JPS61176401A - Heating furnace installation for direct rolling - Google Patents

Heating furnace installation for direct rolling

Info

Publication number
JPS61176401A
JPS61176401A JP1831885A JP1831885A JPS61176401A JP S61176401 A JPS61176401 A JP S61176401A JP 1831885 A JP1831885 A JP 1831885A JP 1831885 A JP1831885 A JP 1831885A JP S61176401 A JPS61176401 A JP S61176401A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
furnace
rolling
billet
continuous casting
heating furnace
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP1831885A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Katsuaki Matsumae
松前 克明
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kobe Steel Ltd
Original Assignee
Kobe Steel Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kobe Steel Ltd filed Critical Kobe Steel Ltd
Priority to JP1831885A priority Critical patent/JPS61176401A/en
Publication of JPS61176401A publication Critical patent/JPS61176401A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21BROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B1/00Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
    • B21B1/46Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
    • B21B1/466Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting in a non-continuous process, i.e. the cast being cut before rolling

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a heating installation for direct rolling capable of using hearth rolls for the whole transportation of stocks and reducing the flaws of hearth and stock, by dividing a heating furnace in two by arranging a heat retaining furnace on a direct stock-transporting line set between a continuous casting installation and a rolling installation and arranging a heating furnace at the side of rolling installation. CONSTITUTION:A billet delivered from a continuous casting installation (a) is fed from a roll table (b) to a billet charging bed (d). The billet discharged from the bed (d) is fed to a heating furnace (i) from a carry-in table (e) of heat retaining furnace, and is heated up to a rolling temperature. Next, the billet heated in the furnace (i) is fed to a rolling installation (l) through a roll table (i) at the rear side of furnace (i). Further, a heat retaining furnace (q) installed adjacently to a roll table (f), is heated by the waste heat of a combustion gas of furnace (i), and the heat of spare stocks is insulated to absorb the imbalance between the production rates of continuous casting and rolling. In said process, the hearth rolls can be used for the whole transportation of stock.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 [産業上の利用分野] 本発明は、ダイレクト圧延用加熱炉設備に関する。[Detailed description of the invention] [Industrial application field] The present invention relates to heating furnace equipment for direct rolling.

[従来技術] 連鋳技術の向上により、鋳片品質が著しく改善されたこ
とに伴ない、省エネルギー化の観点から、連続鋳造され
た温鋳片を直接、加熱炉に装入する(送り込む)、いわ
ゆるホットチャージが実施されつつある。
[Prior art] Improvements in continuous casting technology have significantly improved the quality of slabs, so from the perspective of energy saving, continuously cast hot slabs are directly charged (fed) into a heating furnace. So-called hot charging is being implemented.

ところで、従来のこの種技術の大部分は、冷鋳片を加熱
炉に装入するラインに対して、加熱炉の中間から温鋳片
を加熱炉に装入する、いわゆる中間装入方式であった(
特開昭54−160503号、特開昭55−13412
5号、特開昭55−148716号等参照)。
By the way, most of the conventional technologies of this type are the so-called intermediate charging method, in which warm slabs are charged into the heating furnace from the middle of the heating furnace in contrast to the line where cold slabs are charged into the heating furnace. Ta(
JP-A-54-160503, JP-A-55-13412
No. 5, JP-A-55-148716, etc.).

ところが、このような中間装入方式の場合には、温鋳片
の搬送にハースローラが使用できないため、炉床上を滑
らせて加熱炉に装入する必要があるので、炉床の傷みが
激しく、温鋳片に傷がつくという問題があった。
However, in the case of this intermediate charging method, hearth rollers cannot be used to transport the hot slabs, so the slabs must be slid over the hearth before being charged into the heating furnace, resulting in severe damage to the hearth. There was a problem that the warm slab was damaged.

[発明の目的コ 本発明は上記従来の問題点に鑑みてなされたもので、連
鋳設備から送り出された材料を、特定の加熱炉を通して
ダイレクトに圧延設備に送り込む、ダイレクト方式を採
用し、材料の全搬送にハース −ローラを使用し得るよ
うにすることを目的とするものである。
[Purpose of the Invention] The present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned conventional problems, and adopts a direct method in which the material sent from the continuous casting equipment is sent directly to the rolling equipment through a specific heating furnace. The purpose of this is to enable the use of hearth rollers for all conveyance.

