JPS62299816A - Oriented film material for liquid crystal display element - Google Patents
Oriented film material for liquid crystal display elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPS62299816A JPS62299816A JP14352086A JP14352086A JPS62299816A JP S62299816 A JPS62299816 A JP S62299816A JP 14352086 A JP14352086 A JP 14352086A JP 14352086 A JP14352086 A JP 14352086A JP S62299816 A JPS62299816 A JP S62299816A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- display element
- films
- film material
- oriented
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 claims description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 20
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 12
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006087 Silane Coupling Agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005262 ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- YHRUOJUYPBUZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloropropane Chemical compound ClCCCCl YHRUOJUYPBUZOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004990 Smectic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003848 UV Light-Curing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003849 aromatic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003759 ester based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 etc. can be used Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005575 poly(amic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
- G02F1/133711—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers by organic films, e.g. polymeric films
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
３、発明の詳細な説明
「技術分野」
本発明は、液晶表示素子用配向膜材料に係り、特１こ強
誘電性液晶を用いた高速光スイッチング素子などに好適
な配向膜材料に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] 3. Detailed Description of the Invention ``Technical Field'' The present invention relates to alignment film materials for liquid crystal display elements, and in particular, 1) materials suitable for high-speed optical switching elements using ferroelectric liquid crystals. Regarding alignment film materials.
［従来技術およびその問題点」
従来、液晶表示素子の配向膜材料としでは、有機シラン
系の界面活性剤や、ポリアミック酸の架橋重合体である
ポリイミド、各種ナイロン、あるいはアクリル樹脂など
が用いられている。[Prior art and its problems] Conventionally, organic silane surfactants, polyimide (a cross-linked polymer of polyamic acid), various nylons, and acrylic resins have been used as alignment film materials for liquid crystal display elements. There is.
有機シラン系の界面活性剤は、簡便に膜形成ができると
いう長所があるが、配向安定性が悪いという問題点かあ
った。Organic silane surfactants have the advantage of being easy to form a film, but have the problem of poor orientation stability.
また、ポリイミドは、配向安定性がよく、耐熱性に優れ
るという長所があるが、耐湿性が弱く、硬化に際して３
００℃前後の高温熱処理が必要となるという問題点があ
った。In addition, polyimide has the advantages of good orientation stability and excellent heat resistance, but it has poor moisture resistance and 3.
There was a problem in that high temperature heat treatment of around 00°C was required.
ざらに、各種ナイロンは、配向安定性がよく、硬化に際
しての熱処理温度が低くでよいという長所があるが、耐
熱性、耐湿性の点で充分ではなかった。Generally speaking, various nylons have the advantage of having good orientation stability and requiring low heat treatment temperatures during curing, but they are not sufficient in terms of heat resistance and moisture resistance.
ざらにまた、アクリル樹脂は、配向安定性がよく、硬化
に際しての熱処理温度か低くてよいという長所があるが
、耐湿性、耐熱性に弱いという問題点かあった。Additionally, acrylic resins have the advantage of good orientation stability and require low heat treatment temperatures during curing, but they have the problem of poor moisture resistance and heat resistance.
このように、これまでの配向膜材料はそれぞれ長所と短
所を有してあり、あらゆる特゛ｈにおいて満足し得るも
のはなかった。As described above, each of the existing alignment film materials has its advantages and disadvantages, and none of them has been satisfactory in all characteristics.
近年、スメクティックＣ相などの強誘電性液晶を用いた
高速光スイッチング素子などが注目されでいるが、これ
らの素子はセルギャップが２ ｕｍ程度と極めて薄く、
熱処理温度をあまり高めることができないという制限が
ある。In recent years, high-speed optical switching devices using ferroelectric liquid crystals such as smectic C-phase have attracted attention, but these devices have extremely thin cell gaps of about 2 um.
There is a limitation in that the heat treatment temperature cannot be increased too much.
この点、ナイロン、アクリル樹脂などは、比較的低温（
２００℃以下）の処理で膜形成できるのであるが、充分
な耐湿性、耐熱性が得られないという問題点があった。In this respect, materials such as nylon and acrylic resin are relatively low temperature (
Although it is possible to form a film by processing at temperatures below 200° C., there is a problem in that sufficient moisture resistance and heat resistance cannot be obtained.
「発明の目的」
本発明の目的は、比較的低温の熱処理で膜形成ができ、
耐熱性、耐湿性に優れ、しかも配向性がよい液晶表示素
子用配向膜材料を提供することにある。"Object of the Invention" The object of the present invention is to form a film by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature.
