particularly in the manufacturing of gas-liquid interfaces or liquid-liquid surfaces in monolayer reservoirs. The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for doing so. The present invention can be used in automated equipment for controlling wet metallurgy and ore beneficiation in metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as in the chemical industry, petrochemical industry, food industry, etc. Can be used for touch control. Control of the interface is based on differences in any properties of such media. Controlled manufacturing processes are characterized by various factors that destabilize the properties of the media, which impede control of the gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. Among these factors are changes or decreases in liquid density, increases in pressure and viscosity, changes in dielectric constant,
There is agitation of the liquid by air bubbles, a significant foam layer of variable density on the surface of the liquid, various suspended substances in the liquid, and several other factors. The main requirement placed on methods and devices for controlling gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces is to reduce the influence of said destabilizing factors on the reliability and accuracy of the control. It is also required that this control method be sensitive and safe for the operator, and that the control device be simple and inexpensive in construction. Methods and devices used to control interfaces are divided into two types according to their technical characteristics: probe type and non-contact type. In methods and devices belonging to the first type, sensing elements giving information about the interface to be controlled are placed in and in contact with reservoirs containing said media. As far as the second type is concerned, the sensing element is placed outside the reservoir and is not directly influenced by the medium whose interface is to be controlled. Float-type interface control methods and devices belonging to the first type are known (e.g. DIAgeikin, ENKostina, NNKuznetsova, "Sensors for Control and Adjustment").
1965 “Mashinost-roenie”
publication, reference). This known method allows closed hollow bodies or non-hygroscopic bodies of low density and having a negative buoyancy force with respect to the upper medium and a positive buoyancy force with respect to the lower medium to be The vertical displacement of the object is recorded when placed in a reservoir containing the medium. This known device, whose position indicates a controlled interface between their media, includes a float as well as a device for recording the displacement of the float. The displacement recording device may use an induction coil and an indicator that indicates changes in the coil's electromagnetic field caused by displacement of the float relative to the induction coil. However, when controlling the interface between highly viscous media, the float sticks to one of the media, resulting in low control accuracy and reliability, and when controlling the gas-liquid interface, thick bubbles form on the liquid surface. Reliability and accuracy are also reduced since the float may wrap around the float at an unpredictable distance from the liquid surface. Techniques that belong to the first type and use capacitance to control interfaces are also known (for example, the magazine "Pribory i Sredstva Avtomatizatsii", 1962
No. 7, pp. 439-440, published by Moscow). This control technology uses two plates (or two rods)
A detection element containing two plates arranged at regular intervals is placed in a container, and the capacitance between the plates (rods) is measured. In relation to the dielectric constant of the medium, the position of the interface is determined from the capacitance thus measured. In addition to a capacitive sensing element, a device using this control technique also includes a recorder that records the change in capacitance that occurs when the controlled interface is displaced relative to the sensing element. This control technique has the disadvantage that the measurement reliability is low because the dielectric constant of the medium changes and the gap between the sensing elements may also change, resulting in a change in capacitance even without displacement of the interface. Impedance methods and devices are also known as belonging to the first type (see, for example, US Pat. No. 3,246,516). This method is based on measuring the impedance of an ultrasound generator placed inside the container. When the interface passes through the level where the ultrasound generator is provided, the impedance of the ultrasound generator changes. The control device includes an ultrasound generator, an oscillator coupled thereto, and a recorder that records changes in impedance of the ultrasound generator. This method and apparatus have a narrow dynamic range for controlling the gas-liquid interface with respect to the density of the liquid medium.
The disadvantage is that the reliability of the control is low. The unreliable control is due to the small impedance difference of the ultrasonic generator whose interface is acoustically damped by the liquid being controlled. A common drawback of the methods and devices listed above is the need to insert the sensing element inside the container. Therefore, when it becomes necessary to inspect or repair the equipment, it is necessary to temporarily stop the operation of the manufacturing equipment that uses the equipment. Additionally, if the container contains chemically active and highly corrosive liquids, the life of the control device will be very short and its reliability will be very low. Methods and devices belonging to the second category do not suffer from such drawbacks. Radioisotopic methods and devices for controlling interfaces are known (e.g. Makarov (AK
Makarov) and suberdolin (UM
Automatic devices for level control (Avtomaticheskie ustroistva kontrolya) by Sverdlin)
Energiya Publishers 1966
(see year). The method is based on irradiating a container containing the medium whose interface is to be controlled with radiation in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the container and determining the difference in the absorption of radiation by the medium within the container. ing. An apparatus for carrying out the method includes a radiation source and a radiation detector;
These are placed on different sides of the exterior of the container and have radiation detectors coupled to recorders. The disadvantages of this method and apparatus are that they have low control accuracy, are complex in construction, are expensive, and are radioactive and dangerous to the operator. Other methods of controlling gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces in monolayer containers are also known (see, eg, US Pat. No. 3,213,438). This method involves sending sound waves into the container via an acoustic transducer that is in contact with a portion of the single-layer container, and the injected sound waves pass through the medium inside the container and contact the other side of the container wall. It is based on identifying the interface from the amplitude of the sound waves that are received by other acoustic transducers and passed through the container. The amplitude is varied by varying the amount of sound waves passing through the medium inside the container. It comprises an electro-acoustic transducer coupled to an oscillator and an acoustic wave receiver disposed on the path of the acoustic waves emitted from the transducer, the electro-acoustic transducer and the acoustic wave receiver being mounted on the wall of the monolayer container. the output terminal of the acoustic wave receiver is coupled to a circuit consisting of an amplifier and a recorder for recording the output of the amplifier, the amplitude of which is determined by the gas - Used to confirm liquid interfaces and liquid-liquid interfaces. The method described above for controlling the gas-liquid interface and in particular the liquid-liquid interface and the apparatus for carrying out this method, when used in various industrial processes such as mineral beneficiation, wet metallurgy, chemical industry, etc. The required control accuracy cannot be achieved, the device structure is complex,
The disadvantage is that it is expensive. This drawback occurs when the cross section of the container is 8.
This is because the distance is as large as ~10 m, which causes the sound waves to spread and the amplitude of the sound waves on the receiving side to become considerably small. In order to reduce the diffraction of sound waves, the size of the electro-acoustic transducer must be increased and the frequency must be increased, but if the transducer is made larger, the output power of the oscillator must be increased considerably, but this requires a change in the structure of the device. becomes more complex and more expensive. Additionally, the presence of air bubbles and solid particles in the liquid medium within the container causes significant scattering of sound waves traveling through that medium, leading to an exponential decrease in the amplitude of the received sound waves as the dimensions of the container increase. Become. All of these things can lead to significant errors and, in some cases, render the method and apparatus impractical. The object of the present invention is to provide a method for controlling gas-liquid and gas-gas interfaces in a monolayer container over a wide range of physical-chemical compositions, states and properties of the medium, and an apparatus for carrying out this method. It is to provide. An object of the present invention is to increase the accuracy of interface control. Yet another object of the invention is to simplify the construction of the device, thereby reducing its operating costs and price. Their purpose is to send sound waves into the container via an acoustic conductor in contact with one part of the wall of the monolayer container, and to send sound waves into the container via an acoustic conductor in contact with another part of the wall of the container. The gas-liquid interface and liquid inside the container are determined from the amplitude of the received sound waves.
Check the liquid interface. A method for controlling the gas-liquid interface and the liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container, wherein the sound waves sent are pre-injected into the first acoustic conductor at an acute angle or an obtuse angle with respect to the wall of the single-layer container. The sound waves are used to cause mechanical vibrations within the corresponding section of the wall, and these mechanical vibrations (Lamb waves, hereinafter referred to as mechanical vibrations) are dependent on the direction of propagation of the sound waves. The sound wave propagates along the wall in a direction determined by the angle of incidence of the sound wave; This is achieved by a method of controlling the gas-liquid interface and the liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container, which identifies the interface from the amplitude of a sound wave converted from a propagating mechanical vibration into a sound wave. When the cross section of the wall of a single-layer container can be changed, a part of the wall is excited by a diverging or converging sound wave, and θ ₁ and θ ₂ are defined as the propagation direction of the sound wave and the wall of the container on which the sound wave is incident. The angle of incidence of the sound wave is determined by the normal to the position, C ₁ , C ₂ are the maximum and minimum velocities, respectively, of the mechanical vibration inside the wall of the container excited by the sound wave, and the maximum angle of incidence of the sound wave is determined by It is convenient to select the minimum incident angles θ ₁ and θ ₂ from the relationship sin θ ₁ /sin θ ₂ ≧C ₁ /C ₂ . Also, a second sound wave excites mechanical vibrations in the wall of the container, the damping of the second mechanical vibrations is different from the damping of the mechanical vibrations excited by the first sound wave, and It is convenient to check the interface from the relationship between the amplitudes of two types of mechanical vibration. The wall of the container is periodically excited with pulsed sound waves, and the spectrum of the pulsed sound waves is selected in a range that exceeds the frequency range of mechanical vibration of the wall of the container.