[発明の構成] このため、本発明においては、連鋳設備と圧延設備との
間に保温炉と昇温炉とが配置され、連鋳設備から保温炉
をパスし、昇温炉を通って圧延設備に至る材料直送ライ
ンが設定されていて、該直送ラインに対して、保温炉の
内部で、必要に応じて余材をストックするとともに、ス
トックされた余材を必要に応じて直送ラインに送り込む
ラインが少なくとも設定されていて、上記保温炉は、昇
温炉の燃焼排ガスで加熱されるように構成したものであ
る。
[Structure of the Invention] Therefore, in the present invention, a heat retention furnace and a temperature raising furnace are arranged between the continuous casting equipment and the rolling equipment, and the heat passing from the continuous casting equipment to the heat retention furnace and passing through the temperature raising furnace. A material direct delivery line leading to the rolling equipment is set up, and surplus material is stocked as needed inside the insulating furnace for this direct delivery line, and the stocked surplus material is transferred to the direct delivery line as necessary. At least a feeding line is provided, and the heat-retaining furnace is configured to be heated by the combustion exhaust gas from the temperature raising furnace.

[発明の効果] 本発明によれば、連鋳設備と圧延設備との間に材料直送
ラインを設定して、該直送ラインの連鋳設備側に保温炉
を配置し、圧延設備側に昇温炉を配置して、加熱炉を2
分割したものであるから、材料の全搬送にハースローラ
を使用することができ、炉床及び材料の痛みや傷が少な
くなる。
[Effects of the Invention] According to the present invention, a material direct feed line is set between continuous casting equipment and rolling equipment, a heat retention furnace is arranged on the continuous casting equipment side of the direct feed line, and a temperature raising furnace is placed on the rolling equipment side. Place the furnace and set the heating furnace to 2.
Since it is divided, hearth rollers can be used for all conveyance of the material, reducing damage and damage to the hearth and material.

また、材料の全搬送にハースローラが使用できるので、
あらゆる型式の炉に適用することができる。
In addition, hearth rollers can be used for all material transport, so
Can be applied to all types of furnaces.

さらに、昇温炉の燃焼排ガスを保温炉に利用できるので
、燃料原単位を下げることができる。
Furthermore, since the combustion exhaust gas from the heating furnace can be used in the warming furnace, the fuel consumption rate can be lowered.

[実施例コ 以下、本発明の実施例を添付図面について詳細に説明す
る。
[Embodiments] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

第1図は、昇温炉がウオーキングビーム炉、ウオーキン
グハース炉、ブツシャ炉の場合の実施例である。
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which the temperature raising furnace is a walking beam furnace, a walking hearth furnace, or a Busha furnace.

同図において、連鋳設備aと圧延設備Qとが配置されて
いて、連鋳設備aから送り出されたビレットは、ローラ
テーブルbからクロスコンベアCを介してビレット切出
し台dに送り込まれる。
In the figure, a continuous casting facility a and a rolling facility Q are arranged, and the billet sent out from the continuous casting facility a is sent from a roller table b via a cross conveyor C to a billet cutting table d.

クロスコンベアCは、ブツシャでもよい。The cross conveyor C may be bushy.

ビレット切出し台dは、ブツシャでもトランスファでも
よい。
The billet cutting table d may be a bush or a transfer.

ビレット切出し台dから1本ずつあるいは複数本のビレ
ットが保温炉搬入テーブルeに切り出され、該保温炉搬
入テーブルeから保温炉炉前ローラテーブルf、昇温炉
搬入ローラテーブルg、昇温炉F尻ローラテーブルhを
介して昇温炉iに送り込まれる。
One billet or a plurality of billets are cut from the billet cutting table d to the heating furnace loading table e, and from the heating furnace loading table e to the heating furnace front roller table f, the heating furnace loading roller table g, and the heating furnace F. It is fed into the heating furnace i via the bottom roller table h.

昇温炉iの炉内には、ハースローラが設けられているの
で、炉床及びビレットの痛みや傷が少ない。
Since a hearth roller is provided inside the temperature rising furnace i, there are few damages or scratches on the hearth and billet.

この昇温炉iは、ビレットを圧延温度まで昇温さ仕るた
めのものである。
This heating furnace i is for raising the temperature of the billet to the rolling temperature.

昇温炉iで昇温されたビレットは、昇温炉炉尻ローラテ
ーブルjに送り出され、該昇温炉炉尻ローラテーブルj
から昇温炉搬出ローラテーブルkを介して圧延設備Qに
送り込まれる。
The billet heated in the temperature rising furnace i is sent to the temperature rising furnace bottom roller table j.
From there, it is sent to the rolling equipment Q via the temperature rising furnace discharge roller table k.