An object of the present invention is to provide an alignment film material for a liquid crystal display element that has excellent heat resistance and moisture resistance, and has good alignment properties.
「発明の構成」
本発明の液晶表示素子用配向膜材料は、下記一般式（１
）で示される非晶質芳香族ポリエステル樹脂からなるこ
とを特徴とする。"Structure of the Invention" The alignment film material for a liquid crystal display element of the present invention has the following general formula (1
) is characterized by being made of an amorphous aromatic polyester resin.
（式中、Ｒはアルキル基、Ｘは０（酸素）、Ｓ（イオウ
） 、 ＣＨ２（メチレン）より選ばれた一種、ｎは整
数でｎ≧ＩＯである。）
この非晶質芳香族ポリスチル樹脂は、吸水率（２４時間
水中）が０．２４％と低く、熱変形温度（１８，６に９
／ｃｎ（）が１８５℃と高いので、充分な耐湿、耐熱性
を有しでいる。また、吸水率が低いので、電気特性の変
化も小さい。さらに、適当な有機溶媒に溶かし、基板上
に塗布した後、１５０℃程度で加熱処理するだけで形成
できるので、熱処理温度も低くでよい。ざらにまた、液
晶の配向性も良好である。したかっで、今までにない優
れた配向膜材料とすることができる。(In the formula, R is an alkyl group, X is one selected from 0 (oxygen), S (sulfur), and CH2 (methylene), and n is an integer and n≧IO.) This amorphous aromatic polystyl resin has a low water absorption rate (in water for 24 hours) of 0.24% and a low heat distortion temperature (18,6 to 9
/cn() is as high as 185°C, so it has sufficient moisture resistance and heat resistance. Furthermore, since the water absorption rate is low, changes in electrical properties are also small. Furthermore, since the film can be formed by simply dissolving it in an appropriate organic solvent, coating it on the substrate, and then heat-treating it at about 150° C., the heat-treating temperature can also be low. In addition, the liquid crystal orientation is also good. This makes it possible to create an unprecedentedly excellent alignment film material.
本発明による配向膜は、上記非晶質芳香族ポリエステル
樹脂を適当な有機溶媒に溶かし、基板上に塗布した後、
加熱処理することにより形成される。有機溶媒としては
、例えばハロゲン系炭化水素、芳香族系の溶媒、エステ
ル系の溶媒などが使用でき、特に塩化メチレン、塩化ト
リメチレンなどのハロゲン化炭化水素が好ましい。これ
らの溶媒中に、上記非晶質芳香族ポリエステル樹脂を０
．０５〜２０重量％程度になるように溶かし込み、樹脂
溶液を調製する。そして、この樹脂溶液を浸漬法、スど
シナ−法などの方法で基板上に塗布し、これヲ１００〜
２５０℃程度、好ましくは１００〜１８０℃に加熱処理
することにより、配向膜を形成できる。なあ、この配向
膜には、必要に応じてラビング処理を行なう。The alignment film according to the present invention is prepared by dissolving the above-mentioned amorphous aromatic polyester resin in a suitable organic solvent and coating it on a substrate.
It is formed by heat treatment. As the organic solvent, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons, aromatic solvents, ester solvents, etc. can be used, and halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and trimethylene chloride are particularly preferred. In these solvents, the above amorphous aromatic polyester resin was added
．． A resin solution is prepared by dissolving the resin in an amount of about 0.05 to 20% by weight. Then, this resin solution is applied onto the substrate by a method such as a dipping method or a coating method.
An alignment film can be formed by heat treatment at about 250°C, preferably 100 to 180°C. Incidentally, this alignment film is subjected to a rubbing treatment if necessary.
また、本発明においては、配向膜のガラス基板に対する
接着性を改善するため、上記樹脂溶液を塗布する前に、
基板上にシラン系カップリング剤など１８塗布しておい
てもよい。Furthermore, in the present invention, in order to improve the adhesion of the alignment film to the glass substrate, before applying the resin solution,
A silane coupling agent or the like may be coated on the substrate.
「発明の実施例」
第１図には、本発明の配向膜材料が適用される液晶表示
素子の一例が示されている。"Embodiments of the Invention" FIG. 1 shows an example of a liquid crystal display element to which the alignment film material of the present invention is applied.