The filling frequency of the pulsed sound wave is used to locate the interface at various positions with respect to the vibrating wall section and to identify the type of liquid when the interface or interface is above or below the vibrating section of the container wall. It would be useful to further determine . The wall section of the container may be periodically excited with pulsed sound waves, the relative width of the spectrum being selected to be equal to or greater than the relative change in the thickness of the vibrating section of the wall. It is possible. The object includes a sound wave generator coupled to an oscillator, and a sound wave receiver provided in a propagation path of the sound wave generated from the sound wave generator, and the sound wave generator and the sound wave receiver are arranged in a single layer. The effective area of each acoustic conductor attached to the container wall via a suitable acoustic conductor, the contact area of each acoustic conductor to the container wall, and the respective effective area of the sound wave generator or sound wave receiver. , the output terminal of the acoustic wave receiver is connected to a circuit consisting of an amplifier that amplifies the output signal of the receiver and a recorder that records the amplitude of the output signal, and the amplitude is determined by the amount of gas-liquid in the container. In a device for controlling a gas-liquid interface or a liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container used to check the interface or liquid-liquid interface, C ₃ is the propagation velocity of the sound wave in each acoustic conductor, and C is the sound wave. The contact area and effective area of each acoustic conductor make an angle to each other determined from the formula θ=arc sinC ₃ /C, as the propagation velocity along the wall of the container of mechanical vibrations excited by by means of a device for controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container made of a material such that the propagation velocity of sound waves traveling along the walls of the container is lower than the propagation velocity of mechanical vibrations traveling along the walls of the container. It will be achieved no matter what. (If the cross-section of the container wall is variable, the acoustic conductor is made of two parts, each part made of a material with a different velocity of propagation of the sound waves inside it, and the parts have a cylindrical contact surface. and the axis of symmetry of their contact surfaces is contained in the same plane as the axis of the acoustic wave generator or in the same plane as the axis of the acoustic wave receiver perpendicular to that axis, and C ₁ and C ₂ are excited by the acoustic wave. where C ₄ and C ₅ are the propagation velocities of the sound waves in different parts of the acoustic conductor, and A is the mechanical vibration inside the wall of the container excited by the sound waves. The radius R of the contact surface is determined by the following formula as the length of the effective surface of the acoustic conductor in a plane passing through a line that coincides with the direction of propagation of vibration and the normal to the effective surface of the acoustic conductor, where R≦C ₁ +C ₂ /C ₄ +C ₅・｜C ₄ -C ₅ /C ₁ -
C ₂ |Acotθ It is convenient to focus and diverge the sound waves thereby. If the cross section of the wall of the container is variable, the acoustic conductor has a cylindrical effective surface whose radius of curvature R
is determined from the following equation, R≦C ₁ +C ₂ /2 (C ₁ - C ₂ )Acotθ In order to ensure the divergence and convergence of the sound waves, the sound wave generator and the sound wave receiver are placed on the effective surface of the acoustic conductor. It is convenient to make the effective surface of a similar shape. In addition, when the cross section of the wall of the container is variable, the line in the plane passing through the normal to the effective surface of the acoustic conductor and the straight line that coincides with the propagation direction of the mechanical vibration excited inside the wall of the container. The length A of the effective surface of the acoustic conductor is defined by k being a coefficient determined by the shape of the effective surface of the acoustic conductor, λ
is the wavelength of the sound wave in the acoustic conductor, determined from the formula A≦k|C ₁ +C ₂ /C ₁ −C ₂ |λcotθ, and in order to ensure the focusing and divergence of the sound waves, the distance between the effective surface and the contact surface is The shortest distance Hmin is
It is preferable to determine it from the formula Hmin>A ² /4λcosθ. If the wall section of the container is re _- excited by a sound wave, the acoustic conductor of the device will be
The device has a second effective surface forming an angle γ with respect to the contact surface defined by the following formula, γ=arc sinC ₃ / _C6 . an additional sound wave emitter and an additional sound wave receiver are provided, the additional sound wave emitter being coupled to the oscillator along with the main sound wave emitter, the device being connected to the output terminal of the additional sound wave receiver. an additional electrical signal amplifier coupled, a reference electrical signal former, a block for comparing the information electrical signal with the reference signal, and a former for forming the information electrical signal, connected in series; The input terminal of this information signal former is coupled to the output terminal of the main amplifier, the output terminal is coupled to another input terminal of the comparison block, and the electrical connection between the main amplifier and the recorder is connected to the information electrical signal former. It can also be done via blocks. The distance E between the central projection of the main effective surface of the acoustic conductor and the additional effective surface on the contact surface of the acoustic conductor is
It is useful to let H ₁ and H ₂ be the distances between the centers of the main and additional effective surfaces and the contact surface, as determined from the formula E=H ₁ tanθ−H ₂ tanθ. Also, if the wall of the container is excited again with a sound wave, the acoustic conductor will reflect at an angle β with respect to the effective surface determined from the equation β=π/2−(θ−arc sinC ₃ /C ₁ ). The apparatus is provided with a circuit configured by connecting in series a first electrical signal selection block, an information electrical signal generator, and a comparison block for comparing the reference signal with the information electrical signal, and The input terminal of the selection block is connected to the output terminal of the electrical signal amplifier, and the input terminal of the reference electrical signal former is coupled to the reference electrical signal former whose output terminal is connected to another input terminal of the comparison block. a second electrical signal selection block having an output terminal connected to the output terminal of the amplifier and an input terminal connected to the output terminal of the amplifier; and a selection pulse having an output terminal coupled to the control input terminals of the first and second electrical signal selection blocks. an amplitude modulated pulse generator, the output terminal of the pulse generator being coupled to the input terminal of the selection pulse former;
The electrical connection between the amplifier and the recorder includes a first selection block connected in series, an information electrical signal generator,
It is also convenient to do this via a comparison block. When the vessel wall is excited by a pulsed sound wave, the oscillator consists of a broadband spectrum pulse former and a power amplifier coupled to the pulse former, the output of which is connected to the sound wave generator. an information electrical signal former having an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the electrical signal amplifier; and an information electrical signal former having an input terminal coupled to the output terminal of the signal former; a reference electrical signal former having an input terminal coupled to the power oscillator and an output terminal coupled to another input terminal of the comparison block; and an input coupled to another output terminal of the electrical signal amplifier. It has a terminal and includes a block that measures the frequency of the electrical signal, and the electrical connection between the electrical signal amplifier and the recorder is made by a circuit constituted by an information electrical signal generator and a comparison block connected in series. It is also convenient to do it while standing. The sound wave conductor of this device is made of fused silica, silicate glass, lead, tin, or a lead-tin alloy,
Acoustic impedance of sound wave oscillator and receiver
Conveniently, it is made from a material with an acoustic impedance in the range 0.3 to 1.7. It is also possible to make acoustic conductors on the basis of aqueous solutions of alcohols, alkalis or acids, or of salts of inorganic acids. These substances have an approximately parabolic temperature dependence on the speed of sound propagation, and the concentration of the solution is chosen such that the highest value of the speed of sound wave is within the average temperature range of the walls of the container. Such methods and apparatus for controlling gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces in monolayer containers have several advantages over conventional ones. The method and apparatus of the present invention allow for significantly smaller errors in controlling interfaces in monolayer containers, thus increasing the accuracy and reliability of the control. First of all, since the method of the invention does not require recording the sound wave propagation in the medium whose interface is to be controlled within the container, control errors caused by diffraction divergence of the sound waves in the medium are completely eliminated. Although the diffraction effect of mechanical vibrations propagating in the walls of the container is recorded according to the invention, the diffraction effect is rather weak and does not affect the control accuracy. Secondly, the method of the invention completely eliminates errors caused by significant scattering of sound waves propagating in the liquid medium whose interface is to be controlled. This means that in the method of the invention, the parameters employed for the confirmation of the interface are the amplitude of the sound waves converted from the mechanical vibrations propagating along the walls of the container, and the propagation of those mechanical vibrations. This is achieved because this is independent of the sound waves scattered in the liquid medium inside the container. Moreover, the device for carrying out the method of the invention is extremely simple in construction, since it uses a small acoustic wave oscillator and a low power oscillator. The reason why sonic oscillators and oscillators can be made smaller in this way is because there is no need to significantly increase the sound output, whereas conventional devices require the sound waves to pass through large industrial containers. It was necessary to increase the output. In the device of the present invention, the sound waves carrying information are received by a receiver located in a part away from the part where the sound waves are emitted, with an output that is one order of magnitude lower than in practical use, and the transverse cross section of the container The small size eliminates the need for the conventional large amplification of the sound waves. Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the drawings. The device of the present invention for controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container uses acoustic waves 2 (second
It has a transmitter 1 as shown in the figure. This acoustic wave transmitter 1 is attached via an acoustic conductor 3 to the wall 4 of a monolayer container 5 containing liquid media 6 and 7 . The acoustic wave transmitter 1 is mounted on a section 9 of the wall 4 in such a way that mechanical vibrations 10 are excited within the section 9 of the wall 4 by the transmitted sound waves. This mechanical vibration propagates in a specified direction. The device of the invention also has a receiver 12 of the sound waves converted from the mechanical vibrations 10. This sonic receiver 12
is attached to the part 9 via an acoustic conductor 11 in the propagation path of the mechanical vibrations 10. Electric signal oscillator 14
(FIG. 3) is coupled to a sound wave transmitter 1, an input terminal of an electrical signal amplifier 15 is coupled to an output terminal of a sound wave receiver 12, and an output terminal of this amplifier 15 is coupled to an input terminal of an amplitude recorder 17 of the electrical signal. is combined with
The amplitude of said electrical signal depends on the type of medium 16 that is in contact with the portion 9 of the wall 4. The medium 16 is the interface 8
above or below. In order to make the propagation speed of the sound wave 2 sent into the container 5 and propagating along the wall approximately equal to the propagation speed of the mechanical vibration propagating along the wall 4, the sound wave transmitter 1 and the sound wave receiver 12 are arranged. The effective surfaces 18 of the mounted acoustic conductors 3, 11 and the contact surfaces 19 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 are arranged at an angle θ with respect to each other. These angles θ are determined from the following equation. θ=arc sinC ₃ /C ...(1) Here, C ₃ is the propagation velocity of the sound waves 2 and 3 inside the acoustic conductors 3 and 11, and C is the propagation velocity of the sound waves 2 and 3 inside the acoustic conductors 3 and 11, and C is the propagation velocity of the mechanical vibrations excited by the sound waves 2 on the wall 4 of the container 5. is the propagation velocity along the . The acoustic conductors 3, 11 are made of a material that allows the sound waves 2, 3 to propagate with a lower propagation velocity than the propagation velocity of the mechanical vibrations 10 traveling along the wall 4. If the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 can be made of the same material,
It can also be made from different materials. When the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 are made of different materials, the angle θ within the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 is also different, as can be seen from equation (1). In all the examples described below, it is assumed that the acoustic conductors 3, 11 are made of the same material. In the embodiment described here, the acoustic conductors 3, 11 are made from Plexiglass (trade name), but they can also be made from a 16% solution of ethyl alcohol. The acoustic conductors 3 and 11 have their contact surfaces 19 connected to the wall 4.