このように、連鋳設備aから送り出されたビレットが、
保温炉q(後述)をパスし、昇温炉iを通って圧延設備
Qに送り込まれる一連のラインが、ビレット(材料)直
送ラインである。
In this way, the billet sent out from continuous casting equipment a,
A series of lines that pass through a heat retention furnace q (described later), pass through a temperature raising furnace i, and are sent to the rolling equipment Q are billet (material) direct feed lines.

一方、上記保温炉搬入ローラテーブルeの側方には、該
ローラテーブルeと連続するビレット冷却台mと桧材(
ビレット)積込台nと塗材搬入ローラテーブルpとが設
けられている。
On the other hand, on the side of the roller table e for carrying into the heat insulating furnace, there is a billet cooling table m continuous with the roller table e and a cypress wood (
A billet) loading table n and a coating material carrying-in roller table p are provided.

塗材積込台nは、桧材を塗材搬入ローラテーブルpに送
り出すためのもので、ブツシャでもトランスファでも良
い。
The coating material loading table n is for delivering the cypress material to the coating material carrying-in roller table p, and may be a pusher or a transfer type.

また、上記保温炉炉前ローラテーブルfの側方には、該
ローラテーブルrに連続して、保温炉qと保温炉炉尻ロ
ーラテーブルrとが設けられている。
Furthermore, on the side of the heat-retaining furnace front roller table f, a heat-retaining furnace q and a heat-retaining furnace bottom roller table r are provided in succession to the roller table r.

この保温炉qは、上記昇温炉iの燃焼排ガスの排熱を利
用して加熱され、連鋳生産量と圧延生産量のアンバラン
スを吸収するために、余材(ビレット)が冷却されない
ようにストックするためのものである。
This heat retention furnace q is heated using the exhaust heat of the combustion exhaust gas from the temperature raising furnace i, and in order to absorb the imbalance between continuous casting production and rolling production, it is heated so that the surplus material (billet) is not cooled. It is for stocking.

また、保温炉qに燃焼系を持たせておくと、連鋳設備a
が長期休止などのときには、昇温炉iとともに燃焼させ
、桧材を圧延温度まで昇温させることができる。
In addition, if the heat retention furnace q is equipped with a combustion system, continuous casting equipment a
When there is a long-term suspension, etc., the cypress material can be burned together with the heating furnace i to raise the temperature of the cypress material to the rolling temperature.

さらに、上記昇温炉炉前ローラテーブルjに連続して、
リジェクトローラテーブルSとリジェクト台tとが設け
られている。
Furthermore, continuous to the roller table j in front of the heating furnace,
A reject roller table S and a reject stand t are provided.

リジェクトローラテーブルSは、昇温炉炉前ローラテー
ブルj及び昇温炉搬出ローラテーブルにのビレットをリ
ジェクト台tにリジェクトするためのものである。
The reject roller table S is for rejecting the billets on the temperature rising furnace front roller table j and the temperature rising furnace carrying out roller table to the reject table t.

リジェクト台tは、ブツシャでもトランスファてもはね
出しレバーでも良い。
The reject table t may be a button, a transfer lever, or a pop-out lever.

上記のように構成したダイレクト圧延用加熱炉設備の自
動運転システムを次に説明する。
An automatic operation system for direct rolling heating furnace equipment configured as described above will now be described.

(1)圧延設備Qが正常の場合 連鋳設備aから送り出されたビレットは、b→C→d−
+e−4f−+g→h→l→j→にの直送ラインを通り
、圧延設備Qに送り込まれる。
(1) When the rolling equipment Q is normal The billet sent out from the continuous casting equipment a is b→C→d−
+e-4f-+g→h→l→j→ is sent to rolling equipment Q.

(2)圧延設備Qが組替、孔替、ガイド替等で休止して
いる場合 連鋳設備aから送り出されたビレットは、b−* C→
d −> 6−* fのラインを通り、保温炉qに送り
込まれストックされる。
(2) When the rolling equipment Q is suspended due to rearrangement, hole replacement, guide replacement, etc. The billet sent out from the continuous casting equipment a is b-*C→
d -> 6-* It passes through the f line and is sent to the insulating furnace q to be stocked.

保温炉qが満杯になると、連鋳設備aから送り出された
ビレットは、l)−+C−1−d −1−6のラインを
通り、冷却台mに送り込まれてストックされる。
When the heat retention furnace q is full, the billets sent out from the continuous casting equipment a pass through the line 1)-+C-1-d-1-6, and are sent to the cooling table m and stocked.