すなわち、ガラス等からなる一対の基板１１．１２の内
面に、ＩＴＯ膜などの透明導電膜１３．１４がそれぞれ
パターン化されて形成され、この透明導電膜１３．１４
のさらに内面に、配向膜１５．１６がそれぞれ形成され
る。そして、周縁部にシール剤１７を配置して両基板１
１．１２を接合し、セルを構成する。さらに、このセル
内に、液晶組成物１日を封入して構成されでいる。非晶
質芳香族ポリエステル樹脂からなる本発明の配向膜材料
は、上記配向膜１５．１６の少なくとも一方の材料とし
で用いられる。なお、上記配向膜１５．１６の少なくと
も一方は、ラビング処理して一軸配向制御する場合が多
い。That is, a transparent conductive film 13.14 such as an ITO film is formed in a pattern on the inner surface of a pair of substrates 11.12 made of glass or the like.
Furthermore, alignment films 15 and 16 are formed on the inner surfaces of the substrates, respectively. Then, a sealant 17 is placed on the periphery of both substrates 1.
1.12 are joined to form a cell. Furthermore, a liquid crystal composition is sealed in this cell. The alignment film material of the present invention made of an amorphous aromatic polyester resin is used as a material for at least one of the alignment films 15 and 16. Note that at least one of the alignment films 15 and 16 is often subjected to a rubbing treatment to control the uniaxial alignment.
実施例
前記一般式（１）で示される非晶質芳香族ポリスチル樹
脂としてｒＮＡＰＩ！１脂」 （商品名、鐘淵化学製、
Ｇｒａｄｅ Ｎｏ、Ｆ−１１００）を塩化メチレンに溶
解し、樹脂濃度２重量％の樹脂溶液８調製する。Example rNAPI! is an amorphous aromatic polystyl resin represented by the general formula (1) above. 1 Fat” (Product name, manufactured by Kanebuchi Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Grade No. F-1100) was dissolved in methylene chloride to prepare a resin solution 8 having a resin concentration of 2% by weight.
一方、ガラス基板上にＩＴＯ膜からなる透明導電膜をパ
ターン形成した猪、前処理としてシラン系カップリング
剤ｒｓＨ６０２０Ｊ （商品名、東しシリコーン製）
の１％水溶液に上記ガラス基板を浸漬し、水溶液を塗布
する。そして、＋３０”Ｃで２０分間乾燥する。On the other hand, a boar was patterned with a transparent conductive film made of ITO film on a glass substrate, and a silane coupling agent rsH6020J (trade name, manufactured by Toshi Silicone) was used as a pretreatment.
The above glass substrate is immersed in a 1% aqueous solution of and coated with the aqueous solution. Then dry at +30"C for 20 minutes.
次に、このガラス基板上に、上記非晶質芳香族ポリスチ
ル樹脂が溶解した樹脂溶液を塗布する。Next, a resin solution containing the amorphous aromatic polystyl resin dissolved therein is applied onto this glass substrate.
塗布は、スピンナーを用い、回転数３０００ｒｐｍ 、
約６０秒で行なった。その後、基板ヲ１５０℃で３０分
乾燥させて膜形成を行なった。形成された膜は均一であ
り、膜厚約１０００Ａであった。この基板を脱脂綿で軽
く数回一方向にこすりうどングを行なう。Application was performed using a spinner at a rotation speed of 3000 rpm.
It took about 60 seconds. Thereafter, the substrate was dried at 150° C. for 30 minutes to form a film. The formed film was uniform and had a thickness of about 1000 Å. Gently rub this substrate in one direction several times with absorbent cotton.
なお、うどング方向は、上下基板を貼り合せたとき、う
どング方向かアンチパラレルとなるようにし ｌと。The direction of the lining should be so that it is anti-parallel when the upper and lower substrates are bonded together.
次に、市販の２１］ｍ粒径のアルミナ粉末を一方の基板
上に少量まきちらす。また、他方の基板には、エポキシ
系のシール剤をスクリーン印刷で周縁部に塗布し、その
後間基板を貼り合せてシール剤ヲ１４０℃、３０分の熱
処理で硬化させた。こうして得られたセルに、市販のＳ
ｍＣ”液晶組成物ｒＳ−１０＋４Ｊ （商品名、チッ
ソ製）を注入し、注入口をＵｖ硬化樹脂にで封止した。Next, a small amount of commercially available alumina powder having a particle size of 21]m is sprinkled onto one of the substrates. Furthermore, an epoxy sealant was applied to the peripheral edge of the other substrate by screen printing, and then the substrates were bonded together, and the sealant was cured by heat treatment at 140° C. for 30 minutes. Commercially available S
mC'' liquid crystal composition rS-10+4J (trade name, manufactured by Chisso) was injected, and the injection port was sealed with UV curing resin.