It is attached to the part 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5, in contact with the surface of the container 5. Part 9 of wall 4 is excited via flange 20 . This flange 20 is fixed to the container 5 by studs (not shown) that are previously welded to the container 5. The flange 20 can also be glued to a wall. Parts of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 described here are coated with a layer of sound wave absorbing material 21. This material is a mixture of epoxy resin and polymerizing agent using tungsten powder as a filler. As the sound wave transmitter 1, a piezoelectric sound wave transmitter (see, for example, US Pat. No. 2,931,223) is used. The sonic receiver 12 also has the same structure as the sonic transmitter 1. Oscillator 14 is comprised of a well-known continuous wave crystal oscillator. The electrical signal amplitude recorder 17 is a known analog recorder (see, for example, US Pat. No. 3,345,861). The recorder 17 can be constructed as a relay block if it is necessary to generate a signal by means of a relay contact that the interface to be controlled is present at a specified level. The device described above is the simplest one in which the wall 4 of the container 5 has a constant cross section. exerted on the control of the interface 8 between the media 6 and 7,
The effect of a change in the cross section of the wall of the container 5 can be reduced by exciting the portion 9 of the wall 4 by injecting a divergent or bundled sound wave at an incident angle determined by the following equation. sin θ ₁ /sin θ ₂ ≧C ₁ /C ₂ ...(2) Here, θ ₁ and θ ₂ are the sound waves formed between the propagation direction of the sound wave 2 and the normal to the wall in the incident area of the wall of the container 5. , C ₁ , C ₂ are the portion 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5 of the mechanical vibration 10 excited by the sound wave 2
are the highest and lowest propagation velocities at For each value of the variation of the cross section of the wall 4 in the range d ₁ to _{d 2} , the angle of incidence at which the condition for equalizing the propagation velocity of the sound wave 2 and the propagation velocity of the mechanical vibration 10 within said range is satisfied. , so that optimum conditions for the propagation velocity of the mechanical vibration 10 are maintained. In order to introduce focused or diverging sound waves within the range of incidence angles θ ₁ to _{θ 2} , in the first embodiment each acoustic conductor 3, 11 is made of two parts 22, 23 (FIG. 4). Sound waves passing through these parts2,13
Because the speeds of the parts are different, those parts are made of different materials. Portions 22 and 23 form a cylindrical contact surface 24
, the axis of symmetry of which is contained in the same plane in which the axis of the acoustic wave transmitter 1 and the axis of the acoustic wave receiver 12 perpendicular thereto are included. The radius of the contact surface 24 is determined from the following equation. R≦C ₁ +C ₂ /C ₄ +C ₅ |C ₄ -C ₅ /C ₁ -C
₂ ｜Acotθ……(3) Here, C ₄ and C ₅ are the parts 2 of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11
The propagation velocity of the sound waves 2, 13 at 2, 23, A is the acoustic conductor 3 in the plane passing through the straight line that coincides with the propagation direction of the mechanical vibration 10 excited in the wall 4 and the normal to the effective surface 18. , 11 said effective surface 18
The length of is A. The central part 25 (FIG. 4) of the sound wave 2 passes through the contact surface 24 without refraction and impinges on the wall 4 at an angle to the normal equal to the inclination angle 8 of the effective surface 18 of the part 22 of the acoustic conductor 3. The lateral parts 26, 27 of the sound wave 2 are refracted at the contact surface 24 and enter the wall 4 at angles θ ₁ , θ ₂ . These angles of incidence are respectively larger and smaller than the angle of incidence θ of the central acoustic wave portion 25. In order to eliminate volumetric reverberation of the acoustic conductor caused by multiple reflections of the sound waves 2 and 13, the acoustic conductor 3,
A portion of 11 is coated with a layer of sound absorbing material 21 (as in the embodiment shown in FIG. 3). The effect of variations in the thickness of the wall 4 of the container 5 is that the effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductor 3, 11 is made cylindrical with a radius of curvature R (FIG. 6). The ratio of this radius R to the length A of the effective surface 18 is determined from the following equation. A/R≧2C ₁ −C ₂ /C ₁ +C ₂ tanθ (4) The sound wave transmitter 1 and the sound wave receiver 12 are made as part of a hollow cylinder, and the inner diameter of the sound wave transmitter 1 and the sound wave receiver 12 are the same as the acoustic conductors 3 and 1.
be equal to the radius R of the effective surface 18 of 1. The focused acoustic wave flux is introduced into the wall 4 with an incident angle range of θ ₁ to θ ₂ ,
This optimally excites the mechanical vibrations 10 in the part of the wall 4 whose thickness varies in the range d ₁ to d ₂ . Container 5
The effect of variations in the thickness of the wall 4 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11
Due to the fact that the effective surface 18 included in the plane passing through the normal to the effective surface 18 of It can also be made smaller. A≦k|C ₁ +C ₂ /C ₁ −C ₂ |λcotθ ...(5) Here, k is a coefficient determined in the form of the effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11, and for a circular effective surface Teha
equal to 0.86 and equal to 0.7 for a rectangular effective surface (these numbers are obtained from an analysis of the directivity pattern of a sound wave emitter with a sound wave emission surface of the form described above), λ is the acoustic conductor 3, 11 The wavelength of the sound waves 2, 13 in , θ is the inclination angle of the effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductor 3, 11. The shortest distance Hmin (FIG. 9) between the effective surface 18 and the contact surface 19 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 is determined from the following equation. Hmin>A ² /4λcosθ (6) As a result, the plane front 28 of the acoustic vibration wave 2 is transformed over a distance B when the contact area 19 is advanced into a partially spherical front of the divergent line. . The angle into the wall 4 at the entrance of said divergent line is the maximum angle θ ₁
The minimum angle θ ₂ is chosen from . This angle is
Excitation of mechanical vibrations 10 within the aforementioned thickness range d ₁ to d ₂ of the wall 4 is carried out. The instability of the excitation of the wave 2 of acoustic vibrations (FIG. 10) in the acoustic conductor 3 used to excite the mechanical vibrations in said part of the wall 4 of the container 5 is
a cascaded waveform shaper 29 whose input is coupled to the output of said generator for shaping a reference electrical signal from the electrical oscillations of the generator 14; a cascaded waveform shaper 29 for comparing the information electrical signal with the reference electrical signal; Block 3
0 and an additional circuit is constituted by a waveform shaper 31 whose input is coupled to the output of said amplifier for shaping an information electrical signal from the electrical signal of the amplifier 15. removed by operation of the electrical circuitry of the device according to the invention. The output of comparison block 30 is coupled to recorder 17. Recorder 17
is provided with a signal that is proportional to the difference or ratio between the information electrical signal and the reference electrical signal and that is dependent on the object being tracked by the control. In the above-described device of the invention, the instability of the amplitude of the electrical oscillations of the generator 14 due to the degree of control of the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface 8 between the media 6 and 7 (FIG. 1) in the monolayer container 5 The effect of this instability is eliminated in that this instability equally reduces the amplitude of the reference and information electrical signals. The introduction of acoustic vibration waves 2 (FIG. 10) through the contact area 19 into the wall 4 changes during operation of the device. This involves a change in the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations 10 in the excited part 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5, resulting in errors in the control of the interface 8 (FIG. 1). In order to eliminate these errors, the wall 4 of the container 5
The mechanical oscillations in said part of the oscilloscope are again excited by waves of acoustic vibrations, the damping of the latter mechanical oscillations being different from the damping of the mechanical oscillations excited by the primary waves. The interface 8 is determined by the ratio between the amplitudes of the mechanical vibrations excited by the primary and secondary waves. In order to generate a secondary excitation of mechanical vibrations in the wall 4 of the container 5 by means of acoustic vibrations, two embodiments are shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, respectively. According to the first of these embodiments, the device is coupled to a generator 14 of electrical vibrations, said transmitter 1 (eleventh ), and a sound wave 1 coupled to an amplifier 15 and mounted on the acoustic conductor 11.
It has three receivers 12. The electrical circuit of this embodiment of the invention also includes a recorder 17, a waveform shaper 29 for the reference electrical signal, a block 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with the reference electrical signal, and a waveform shaper 31 for the information electrical signal. have The acoustic conductors 3 and 11 in this example are:
Additional effective area 3 forming an angle γ with the contact area 19
It has 2. The angle γ is chosen from the propagation velocity of the re ^- excited mechanical vibrations within _said part of _the wall ₄ of the container 5. The device furthermore has an additional emitter 33 of acoustic vibration waves 34 and an additional receiver 35 of sound waves 36. These transmitters and receivers have an additional effective area 3 of the corresponding acoustic conductors 3 and 11.