圧延設備Qは組替等で間欠運転され、連鋳設備aは連続
運転されるので、圧延休止の場合、余材(ビレット)を
処理する必要がある。
Since the rolling equipment Q is operated intermittently due to recombination, etc., and the continuous casting equipment A is continuously operated, it is necessary to process surplus materials (billets) when rolling is suspended.

従来では、このような余材(ビレット)は、全てビレッ
トヤードに積まれて塗材となるので次に圧延設備Cに送
り出すときには、全ての余材(ビレット)を常温から再
加熱する必要がある。
Conventionally, all such surplus materials (billets) are piled up in a billet yard and used as coating materials, so the next time they are sent to rolling equipment C, it is necessary to reheat all the surplus materials (billets) from room temperature. .

そこで、本実施例では、余材(ビレット)を、まず、保
温炉qに送り込んでストックし、保温しておくのである
Therefore, in this embodiment, the surplus material (billet) is first sent to the heat-retaining furnace q to be stocked and kept warm.

なお、保温炉qは、昇温炉iの燃焼排ガスの排熱を利用
して加熱されるので、燃料原単位を下げることができる
In addition, since the heat retention furnace q is heated using the exhaust heat of the combustion exhaust gas of the temperature rising furnace i, the fuel consumption rate can be lowered.

(3)圧延設備σが正常に戻った場合 (1)のフローによる直送材(ビレット)の間に保温炉
qの割込み材(ビレット)が送り込まれ、f−g−1−
11−i −+ j −1−kのラインを通り、圧延設
備に送り込まれる。− (4)圧延設備eが異常の場合 (2)のフローでビレットを処理しなから昇温炉炉前ロ
ーラテーブルjと昇温炉搬出ローラテーブルに上に残っ
ているビレットを、リジェクトローラテーブルSからリ
ジェクト台tにリジェクトしてストックする。
(3) When the rolling equipment σ returns to normal, the cutting material (billet) from the insulation furnace q is fed between the directly delivered materials (billets) due to the flow in (1), and the
It passes through the line 11-i −+ j −1-k and is sent to the rolling equipment. - (4) If the rolling equipment e is abnormal, the billets remaining on the heating furnace front roller table j and the heating furnace unloading roller table are transferred to the reject roller table without processing the billet according to the flow in (2). Reject from S to reject stand t and stock.

(5)連鋳設備aが異常で、ビレットが不適材の場合 連鋳設備aから送り出されたビレットを、b−+c−d
 −eから冷却台mに送り込んでスクラ・ツブにする。
(5) If there is an abnormality in continuous casting equipment a and the billet is an unsuitable material, the billet sent out from continuous casting equipment a is
- Send it from e to cooling table m and make it into scrubbing.

(6)連鋳設備aが異常で、塗材積込台nに余材がスト
ックされている場合 塗材積込台nにストックされたビレットを塗材搬入ロー
ラテーブルpに送り出し、このビレットは、p−+−r
−>q−+g−eh−*i−+j4のラインを通り、圧
延設備Qに送り込まれる。
(6) If continuous casting equipment a is abnormal and surplus material is stocked on coating material loading platform n, the billet stocked on coating material loading platform n is sent to coating material carrying roller table p, and this billet is -+-r
->q-+g-eh-*i-+j4 line and sent to rolling equipment Q.

第2図は、昇温炉がバレル炉の場合の実施例であるが、
その構成9作用は第1図の実施例と同様であり、昇温炉
炉前ローラテーブルjに対して、ビレットを送り出すブ
ツシャUが設けられてし)る点、昇温炉搬出ローラテー
ブルに′が設けられている点のみが相違する。なお、ブ
ツシャUは、エキストラクタでも良い。
Figure 2 shows an example in which the heating furnace is a barrel furnace.
Its structure 9 and operation are the same as the embodiment shown in FIG. The only difference is that Note that the button U may be an extractor.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第1図及び第2図は本発明に係るダイレクト圧延用加熱
炉設備の第1及び第2実施例の平面図である。 a・・・連鋳設備、i・・・昇温炉、σ・・・圧延設備
、n・・・塗材積込台、q・・・保温炉、t・・・リジ
ェクト台。 特 許 出 願 人  株式会社神戸製鋼所代 理 人
  弁理士 前出 葆 ほか2名第1図 第2図
FIGS. 1 and 2 are plan views of first and second embodiments of direct rolling heating furnace equipment according to the present invention. a... Continuous casting equipment, i... Temperature raising furnace, σ... Rolling equipment, n... Coating material loading table, q... Heat retention furnace, t... Reject table. Patent applicant: Kobe Steel, Ltd. Agent: Patent attorney: Mr. Ishikawa and two others Figure 1 Figure 2