このようにして形成した高速光スイッチング素子は、１
００倍の顕微鏡観察の結果、配向性が極めて良好であっ
た。すなわち、従来優れているといわれでいるポリイミ
ド配向膜の場合と比べて同等以上であった。ざらに、こ
の高速光スイッチング素子を用いで、１２０℃、２気圧
の条件下でプレッシャークツカー試験を行なったところ
、同様にして作成したアクリル系樹脂およびナイロン系
樹脂の配向膜のセルと比べて、配向性の劣化スピードは
約１７８〜１７４であり、極めで優れた配向寿命を有す
ることがわかった。The high-speed optical switching element formed in this way has 1
As a result of microscopic observation at 00x magnification, the orientation was extremely good. In other words, it was equivalent to or better than the polyimide alignment film, which is said to be superior in the past. Roughly speaking, when we conducted a pressure tester using this high-speed optical switching element under the conditions of 120°C and 2 atm, the results showed that compared to cells with alignment films of acrylic resin and nylon resin prepared in the same way, The deterioration speed of orientation was about 178 to 174, indicating an extremely excellent orientation life.
［発明の効果Ｊ
以上説明したように、本発明によれば、前記一般式（１
）で示される非晶質芳香族ポリエステル樹脂からなるの
で、比較的低温の熱処理で膜形成かでき、配向性も良好
で、耐熱、耐湿性に優れ、配向寿命が良好な配向膜材料
を得ることができる。[Effect of the invention J As explained above, according to the present invention, the general formula (1
), it is possible to form a film by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature, and to obtain an alignment film material that has good orientation, excellent heat resistance and moisture resistance, and a good alignment life. Can be done.
第１図は本発明の配向膜材料が適用された液晶表示素子
の一例を示す断面図である。
図中、１１．１２は基板、１３．１４は透明導電膜、１
５．１６は配向膜、１７はシール剤、１８は液晶である
。
特許出願人 アルプス電気株式会社
第１ｖ！ＩFIG. 1 is a sectional view showing an example of a liquid crystal display element to which the alignment film material of the present invention is applied. In the figure, 11.12 is a substrate, 13.14 is a transparent conductive film, 1
5.16 is an alignment film, 17 is a sealant, and 18 is a liquid crystal. Patent applicant Alps Electric Co., Ltd. 1v! I
Claims (1)
樹脂からなることを特徴とする液晶表示素子用配向膜材
料。 ▲数式、化学式、表等があります▼…（１） （式中、Ｒはアルキル基、ＸはＯ（酸素）、Ｓ（イオウ
）、ＣＨ＿２（メチレン）より選ばれた一種、ｎは整数
でｎ≧１０である。）[Scope of Claims] An alignment film material for a liquid crystal display element, comprising an amorphous aromatic polyester resin represented by the following general formula (1). ▲There are mathematical formulas, chemical formulas, tables, etc.▼...(1) (In the formula, R is an alkyl group, X is a type selected from O (oxygen), S (sulfur), CH_2 (methylene), and n is an integer. ≧10.)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14352086A JPS62299816A (en) | 1986-06-19 | 1986-06-19 | Oriented film material for liquid crystal display element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14352086A JPS62299816A (en) | 1986-06-19 | 1986-06-19 | Oriented film material for liquid crystal display element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS62299816A true JPS62299816A (en) | 1987-12-26 |
Family
ID=15340648
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP14352086A Pending JPS62299816A (en) | 1986-06-19 | 1986-06-19 | Oriented film material for liquid crystal display element |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS62299816A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5408347A (en) * | 1990-07-18 | 1995-04-18 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Polyester based liquid-crystal display device |
| US6519018B1 (en) * | 1998-11-03 | 2003-02-11 | International Business Machines Corporation | Vertically aligned liquid crystal displays and methods for their production |
-
1986
- 1986-06-19 JP JP14352086A patent/JPS62299816A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5408347A (en) * | 1990-07-18 | 1995-04-18 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Polyester based liquid-crystal display device |
| US6519018B1 (en) * | 1998-11-03 | 2003-02-11 | International Business Machines Corporation | Vertically aligned liquid crystal displays and methods for their production |
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