Mounted on 2. An additional oscillator 33 is coupled together with the main oscillator 1 to the generator 14 of electrical vibrations. The electrical circuit of this device furthermore has an additional amplifier 37 of the electrical signal. This amplifier is coupled to an additional receiver 35 of a sound wave 36, which waves 36
4 from the mechanical vibrations re-excited in the wall 4 by 4. The damping of these mechanical vibrations 38 is
This is different from the damping of primarily excited mechanical vibrations 10. The output of the amplifier 37 is coupled to the input of a waveform shaper 29 for shaping the reference electrical signal, the output of which is coupled to one input of a block 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with the reference electrical signal. is combined with Another input of comparison block 30 is coupled to the output of a waveform shaper 31 for shaping the information electrical signal, the input of which is coupled to the output of amplifier 15. Comparison block 3
The zero output is coupled to recorder 17. In this embodiment, the distance E between the central protrusions of the main and additional effective areas 18 and 32 on the contact area 19 may be chosen as follows. That is, E=H ₁ tan θ−H ₂ tanr (8) where H ₁ and H ₂ are the respective centers of the main and additional effective areas 18 and 32 and the contact area 19 of the sound wave conductors 3 and 11. is the distance between. Additional acoustic channels (emitter 33 of acoustic vibration waves 34 - mechanical vibrations of the wall 4 - receiver of waves 36)
and the electrical circuit of the reference signal (amplifier 37 - waveform shaper 29 ) during the introduction of acoustic vibrations into the wall 4 via the contact area of the acoustic conductor 3 and the contact area 19
makes it possible to considerably increase the control precision in the instability during the reception of the wave 13 in the acoustic conductor 1 via. In the embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 12, the acoustic conductors 3, 11 have a reflection area 39 to ensure secondary excitation of the section 9 of the wall 4 by the acoustic vibration waves from the oscillator 1. This reflection area is an effective area of 18
and form an angle β. This angle can be found from the following equation. β=π/2−(θ−arc sinC ₃ /C ₆ ) (9) The secondary excitation of the mechanical vibration 38 propagating in the wall 4 with a velocity C ₆ is obtained by the acoustic vibration wave 34. This wave 34 is transformed from the wave 40 of the oscillator 1 after the wave 40 has been reflected at the reflection area 39 . The additional wave 36 transformed from the secondary excitation mechanical vibration is reflected by the reflection area of the acoustic conductor 11 and transformed into a sound wave 41, and then received by the same receiver 12 that receives the main sound wave 13. The electrical circuit of this device embodiment includes a first series-connected electrical signal selection block 42 whose input is connected to the output of the electrical signal amplifier 15, an information signal shaper, and a block 30 for comparing the information signal with a reference signal. The circuit further comprises a reference electrical signal shaper 29 whose input is connected to the input of the block 30, and a second electrical signal selection block 4.
3, the input of which is connected to the output of the amplifier 15, and the output of which is connected to the input of the shaper 29, respectively. The electrical circuit includes a selection pulse shaper 44, the output of which is connected to the control inputs of selection blocks 42,43. As the electrical oscillation generator 14 in this embodiment,
A pulse amplitude modulated oscillator type generator is used, the input of the shaper 44 of the selection pulses (each modulation period having a duration τ) being connected to the output of the generator.
The selection blocks 42, 43 are formed according to the known circuit of an amplifier with an additional control input for the selection pulse, the time coincidence for the reception of the selected signal coming from the amplifier 15 of the electrical signal. The shaper 44 of the selection signal is formed according to the circuit of the gate pulse generator (for example, as described in "Methods of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection" by INYermolov,
Russia, Moscow, MGI publishers, 1966, p.
(See p.118-119). Interface between media with significantly different physical properties 8
During the control (FIG. 1), the frequency of the mechanical oscillations 10 (FIG. 2) in the excited part 9 of the wall 4 changes depending on the position of its interface. The state of excitation of the mechanical vibrations by the acoustic vibration waves 2 thus changes, and the amplitude of these mechanical vibrations and of the electrical transmission at the output of the receiver 12 decreases. All of these causes large errors in interface (FIG. 1) control. In order to eliminate such adverse effects, wall 4 (second
1) is periodically excited by a pulsed wave 2 of acoustic vibration, the spectrum of this wave is different from that of the wall at different positions of the interface 8 (FIG. 1) between the media 6, 7 with respect to the vibrating section 9. The frequency range of the mechanical vibration 10 is selected from a range exceeding the frequency range of the mechanical vibration 10 of 4. This ensures that, regardless of the position of the interface 8, the excited part 9 of the wall 4
wall 4 by waves 2 at these vibrational frequencies irrespective of the type of medium 16 (FIG. 3) that is in contact with the inner surface of wall 4.
Mechanical vibrations can be excited within. The filling frequency of the pulsed acoustic wave 13 is also determined, which frequency determines the type of liquid when the interface 8 (FIG. 1) is above or below the vibrating part 9 of the wall 4 (FIG. 2). Used for confirmation. In order to periodically excite the section 9 of the wall 4 with pulsed waves of acoustic vibrations, the electrical oscillation generator 14 (FIG. 13) of the electrical circuit of this device embodiment is combined with a broad-spectrum electrical pulse shaper 45. , an output amplifier 46 connected to the shaper, and an output amplifier 46 connected to the shaper.
The output of is connected to a transmitter 1 of acoustic vibration waves 2. The electrical circuit further includes a shaper 31 for the information electrical signal, the output of which is connected to the electrical signal amplifier 15, and a block 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with a reference electrical signal, the input of which is connected to the electrical signal amplifier 15. connected to the output and the shaper 2 of the reference electrical signal
9, the input of which is connected to the output amplifier 46, and the output of which is connected to the input of the comparison block 30, respectively. The electrical circuit also includes a block 47 for measuring the frequency of the electrical signal whose input is connected to the output of the electrical signal amplifier 15. The output of comparison block 30 is connected to recorder 17. The broad-spectrum electric pulse shaper of this device embodiment is designed as an electric video pulse shaper using a known blocking oscillator circuit. The duration τ ₀ of this video pulse is selected by the following equation: τ 0 . τ ₀ 〓0.5 ₀ ^-1 ...(10) where ₀ is the average passband frequency of the transmitter 1 and therefore of the receiver 12. If a piezoelectric plate is used as the transmitter and receiver element, this value ₀ is the tuned vibration frequency of this plate. In the embodiment described above, the output amplifier 46 is constructed according to a known emitter follower circuit. The frequencies of the primary mechanical vibrations 10 and the secondary mechanical vibrations 38 (FIGS. 11 and 12) vary depending on the variation of the cross-section of the wall 4 of the excited part 9 of the container 5. This changes the state of excitation of said vibrations and their subsequent transformation into sound waves, thus changing the amplitude of said mechanical vibrations and the receiver 12 of sound waves 13, 36 obtained from mechanical vibrations 10, 38. , 35 decreases in magnitude. As a result, a large error occurs when controlling the interface 8. In order to eliminate this error, a section 9 of the wall 4 (FIG. 2) of the container 5 is periodically excited with an acoustic vibration pulse wave. The relative spectral width of this wave is
is selected to be equal to or greater than the relative change in the thickness of the vibrating portion 9 of the wall 4. △ / ₃ = 2 ( ₂ − ₁ ) / ₁ + ₂ 〓 2 (d
₁ - d ₂ )/d ₁ + d ₂ ... (11) where = ₂ + ₁ is the absolute spectral width of the acoustic vibration pulse wave, ₂ and ₁ are the upper boundary and lower boundary of the acoustic vibration pulse wave, respectively, ₃ = 0.5 (
₁ + ₂ ) is the average frequency of the spectrum, d ₁ and d ₂ are the maximum and minimum thicknesses of the wall 4 of the container 5, respectively. In order to obtain an engineering solution, the acoustic conductors 3, 11 of the device of FIG. The acoustic impedance of transmitter 1 and receiver 12 Z ₀ of
It ranges from 0.3 to 1.7. Acoustic impedance Z ₀ of piezoelectric transmitters and receivers of X-shaped quartz crystals, reed metaniobate, barium titanate, and zirconate titanate
The average values of (Dimensionalite 10 ⁶ Kg/m ² S) are shown in Table 1 below.

[Table] Acoustic impedance of acoustic conductors 3 and 11 made of the above materials (Dimension normality 10 ⁶ Kg/m ²
S) The average values of Z and speed _C3 are shown in Table 2 below.

[Table] This makes it possible to considerably widen the spectrum of the acoustic vibration waves and thus to reduce errors due to variable cross-sections of the wall 4 of the container 5. The temperature of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 and thus the propagation speed of the acoustic vibration waves 2, 13 vary depending on the temperature of the wall 4 of the container 5. As a result, the mechanical vibrations 1 of the wall 4
0 and 38 (FIGS. 11 and 12) are disturbed, and a new temperature error is added to the interface 8. These errors can be reduced by a special configuration of the acoustic conductors 3, 11. In the other embodiments of the device shown in FIGS. 14 to 20, these conductors are illustrated by way of one conductor 3. The acoustic conductor 3 shown in FIGS. 14 to 20 is shown in FIG.
The shape is similar to that shown in FIGS. 4, 11, and 12. However, the acoustic conductor 3 of _the embodiments of FIGS.
Alternatively, it is formed based on aqueous solutions of alkali, acid, or inorganic acid salts, and the density of these aqueous solutions is
is selected such that the maximum value C ₃ max of the propagation velocity lies in the range of the average temperature t ₀ of the wall 4. Table 3 below shows that water and a number of aqueous media, namely H ₂ SO ₄ , HNO ₃ , HCl, NaOH, C ₂ H ₅ OH,
Based on the values of C ₃ max and t ₀ for an aqueous solution of ZnSO ₄ , HCONH ₂ , CH ₃ CN at a weight concentration q. These have a parabolic temperature dependence regarding the propagation velocity of the acoustic vibration wave 2 mentioned above.

[Table] The acoustic conductor 3 shown in FIGS. 14, 18 and 20 consists of a hollow body 48, which is filled with an aqueous solution 49 of a compound selected from Table 3.
This compound has a linear temperature dependence regarding the propagation velocity of the acoustic vibration wave 2 described above. In the acoustic conductor of FIGS. 14, 18 and 19, a layer 21 of a sound absorbing material is provided on the inner surface of the hollow body 48. In the acoustic conductor of FIGS. The transmitter 1 of the acoustic vibration wave 2 is arranged within the body 48 at a predetermined angle and suitably sealed. When an acidic and alkaline aqueous solution is used as the aqueous solution 49, the effective area of the transmitter 1 is coated with a coating film that is chemical-resistant and acoustically non-absorbent (No. 14).
(Not shown in Figures 20 to 20) Tetrafluoroethylene polymer can be used as such a coating material. In the acoustic conductor of FIG. 15, which is similar to the acoustic conductor 3 of FIG. 51 are fulfilled. Table 2 shows the contact area of the acoustic conductor 3 that contacts the wall 4.
It is made from compounds selected from This is also the first acoustic conductor 3 which is similar to the acoustic conductor 3 in FIG.