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] (1)連鋳設備と圧延設備との間に保温炉と昇温炉とが
配置され、連鋳設備から保温炉をパスし、昇温炉を通っ
て圧延設備に至る材料直送ラインが設定されていて、該
直送ラインに対して、保温炉の内部で、必要に応じて余
材をストックするとともに、ストックされた余材を必要
に応じて直送ラインに送り込むラインが少なくとも設定
されていて、上記保温炉は、昇温炉の燃焼排ガスで加熱
されるようになっていることを特徴とするダイレクト圧
延用加熱炉設備。
(1) A heat retention furnace and a temperature raising furnace are placed between the continuous casting equipment and the rolling equipment, and a direct material delivery line is set up from the continuous casting equipment, passing through the heat retention furnace, passing through the temperature raising furnace, and reaching the rolling equipment. At least a line is set up for the direct delivery line to stock surplus materials as necessary inside the heat insulating furnace, and to send the stocked surplus materials to the direct delivery line as necessary, and the above-mentioned A heat retention furnace is a heating furnace equipment for direct rolling that is heated by combustion exhaust gas from a heating furnace.
JP1831885A 1985-01-31 1985-01-31 Heating furnace installation for direct rolling Pending JPS61176401A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1831885A JPS61176401A (en) 1985-01-31 1985-01-31 Heating furnace installation for direct rolling

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1831885A JPS61176401A (en) 1985-01-31 1985-01-31 Heating furnace installation for direct rolling

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS61176401A true JPS61176401A (en) 1986-08-08

Family

ID=11968262

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP1831885A Pending JPS61176401A (en) 1985-01-31 1985-01-31 Heating furnace installation for direct rolling

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS61176401A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5461770A (en) * 1993-01-29 1995-10-31 Hitachi, Ltd. Method and apparatus for continuous casting and hot-rolling

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS53138961A (en) * 1977-05-11 1978-12-04 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd Carrying and treating apparatus of casting slab for continuous casting equipment
JPS55148716A (en) * 1979-05-08 1980-11-19 Kurosaki Rokougiyou Kk Multiple hearth type heating furnace

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS53138961A (en) * 1977-05-11 1978-12-04 Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd Carrying and treating apparatus of casting slab for continuous casting equipment
JPS55148716A (en) * 1979-05-08 1980-11-19 Kurosaki Rokougiyou Kk Multiple hearth type heating furnace

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5461770A (en) * 1993-01-29 1995-10-31 Hitachi, Ltd. Method and apparatus for continuous casting and hot-rolling

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CZ289366B6 (en) Apparatus for continuous casting and subsequent coiling slabs of intermediate thickness with a system of furnaces and facilities for storage and arrangement of slabs
KR20080091779A (en) Roller hearth furnace for heating and/or temperature equalisation of steel or steel alloy continuous cast products and arrangement thereof before a hot strip final rolling mill
JP7390478B2 (en) Slab yard and heating furnace layout where cold slabs and hot slabs are charged separately, and furnace charging method
CN1118341C (en) Method and apparatus for rolling hot wide band steel using continuous casting ingot plate blank
EP0499851B2 (en) Tunnel system for a hot strip rolling mill linked to the continuous casting of thin slabs
JPS61176402A (en) Heating furnace installation for direct rolling
EP0353487A1 (en) Plant to roll flat products
US5529486A (en) Heating furnace system and method for producing hot rolled workpieces
US4586897A (en) Installation including a heating furnace for continuous castings, which are cut to length, from a continuous casting installation
JPS61176401A (en) Heating furnace installation for direct rolling
JP3264472B2 (en) Slab group transfer order determination method
JP2001205316A (en) Steel conveying system
JP3503581B2 (en) A method for charging a continuously cast hot slab to a heating furnace for hot rolling.
JPH0381012A (en) Heat compensation device in direct rolling process
JPH07115053B2 (en) Hot rolling equipment
SU1576227A1 (en) Casting and rolling unit
JPH1190515A (en) Method for storing stock slab, method for preparing rolling order of slab and method for heating slab
US3451664A (en) Method of reheating a partially cooled continuously cast slab
JPS636290B2 (en)
JP3319075B2 (en) Hot rolling equipment for thin slabs
JPS633696Y2 (en)
JPS60255201A (en) Treatment of continuous casting slab
SU1292909A1 (en) Casting and rolling unit
SU1435327A1 (en) Method of rolling billets
US733112A (en) Process of reducing hot metal bars into sheets.