In the acoustic conductor 3 shown in Fig. 6, the contact portion of the acoustic conductor 3 that contacts the wall 4 of the container 5 consists of a hollow body 52, in which an aqueous solution 53 selected from Table 3 is filled, and the transmitter 1 is arranged. The portion of the acoustic conductor made of the material selected from Table 2 is used. Similarly, in the acoustic conductor 3 of FIG. 17, which is similar to the acoustic conductor of FIG.
Separate bodies 50, 5 filled with 1,53, respectively
2 respectively, and the sonic velocity of these solutions is
They are C ₄ and C ₅ with different values. acoustic conductor 3
are separated by an acoustically conductive partition 54 with a radius of curvature R. This radius is determined from relational expression (3).
As the partition wall, the inner surface of the hollow cylindrical body has this radius R.
Then, we can use the hollow cylindrical part, so
The cylinder is made of tetrafluoroethylene polymer. The thickness of the partition wall 54 is set to be smaller than the wavelength of the acoustic vibration wave 2. The acoustic conductors 3 of FIGS. 18, 19, and 20, which are similar to the embodiments of the acoustic conductors 3 of FIGS. 6, 11, and 12, are selected from Table 3, as in the previously described embodiments. The main body 48 is filled with an aqueous solution 49 of a chemical compound. All of the above embodiments can be used to determine the liquid-liquid interface with satisfactory results. A method for controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface in a monolayer container is carried out as follows using an embodiment of the device according to the invention. Acoustic vibration waves 2 are excited via a transmitter 1 (FIGS. 1 to 3) and are transmitted via an acoustic conductor 3 in contact with the wall 4 of a monolayer container 5 into two media 6 with an interface 8.
(FIG. 1) and 7. This wave 2 is introduced into part 9 of container 5. This part 9 is located at a predetermined level and the presence of an interface at this level is controlled by the proposed device. Before introducing the acoustic vibration wave 2 into the container 5, the wave front of the acoustic vibration wave 2 is oriented within the acoustic conductor 3 at an acute angle or an obtuse angle θ (FIG. 3) with respect to the wall 4 of the single-layer container 5. Vibrations 10 are excited by said waves in part 9 of wall 4. This mechanical vibration propagates along the wall 4 in a direction determined by the propagation direction of the acoustic vibration wave 2 and the angle of incidence θ. In the device embodiments of FIGS. 3 to 20, the angle θ between the beginning of the propagation of the acoustic vibration wave 2 and the propagation direction of the mechanical vibration 10 being excited is always an acute angle. This angle θ becomes obtuse under very specific conditions, i.e. when the mechanical vibration 10 during excitation propagates in the direction opposite to that shown in FIGS. When directing, the velocity _C7 of its wake along the wall of the container 5 is set to be approximately equal to the propagation velocity C of the mechanical vibration along the wall 4. C ₇ =C ₃ /sinθ...(12) In this equation, C ₃ is the acoustic vibration wave 2 in the acoustic conductor 3.
is the propagation speed. The required value of the velocity C ₇ of the path of the waves 2 and 13 is set by appropriately selecting the value of the incident angle θ and the material of the acoustic conductor 3. The angle of incidence of the acoustic vibration wave 2 on the wall 4 corresponds to the angle of inclination of the effective area 18 of the acoustic conductor 3 with respect to the contact area 19 in contact with the wall 4 . The container 1 is excited with continuously modulated or pulse amplitude modulated electrical oscillations, which are obtained by a generator 14 . Mechanical vibrations 10 undergo amplitude attenuation while propagating along wall 4. This amplitude attenuation depends on the acoustic impedance of the medium 16 adjoining the inner surface of the vibrating section 9 of the wall 4. If the medium is a gas, the amplitude attenuation is minimal, and if the medium is a liquid, it is maximal. When there are two liquids in the container 5, the damping of mechanical vibrations increases as the acoustic impedance of the liquids increases. When the mechanical vibration 10 reaches a certain area of the acoustic conductor 11, it is deformed into a sound wave 13, which propagates in the acoustic conductor 11 with a contact area 19 at an angle equal to π/2θ. This means that mechanical vibrations propagate in a direction perpendicular to the effective area 18 on which the receiver 2 lies. This receiver converts the wave 13 into an electrical signal with an amplitude proportional to the amplitude of the mechanical vibration 10 in a region of the acoustic conductor 11. The electrical signal from receiver 12 is applied to the input of amplifier 15. The amplified electrical signal contains information about the degree of damping of the mechanical vibrations in the section 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5 and thus about the interface 8 (FIG. 1) and is fed to the input of the recorder 17 (FIG. 3). reach. Interface 8 (first
Figure) can be confirmed from the amplitude of the amplified electrical signal. This amplitude is proportional to the amplitude of the sound wave 13 (FIG. 3) obtained from the mechanical vibration 10 propagating along the wall 4. In particular, when the amplitude of the electrical signal being recorded is maximum, the gas-liquid interface 8 (FIG. 1) lies below the region 9, and when this amplitude is minimum, the interface lies above said region. . When the control interface 8 is liquid-liquid, the above case concerns liquids, one of which has a lower acoustic impedance than the other. When the amplitude of the electrical signal changes dramatically during recording, the interface 8 is located between the vibrating part 9 of the wall 4 and the transmitter 1 and the receiver 12 of the sound wave are attached to the part 9 via the acoustic conductor 3. It shows that it is in a high position. The above method of controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface is technically simple and can be effectively controlled if the cross section of the wall 4 is constant. If this cross section changes, the propagation velocity C of the mechanical vibration along the wall 4 also changes, and therefore the equivalence between this mechanical vibration propagation velocity and the velocity of the track (wake) of the introduced acoustic vibration wave is confirmed. Disturbed. Therefore, the amplitude of the mechanical vibration 10 excited in the wall 4 decreases, and as a result, the amplitude of the information electrical signal decreases, causing a control error. To reduce such errors, a gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface control method using the apparatus of FIG. 3 in combination with the acoustic conductor embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 9 may be used. According to a first embodiment of this method, the monolayer container 5
The part 9 of the wall 4 is excited with a diverging or converging wave 2 of acoustic vibrations, the maximum angle of incidence θ ₁ and the minimum angle θ ₂ of this wave 2 being selected from the relation (2). For each thickness of the wall 4 (FIG. 4) in the range d ₁ to d ₂ and for each velocity of mechanical vibration propagation in the range C ₁ to C ₂ , the angle of incidence θ is in the range θ ₁ to _{θ 2} within the range and mechanical vibration 1
Condition (1) for best excitation of 0 is satisfied. The diverging wave in the angular range of θ ₁ to _{θ 2} is generated by the acoustic conductor 3
is formed from the wave 2 of the transmitter 1 on the cylindrical contact surface 24 of the two parts 22, 23 of. The radius of curvature of this cylindrical surface is R. The central ray 25 of the wave 2 passes through the surface 24 without refraction and enters the wall 4 at an angle θ equal to the angle of inclination of the effective area 18 of this acoustic conductor with respect to the contact area 19 of said acoustic conductor. The lateral rays 26, 27 of the wave 2 are not perpendicular to the plane 24 but form an angle ε and are therefore refracted. This angle ε is obtained from the following relational expression. sin ε=A/2R...(13) where A is the length of the effective area 18 of the acoustic conductor 3 (or of the transmitter 1), and therefore the direction of propagation of the mechanical vibration excited in the wall 4. Receiver 12 (third
Figure). After being refracted at the cylindrical surface 24 (FIG. 4), the line 2
6, 27 propagate in the second part 23 of the acoustic conductor 3 making an angle ε ₁ with respect to the normal to the plane 24. ε ₁ = arc sin (C ₅ /C ₄ sinε) = arc sin AC ₅ /2C ₄ R ...(14) Here, C ₄ and C ₅ are the parts 22 and 2 of the acoustic conductor 3.
3, the acoustic vibration wave 3 enters the wall 4 at angles θ ₁ and θ ₂ given by the following relation: θ ₁ = θ−arc sinA/2R+arc sinAC ₄ /2C ₅
R...(15) θ ₂ = θ−arc sinAC ₅ /2C ₄ R+acr sinA/2
R...(16) After refraction, _{the parts} 22, The radius of curvature R of the contact cylindrical surface 24 between the contact surfaces 23 and 23 is selected from the relational expression (3) that satisfies the condition (2) and the expressions (15) and (16). FIG. 4 shows an example of the divergent wave 2 when C ₄ >C ₅ . If C ₄ <C ₅ , wave 2 is convergent. In carrying out the first embodiment of the above-described method of eliminating errors associated with the reduction of the information electrical signal, it is necessary in the given embodiment of the device to make the acoustic conductors 3, 11 with a cylindrical contact surface 24. It's a little complicated. A simplified configuration of this acoustic conductor is shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 in another embodiment of the device. In this embodiment, the acoustic conductors 3, 11 have a cylindrical effective area 18, and the emitter 1 and the receiver 12 (FIG. 3) of the acoustic waves 13 have an effective area 18 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11.
8 and ensures the divergence or convergence of the acoustic vibration waves 2 and 13. The divergence of the wave 2 occurs when the effective area 18 of the acoustic conductor 3 is concave,
On the other hand, convergence of wave 2 occurs when it is convex (as shown in FIG. 6). The central ray 25 of the wave 2 enters the wall 4 at an angle (θ) equal to the angle between the tangential line to the center of the effective area 18 and the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 3. The lateral lines (rays) 26 and 27 of wave 2 are expressed by the relational expression (13)
enters the wall 4 at angles θ ₁ and θ ₂ that are respectively larger or smaller than the angle θ due to the value ε. θ ₁ = θ + arc sinA/2R ...(17) θ ₂ = θ−arc sinA/2R ...(18) Angle θ determined by the above relational expressions (17) and (18)
₁ , θ ₂ satisfy the condition (2) of divergence or convergence of wave 2, the length of the effective area (18) of acoustic conductor 3 (or of transmitter 1, and therefore of receiver 12) SaA is
It is necessary to find it according to the relational expression (4) in which the radius of curvature of the effective area 18 is R. According to the apparatus shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the acoustic vibration wave 2
without any restriction as to the length of the acoustic conductor 3,
By making the effective area 18 of 11 cylindrical, the above-mentioned error during interface control can be reduced. The device embodiment shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 requires a certain limitation on the wavelength λ of the acoustic vibration wave 2, but has a simpler configuration than the previously described embodiment. In this embodiment, the minimum distance Hmin between the effective area 18 of the acoustic conductor 3 and the contact surface 19 is selected from the relation (6) so that the propagation path of the lateral rays 27 The length of the Fresnel band of the acoustic field of the transmitter 1 having the surface front 28 of divergent vibration is made to be equal to or longer than the length B. Leaving this Fresnel zone, the surface front 28 of wave 2 is transformed into a partially spherical front with a diverging bundle of acoustic lines 26, 27, with the lateral lines at angles θ ₁ and θ _2, respectively. Enter wall 4.
θ ₁ is smaller than the angle of incidence θ of the central line 25, and θ
₂ is big. At a sufficient distance from the Fresnel zone boundaries, the divergence angle of wave 2 is determined by the directivity pattern of emitter 1, and nearly all the energy of the acoustic emission is confined within the divergence angle equal to: θ ₁ −θ ₂ = 1.4arc sinK ₁ λ/A (19) where k ₁ is a coefficient determined by the form of the effective area 18 of the acoustic conductor 3; for example, in the case of a spherical shape, it is 1.22,
In the case of a rectangle, it is 1. Therefore, θ ₁ and θ ₂ can be obtained from the following equations. θ ₁ = θ + 0.7acr sink ₁ λ/A ...(20) θ ₂ = θ−0.7acr sink ₁ λ/A ...(21) Solving equations (2), (20), and (21), Effective area 18
The relational expression (5) between the length A and _the wavelength λ is obtained, and from this expression the required divergence of the wave ₂ can be obtained. The best excitation of part 9 (FIG. 3) is obtained. The device of FIG. 3 and its embodiments with the different configurations of acoustic conductors 3 shown in FIGS. This is to control when the amplitude instability (with respect to time) is small. This oscillation is used to excite the oscillator 1. If the amplitude of the oscillation of the oscillator changes, the recorder 17
It is necessary to periodically readjust the splitter 15 or change the gain factor of the splitter 15, which affects the efficiency and stability of the control. By using the apparatus of FIG. 10, it is possible to improve the efficiency and stability of controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface. In this embodiment, a reference electrical signal in analog or discrete form is shaped by a shaper 29 from the electrical oscillations of the oscillator 14. The information electric signal is sent to the shaper 3 using the electric signal of the amplifier 15.
1 into the same shape. The reference electrical signal and the information electrical signal are compared in a comparison block 30. The output signal of comparison block 30 is applied to recorder 17, which is the difference or proportionality of the signals being compared. Since the amplitude instability of the electrical signal of the generator 14 affects the values of the information signal and the reference signal, the result of the interface control is in fact not dependent on this instability. The above-described device in combination with acoustic conductors (FIGS. 4 to 9) is extremely effective when the electrical oscillations of the oscillator 14 are unstable in amplitude, and also when the mechanical oscillations 10 of the excited part 9 of the wall 4 are This is extremely effective when the speed C of changes in the range of c ₁ to c ₂ . However, the amplitude of the mechanical vibration 10 (FIG. 10) is determined by the condition that the wave 2 is incident on the wall 4 through the contact surface 19 of the acoustic conductor 3 during stable operation of the device or when the interface 8 (FIG. 1) is rapidly Changes when it changes during control. Such a change in the incident conditions can be caused, for example, by the difference in the thickness of the contact grease between the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 and the wall 4, or by the roughness of the surface of the wall 4 during rapid control. Also, during the stability control of the interface, the acoustic conductor 3,
This occurs due to cracks, cuts, partial damage, etc. of the adhesive layer that adheres the contact area 19 of 11 to the wall. If such a change occurs, it becomes necessary to periodically readjust the information electrical signal shaper 31, and at the time of this readjustment, a large error occurs in the interface control. Such errors cannot be reduced by the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface control method using the apparatus shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. According to the method of the invention for controlling the interface, the container 5
In the section 9 of the wall 4 , mechanical vibrations 38 are again caused by the acoustic vibration waves 34 , the damping of which is different from the damping of the mechanical vibrations 10 by the primary waves 2 . In this case wave 2 and wall 4 of 34
The change in the conditions at the entrance to the generator 14, as well as the change in the amplitude of the electrical oscillations of the generator 14, causes the primary and secondary mechanical oscillations 1
A similar change is made in the amplitude of 0.38.
Similarly, the parameter changes of the contact area 19 in the acoustic conductor 11 are caused by the sound waves 13 converted from the mechanical vibrations 10 occurring primarily in the wall 4 and from the mechanical vibrations 38 occurring again in the wall 4. A similar change is caused in the sound wave 36. According to the above points, the mechanical vibration 10 (11th
It is possible to ascertain the interface 8 (FIG. 1) between the media 6 and 7 from the relationship between the amplitudes of the acoustic conductors 3 and 38)
This can be done independently of the changes in the conditions determined by the entrance of the waves 2 and 34 through the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 11 and the transformation of the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 11. In the device shown in FIG. 11, the waves 34 are
With the aid of an additional transmitter 33, mechanical vibrations are introduced into the wall 4 for secondary generation. This transmitter 3
3 is oriented such that its effective area forms an angle γ with the contact area 19 in order to coincide with the additional effective area 32 of the acoustic conductor 3. The angle γ is selected from the relational expression (7) that satisfies the condition that the velocity of the trajectory of the wave 34 and the velocity of the mechanical vibration 38 are equal. wave 3
4 is introduced into the wall 4 at this angle γ. Sound waves 13 converted from mechanical vibrations generated in the first order
propagates into the acoustic conductor 11 at an angle γ perpendicular to the contact area 19 and enters the additional receiver 35 along a direction perpendicular to its effective area. From the electrical signal of the main receiver 12 via the main amplifier 15, the waveform shaper 31 (in discontinuous or analog form) enters the area where the acoustic conductor 11 is located.
An information signal is then formed having an amplitude proportional to that of the mechanical vibrations generated. Another waveform shaper 29 forms a reference electrical signal from the electrical signal coming from the additional receiver 35 and passed through the additional amplifier 27. This reference electrical signal is formed. The amplitude of this reference electrical signal is proportional to the amplitude of the mechanical vibrations 38 generated again in the area where the acoustic conductor 11 is located. Both the reference and information signals by the waveform shapers 29 and 31 are generated in the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 3 during the introduction of the waves 2 and 34 of acoustic vibrations, and the mechanical It is equally influenced by the instability that occurs in the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 11 when converting vibrations into sound waves 13 and 36, respectively. Thereby, the output signal of the comparison block 30, formed from the information entering the comparison block 30 and the reference signal, is proportional to the ratio between said two signals and is not subject to the above-mentioned instability. Mechanical vibrations caused by primary and secondary excitations 1
0,38 give rise to different damping in the wall 4 of the container 5 caused by partial energy leakage to the medium 16 in contact with the inner surface of the vibrating part 9 of the wall 4. Therefore, the output signal of comparison block 30 is
Interface 8 between media 6 and 7 in controlled container 5
provide clear information regarding the location of (Figure 1);
This information is recorded on the recorder 17. coupling of the entrance areas of the main and additional sound waves 2 and 34 of acoustic vibrations in the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 3;
and the primary and secondary waves to the main sound wave 13 and the additional sound wave 36 in the contact area 19 of the acoustic conductor 11.
The coupling of the transformation area of the mechanical oscillations 10, 38 formed by the following excitation is determined by the distance E between the central protrusions of the main and additional effective areas 18, 32 of the contact area 19,
and is obtained by selecting the heights H ₁ and H ₂ from the contact area 19 to the center according to relational expression (8). The device of the present invention effectively eliminates the effects of the above-mentioned instability, and although the electronic part of the device is fairly simple,
Changes in the conversion characteristics of the oscillator are possible, and this will result in corresponding errors. Such errors can be eliminated by implementing the method described above, which is achieved by using the apparatus shown in FIG. The device has one transmitter 1, one receiver 12 and a more complex electronic part. In this case, an additional sound wave 34 introduced into the wall 4 at an angle γ and used for secondary excitation of mechanical vibrations 38 in this wall 4 is transmitted from the reflection area 39 of the acoustic conductor 3 to the sound wave emitter 1 wave 40
It is formed by reflecting a part of the The reflective area forms an angle β with the effective area 18, and this angle β is determined as π/2+γ−θ from the relationship of equations (7) and (9). Another part of the wave 2 from the emitter 1 is introduced into the wall 4 at an angle θ and a part 9
It is used for the primary excitation of mechanical vibrations 10 in the wall 4 in the interior. The mechanical vibration 10 that is primarily excited in the acoustic conductor 11
is converted into a principal sound wave 13 that propagates at an angle θ perpendicular to the contact area 19 of the . The secondarily excited mechanical vibration 38 causes a reflection region 39 in the acoustic conductor 11.
is converted into a sound wave 36 which propagates at an angle γ, perpendicular to the contact area 19, in a direction towards . This wave 36 is reflected from the reflector area as an additional sound wave 41 and enters the receiver 12 perpendicular to its effective area. The secondarily excited mechanical vibrations 38 propagate along the wall 4 with a velocity c ₆ which is different from the velocity C of the primarily excited mechanical vibrations 10 (first
c ₆ >C in the example of Figure 2). As a result, due to the propagation path of the mechanical vibration 10 along the wall 4 well beyond the leading edge of the emitted wave 2, the main and additional sound waves 13 and 41 enter the receiver 12 with a time shift Δt relative to each other. . This shift greatly exceeds the time interval of the pulse amplitude modulated electrical oscillations of the generator 14 entering the oscillator 1. This allows primary and secondary
The main and additional pulse signals of the receiver 12 are then separated in time, having amplitudes proportional to the amplitudes of the excited mechanical vibrations 10 and 38. The pulse signal of receiver 12 passes through common amplifier 15 to the inputs of selection blocks 42 and 43.
This control input is supplied with a selection pulse from the output of the waveform shaper 44. The selection pulse coming to selection block 42 corresponds to the time position of the main pulse signal, and the selection pulse coming to block 43 corresponds to the time position of the reference pulse signal. The main and auxiliary electrical signals separated in the selection blocks 42 and 43 are passed through a waveform shaper 31 provided to shape the information electrical signal, and a waveform shaper 29 provided to shape the reference electrical signal.
is reached and then the input of comparison block 30 is powered. From the output of this block, a signal with definite information about the interface to be controlled is sent to the recorder 1.
Come on 7. The method of interface control in containers described above provides extremely accurate and stable control in long-term operation. At the same time, this method shows that when acoustic vibrations are introduced into the walls of the container, and the mechanical vibrations excited in the walls of the container are converted into sound waves in the area of the contact area of the acoustic conductor on which the receiver is mounted. This makes it possible to eliminate errors caused by instability that occurs when However, in the method described above, errors will occur as a result of changes in mechanical vibrations within the excited part of the container wall at different locations of the interface in the container. These errors are eliminated when the method of controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface in the container is achieved through the use of the apparatus of FIG. With this method, a section 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5 is periodically excited by a pulsed wave 2 of acoustic vibrations. The spectrum of this pulse wave 2 is the vibration part 9 of the wall 4.
Medium 6 in different positions with respect to (Fig. 13)
Container 5 having an interface 8 (FIG. 1) between and 7
The frequency range is selected from a range exceeding the frequency range of the mechanical vibration 10 of the wall 4. The broad spectrum pulse formed by waveform shaper 45 and passed through power amplifier 46 is
Acts on transmitter 1. These pulses have the form of rectangular video pulses with duration τ ₀ , which duration is determined by relation (10). As a result, the transmitter 1 emits into the acoustic conductor 3 a series of ultrasonic vibrations containing all the different frequencies of the mechanical vibrations in the wall 4 with the interface 8 (FIG. 1) in different positions. do. The pulse signals of the receiver 12 are composed of electrical oscillations filling said pulse signals (the shape of these electrical signals is similar to the received pulsed sound waves 13) depending on the position of the interface 8 (FIG. 1) to be controlled. It has an amplitude. The pulse signal is then converted into a sound wave 13 (FIG. 13) by the receiver, that is, the acoustic conductor 11.
from the mechanical vibrations 10 entering the area of the contact area 19 of the . On the other hand, the frequency of electric vibration is
The medium 16 (13th
It depends on the format shown in Figure). Said frequency is recorded in a block 47 for measuring the frequency of the electrical signal, and the signal is fed from the receiver 12 via the amplifier 15 to the block 47.
The frequency measured in this way is
) is above or below the vibrating portion 9 of the wall 4 (FIG. 13) of the container 5, when the liquid form (e.g.
(characterized by the value of its acoustic impedance). The information signal is shaped from the pulse signal of the receiver 12 in a waveform shaper 31 for shaping the information electrical signal. This pulse signal is fed to the waveform shaper 31 via the amplifier 15. The amplitude of the information signal thus shaped is proportional to the amplitude of the pulse signal. The reference electrical signal is shaped from the video pulse obtained at the output of the power amplifier 46 in a waveform shaper 29 . The reference signal and the information electrical signal pass to a comparison block 30. The output signal of block 30 is connected to the controlled interface 8 (first
) and recorder 17 (13th
(Figure). Embodiments of the method described above effectively reduce the effects of frequency changes in mechanical vibrations caused by different positions of the controlled interface. and,
Secondary control of the liquid morphology can be achieved when the cross section of the excited wall section is constant. However, errors occur when the cross section changes considerably, causing a change in the frequency of mechanical vibrations within a wider range than changes in the interface in the container. These errors are reduced when a method of controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface is achieved in the apparatus shown in FIG. With this method, a section 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5 is periodically excited by a pulse wave 2 of acoustic vibrations.
The relevant width of the spectrum of this pulsed wave is then chosen according to relationship (11) to be equal to or exceed the relevant variation in the thickness of the vibrating portion 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5. This corresponds to acoustic conductors 3 and 1
1 is molten crystal, porcelain, silicon, glass, lead, tin, lead-tin alloy, etc., and the acoustic impedance is 0.3 of the acoustic impedance of the sound wave emitter 1 and receiver 12.
This is achieved by manufacturing the product within the range of 1.7 to 1.7. The materials from which the acoustic conductors are made are shown in Table 2. Such a design of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 correspondingly widens the boundaries of the radiation and reception spectrum of the waves 2 and 13 of acoustic vibrations and provides acoustic damping of the transmitter 1 and the receiver 12. Regarding the acoustic impedance of the transmitter 1 and receiver 12,
Depends on the material of the acoustic conductor. acoustic conductors 3 and 1
A reduction in acoustic impedance of 1 reduces the spectral width. The type of material of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 and their respective impedances (see Table 2) are chosen according to the spectral width required by relation (11). The method described above provides interface and liquid type control when the interface is located above or below the excited vessel wall section (in the case of gas-liquid devices, the interface is above the section). However, control errors occur due to temperature changes. The value of the error is determined primarily by the temperature, which depends on the wave propagation velocity of the acoustic vibrations in the acoustic conductor. The temperature error is shown in Figures 3 to 13.
It has an acoustic conductor as shown in FIGS. 4 to 20. It can be substantially removed by using devices to control the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface. A reduction in temperature errors is achieved in that the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 are made on the basis of aqueous solutions of alcohols, alkalis, acids or inorganic acid salts. These materials absorb sound waves at temperature t2,13
depends almost quadratically on the propagation speed c ₃ , c ₃ = c ₃ max [1-(t-t ₀ ) ² ] ...(22) where, c ₃ max: t = t The maximum propagation velocity of waves 2, 13 in an aqueous solution at ₀ . becomes. The concentration q of the aqueous solution is the maximum value of the propagation velocity c ₃ max
is chosen such that it lies in the region of the average temperature t ₀ of the wall 4 of the container 5. As a result, the speed of the sound waves in the acoustic conductor 3 changes very little over the operating temperature range. For example, if the temperature change is ±20 of its mean value t ₀
℃, the speed does not change by more than 0.6%. This improves the accuracy of interface control. The method of controlling the gas-liquid or liquid-liquid interface in the container achieved by the apparatus of FIGS. Non-contact automatic control of interfaces in containers can be carried out very effectively in various technological processes in other industries.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a single-layer container equipped with a sonic transmitter and a sonic receiver according to the present invention attached to the side wall surface of the container, and FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the tank wall shown in FIG. A top view of the configuration, FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the device of the present invention for controlling the gas-liquid interface or liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container equipped with the acoustic conductor of the first embodiment, and FIG. A cross-sectional explanatory diagram of a sonic wave transmitter attached to a container wall using the acoustic conductor of the embodiment, FIG. 5 is a side explanatory diagram of the configuration of FIG. 4, and FIG. 7 is an explanatory side view of the configuration of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is an explanatory cross-sectional view of the sonic transmitter attached to the container by the acoustic conductor of the fourth embodiment; 9 is an explanatory side view of the configuration of FIG. 8; FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram of an apparatus of the present invention similar to the apparatus shown in FIG. 3, which is equipped with an electronic circuit channel for electrically processing a reference signal; FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a device according to the present invention, which is similar to the device shown in FIG. FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram of a device according to the invention similar to the device shown in FIG. 3, comprising an acoustic conductor of the sixth embodiment and an electro-acoustic channel for processing a reference signal; FIG. FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram of a device of the present invention similar to the device shown in FIG. 3, which is equipped with an electric circuit; FIG. The figure is an explanatory cross-sectional view of a sonic wave transmitter attached to the container wall by the acoustic conductor of the eighth embodiment, and FIG. 17th
18 is a cross-sectional explanatory diagram of a sonic wave oscillator attached to the container wall using an acoustic conductor according to the 11th embodiment, and FIG. Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional explanatory diagram of a sonic wave transmitter attached to the container wall by the acoustic conductor of the 12th embodiment, and Fig. 20 is a cross-sectional explanatory diagram of the sonic wave transmitter attached to the container wall by the acoustic conductor of the 13th embodiment. It is. 1...Sound wave transmitter, 2...Sound wave, 3...Acoustic conductor, 4
...Single layer container wall, 5...Single layer container, 8...Interface, 9...Division of wall 4, 10...Mechanical vibration wave, 11...Acoustic conductor, 12...Sound wave receiver, 13...Sound wave, 14...Electric vibration generation instrument, 15... electric vibration signal amplifier, 17...
Electrical vibration amplitude recorder, 18... Effective surface of acoustic conductors 3, 11, 19... Contact surface of acoustic conductors 3, 11, 2
2, 23... Portions of acoustic conductors 3, 11, 24... Contact surface between portions 22, 23, 29... Reference electrical signal shaper, 30... Comparator for comparing information electrical signal with reference electrical signal, 31... Information electrical signal Shaper, 32... Effective surface of acoustic conductors 3, 11, 33... Sound wave transmitter, 3
4, 36...Sound wave, 37...Electric vibration signal amplifier, 3
8... Mechanical vibration waves, 39... Reflective surfaces of acoustic conductors 3 and 11, 42, 43... Electric signal selector, 44... Selection pulse shaper, 45... Broad spectrum electric pulse shaper, 46... Electric pulse power amplifier, 47...Electrical signal frequency measuring device.

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. A method for inspecting a gas-liquid interface and a liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container, the method comprising: an acoustic vibration wave is introduced into the container, a part of which is converted into mechanical vibration (Lamb wave) that propagates along the container wall, and the vibration wave is transmitted to the machine at a point a predetermined distance away from the introduction point. in such a way that the amplitude of this received wave serves to predict the monitored interface, the point of introduction is a diverging or converging wave, and the maximum of this wave is A method for inspecting a gas-liquid interface or a liquid-liquid interface in a single-layer container, characterized in that the introduction angle θ ₁ and the minimum introduction angle θ ₂ are selected according to the following formula. sin θ ₁ /sin θ ₂ C ₁ /C ₂ where θ ₁ and θ ₂ are related to the propagation direction of the acoustic vibration wave in the plane perpendicular to the wave introduction point on the container wall, and C ₁ and C ₂ are the divergence or convergence. are the highest and lowest propagation velocities of mechanical vibrations (Lamb waves) in the wall region excited by acoustic vibration waves. 2. In the method described in claim 1,
The mechanical vibrations inside the container wall portion are further synergistically excited by secondary sound waves, and the damping of the mechanical vibrations excited by the secondary sound waves causes the mechanical vibrations excited by the primary sound waves to be damped. A method characterized in that the interfacial state is detected by a correlation between the amplitudes of mechanical vibrations excited by the primary and secondary sound waves, which are separately attenuated in a manner different from attenuation. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the container wall portion is periodically excited by an acoustic vibration pulse wave, and interfaces exist at different positions with respect to the excited container wall portion. when the pulse wave spectrum is selected from a frequency range exceeding the frequency range of mechanical vibrations (Lamb waves) of the container wall, and the interface is located above or below the portion of the container wall being excited. The method characterized in that the required frequency of the pulse wave is further determined such that the type of liquid can be confirmed when the pulse wave is located at . 4. In the method described in claim 2,
characterized in that the container wall section is periodically excited by an acoustic vibration pulse wave, and the relative width of the pulse wave spectrum is selected to be equal to or greater than the relative change in the thickness of the container wall section being excited. How to do it. 5 coupled to the electric vibration generator 14 and contact surface 1
Acoustic vibration waves 2 fixed on the effective surface 18 of the inclined acoustic conductor 3 whose 9 contacts the outer surface of the wall 4 of the container 5
a generator 1, comprising a second inclined acoustic conductor whose contact surface 19 is in contact with the outer surface of the container, and comprising a receiver 12 of acoustic vibration waves 13 resulting from mechanical vibrations 10 transmitted through the wall. In a device in which the electrical signal amplifier 15 of the receiver 12 is electrically connected to the recorder 17, the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 are constituted by two members 22 and 23, each of which has a The members 22, 23 are formed of materials in which the propagation velocities of the acoustic vibration waves 2 and the acoustic waves 13 are different from each other, and the members 22, 23 have a cylindrical contact surface 24, the axis of symmetry of which is the direction in which the acoustic vibration waves 2 are generated. receiver 1 and acoustic wave 13
2, and the radius R of the surface 24 is defined by the gas-liquid interface or liquid-
Equipment for inspecting liquid surfaces. RC ₁ +C ₂ /C ₄ +C ₅・|C ₄ -C ₅ /C ₁ -
C ₂ |Acotθ where C ₁ and C ₂ are the maximum and minimum propagation velocities of the mechanical vibration 10 in the region 9 of the wall 4 of the container 5 excited by the acoustic vibration wave 2, and C ₄ and C ₅ are The propagation velocity of the acoustic vibration wave 2 of the wave 13 in the independent parts 22, 23 of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11, A, on the effective surface 18 extending in the direction in which the mechanical vibrations 10 excited in the wall 4 of the container 5 propagate. The length of the effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 in the perpendicular plane, θ is the effective area 18 of the inclined acoustic conductor 3, 11 and the contact area 1
With a wave introduction angle equal to the angle between 9 and 9, the acoustic vibration waves 2 and 13 can be divergent or convergent. 6. In the device according to claim 5,
When the cross-sectional thickness of the machine wall 4 is not uniform as described above, the acoustic conductors 3 and 11 are cylindrical with a radius of curvature R determined by the relational expression R≦C ₁ +C ₂ /2 (C ₁ −C ₂ )・Acot θ A shaped effective surface 18 is provided, and the sound wave transmitter 1 and the sound wave receiver 12 are configured in such a way that the sound wave transmitter 1 and the sound wave receiver 12 have a complementary shape effective surface that coincides with the cylindrical effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11, so that the sound waves 2 and 13 A device characterized in that the divergence or convergence of is reliably performed. 7. In the device according to claim 5,
The effective surface 1 of the acoustic conductors 3, 11 in a plane passing through a line that coincides with the normal to the effective surface 18 and the propagation direction of the mechanical vibration wave 10 excited in the container wall 4.
8 is determined by the relational expression A≦K・|C ₁ +C ₂ /C ₁ −C ₂ |・λcotθ, where K is a coefficient constant determined by the shape of the effective surface 18 of the acoustic conductors 3 and 11, λ is the wavelength of the sound waves 2, 13 in the acoustic conductors 3, 11;
Minimum distance between effective surface 18 and contact surface 19 of 11
A device characterized in that Hmin is determined by the relational expression Hmin>A ² /λcosθ, whereby the sound waves 2 and 13 are reliably diverged or converged. 8. In the device according to any one of claims 5 to 7, a portion 9 of the container wall 4 receives a sound wave 2.
When _the acoustic conductors 3 ^, 11 are further synergistically excited by ₆ , where C ₃ is the propagation velocity of the mechanical oscillatory waves in the acoustic conductors 3, 11 and C ₆ is the propagation velocity of the mechanical oscillatory waves 38 which are repeatedly excited inside the section 9 of the container wall 4. , each acoustic conductor 3,
A second sound wave transmitter 33 of sound waves 34 and a second sound wave receiver 3 of sound waves 36 are provided on the second effective surface 32 of 11.
5 is attached, and the second sound wave transmitter 33
is coupled to the electric vibration generator 14 together with the first sound wave emitter 1 of the sound wave 2, said second sound wave receiver 35 is coupled to the input of a second electric vibration signal amplifier 37, and said second sound wave receiver 35 is coupled to the input of a second electric vibration signal amplifier 37 The output of the amplifier 2 is coupled to the input of a reference electrical signal shaper 29, the output of said shaper 29 being coupled to the input of a comparator 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with the reference electrical signal, said comparing The other input of the device 30 is coupled to the output of an information electrical signal shaper 31, and the input of the shaper 31 is coupled to the output of the first electrical vibration signal amplifier 15, and the information electrical signal is referenced to the output of the first electrical vibration signal amplifier 15. Device characterized in that the output of the comparator 30, which is compared with the electrical signal, is coupled to the input of the electrical vibration amplitude recorder 17. 9. In the device according to claim 8,
The first effective surface 18 and the second effective surface of the acoustic conductors 3, 11
The distance E between the centers of the effective surfaces when the effective surface _{32 of}
where H ₁ and H ₂ are acoustic conductors 3,
11 contact surfaces 19 to a respective first effective surface 18
and the center of the second effective surface 32. 10. The device according to claim 5, in which when the section 9 of the container wall 4 is excited synergistically by a sound wave 34, the acoustic conductors 3, 11 undergo a reflection forming an angle β with the respective effective surface 18. The angle β is expressed by the relational expression β=π/2−(θ−sin ⁻¹ C ₃
/C ₆ ), where C ₃ is the acoustic conductor 3,1
The mechanical vibration wave propagation velocity of 1 or C ₆ is the mechanical vibration wave 3 which is repeatedly excited inside the part 9 of the container wall 4.
8, the output of the electrical vibration signal amplifier 15 is coupled to two electrical circuits, a first and a second electrical circuit, the input of said first electrical circuit being the input of a selector 42 for selecting electrical signals. and a controlled input of selector 42 is coupled to a first output of selection pulse shaper 44, an output of selector 42 is coupled to an input of information electrical signal shaper 31, and information electrical signal shaper 31. The output of the second electrical circuit is coupled to the input of a comparator 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with a reference electrical signal, and the input of said second electrical circuit is the input of a second selector 43 for selecting the electrical signal. A controlled input of 43 is coupled to a second output of a selection pulse shaper 44 and an output of selector 43 is coupled to an input of a reference electrical signal shaper 29 such that the output of the reference electrical signal shaper 29 is a second input of a comparator 30, the output of said comparator 30 being coupled to an electrical signal amplitude recorder 17, and an input of a selective pulse shaper 44 for generating a pulse amplitude modulated oscillatory wave. Electric vibration generator 14 used as a device
A device characterized in that it is coupled to an output of. 11. A device according to any one of claims 5, 6 or 7, in which the portion 9 of the container wall 4
The electric vibration generator 14 includes a broad spectrum electric pulse shaper 45 and a power amplifier 46 for power amplifying the electric pulse when the electric pulse is excited by a pulse wave of an acoustic vibration wave, and the input of the amplifier 46 is connected to the shaper 45. is coupled to the output of said amplifier 4.
The output of 6 is the output of the electric vibration generator 14 coupled to the input of the reference electric signal shaper 29,
The output of the shaper 29 is coupled to a first input of a comparator 30 for comparing the information electrical signal with a reference electrical signal, the output of said comparator 30 being coupled to the input of the electrical signal amplitude recorder 17. The comparator 3
0 is coupled to the output of an information electrical signal shaper 31, the input of said shaper 31 is coupled to the output of an electrical signal amplifier 15, the output of said amplifier 15 is an electrical signal frequency measuring 47. 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein the acoustic conductors 3, 11 are made of fused silica, porcelain, silica glass, lead, tin, or a lead-tin alloy, and the acoustic impedance of these materials is such that the acoustic impedance of the sound wave 2 is A device characterized in that it has an acoustic impedance of a sound wave transmitter 1 and a sound wave receiver 12 of the sound waves 13. 13. In the device according to any one of claims 5 to 10, the acoustic conductor 3, 11
comprises an aqueous solution of an alcohol, alkali, acid or inorganic acid salt, said solution having approximately parabolic temperature characteristics dependent on the propagation velocity of the acoustic wave in the solution, Device characterized in that the concentration is selected such that the maximum value of the propagation velocity of the sound waves 2, 34, 13, 36 lies within the range of the average temperature of the container wall 4.