JPS6112907A - Knitting yarn - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed Description of the Invention] Does the present invention have controlled cleavability? The present invention relates to yarns made from novel synthetic resin filaments with a special profile to give them and a method for producing the filaments and yarns.

Historically, with the exception of silk, the fibers used by humans for textile production were mostly short staples. Vegetable fibers such as cotton, animal fibers such as wool, and bast fibers such as flax all had to be spun into yarns useful in textile production. however.

The short stable length of these fibers means that the yarns made from these fibers must be spun yarns, and the short stable length of these fibers makes them bulky yarns with good covering power, good insulation, and a good and comfortable texture. giving.

Operations involving spinning stable fibers into yarn are extensive and therefore very expensive. For example, fiber? Create a sliver by cursing, then draw the diameter of the sliver? Subtract and finally spin into yarn.

To date, many efforts have been made to create yarn-like yarns from continuous filament yarns. For example, US Pat. No. 2.7B3,609 describes a bulky continuous filament yarn. This yarn consists of multiple filaments in which the individual filaments are wound into coils, loops and whorls at irregular intervals along the length of the yarn, with a large number of circular loops irregularly spaced along the surface of the yarn. It is characterized by its existence. U.S. Patent No. 3.219.739 requires a high degree of bulk in yarn? A synthetic fiber with a wrap-around structure?
The method of manufacturing potash is listed below. Is the filament fiber completely wrapped at 2o or more per inch? 100 or more per inch? have. Yarns made from filaments with these wraps did not have the same self-protruding ends as spun staple yarns, and therefore lacked the three-dimensional beauty.

Other multifilament yarns that are bulky and have yarn-like properties are those shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,946,548? include. The thread is composed of two sections: a relatively dense section and a plumed, relatively coarse section that alternate along the length of the thread. The denser areas are partially twisted, and the individual filaments in the bracketed areas are more irregularly entangled and aggregated than in the coarser areas. A relatively dense section has a greater number of protruding filament ends on the thread surface than a relatively coarse section. The protruding filaments are sprayed with a high-velocity fluid onto the yarn to form multiple filament loops or arches on the yarn surface, and the yarn is then false-twisted and passed over a friction member, thereby forming loops on the yarn surface. At least some of the arcuate and arcuate filaments? Cut the filament end? It's made because you're busy making it.

Although yarns such as the textured yarn described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,783,609 and the bulky multifilament yarn described in U.S. Pat. The thread-like texture and appearance created by

Continuous filament as an intermediate process? Many efforts have been made to create bulky yarns that exhibit the aesthetic properties and covering power of spun stable yarns without the need to extrude or form stable fibers. for example.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,242.035 describes products made from fibrillated films. This product is described as a multifilament yarn composed of continuous network fibrils of irregular length and trapezoidal cross section whose thickness is substantially the same as the initial film piece. The fibrils are interconnected at irregular points, forming a cohesively integrated and integrated network. Due to adhesion or entanglement, very few separate individual fibrils are present in the system.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,594 describes another method for making yarn with an appearance similar to spun yarn. Here groove t
Strips of attached film are also highly uniaxially oriented along the length of the IJ bomb and are then impinged by a jet of air or other fluid substantially perpendicular to the ribbon surface to transform the ribbon into a large number of individual filaments. cleaved into The final product is described as a yarn in which the individual continuous filaments formed from the grooves are highly uniform in cross-section along the length of the filament. At the same time, a large number of fibrils with a small cross-section with respect to the cross-section of the filaments are formed from the web. Figure 8 of US Pat. No. 3,470,594 shows the actual appearance of a thread made according to that description.

It has been found that the prior art fibrillated film yarns, generally identified by the above two documents, are not useful as replacements in a commercial sense for spun yarns made from stable fibers. These fibrillated film-type yarns have the required strength, uniformity, The dyeing has uniformity and has no aesthetic structure.

U.S. Patents 3.857.252 and 3.857.263
Does the type of thread described in have free protruding ends? It is a bulky yarn with a high density and is manufactured by combining two types of filaments in a yarn bundle. Usually one type of filament is a strong filament and the other is a weak filament. One unique property of this type of yarn is that the weak filaments break in the false twist section of the drawing process. The relatively weak filaments that are broken are then entangled with the main yarn bundle by the air jet.

Although these yarns have similar bulk to staple-spun yarns and have free protruding ends similar to spun yarns, fabrics made from these types of yarns differ little from fabrics made from false-twisted yarns. It exhibits an unbelievable beauty.

The yarn of the invention has properties similar to spun yarn and consists of a bundle of continuous filaments.

The filament has a continuous body portion (filament body portion) and at least one wing portion projecting from this body portion, this wing portion being intermittently separated from the body portion, and this separated A portion of the wing portion is split open to provide a free projecting end extending from the body portion. Is part of this wing part separated from the body part and looped over? the loop portion of the wing portion is attached to the body portion at both ends thereof, and the wing portion in the bridging loop is shorter than the length of the corresponding body portion. The average is about 1 to about 10 fights apart, and about 1 to I
It is the average length of Dm. This free protruding end is irregularly distributed overflowing into the chef filament.

The probability density function of the length of the free protruding end of each filament is defined as follows.

fixl is the probability density function, R]ε) is the natural logarithm probability density function, and its average value is μ2+4nw, and the square deviation is σl.

p2 = average value of tn(COT f) ) where θ is the angle at which tear failure occurs relative to the fiber axis, W is in the wing; or then °C, μ2 = 6.096 σ2 = 0.450 0. 11-'("<2.06m-'0≦β≦1.25m' 0.0085m≦W≦0.0176 The free protruding ends protrude from the individual filaments in the circumferential direction, and 50% or more of the free protruding ends protrude from the body part in the same direction.

The average length of the wing section in the crossing loop is approximately 0.2
and the average spacing between the filament and the passing loop is from about 2 to about 50 JC1. The bridging loop filaments are irregularly distributed.

The yarn of the invention is composed of continuous filaments.

Each filament has a body portion and at least one wing portion extending from the body portion along the length of the body portion.

The filament is splittable, the body part is 25 to 95% by weight of the total weight of the filament, and the wing part is 75 to 5% of the total weight: The size of the body part and the wing part is as follows: (In the formula.

Dmax is the diameter (
or thickness): Dmin is the thickness of the wing section if it is of uniform thickness, or the smallest thickness near the body section if the thickness of the wing section varies with distance from the body section. The thickness is: Lw is the total length of the cross-section of the individual wing portion; Re is the average radius of curvature of the intersection of the body portion and the wing portion) and the ratio of the total length of the cross-section of the filament Lt to Dmin is 60 or less.

Is part of the body of each filament the entire cleavage system? The wing portions are continuous throughout, thereby providing a load-bearing capacity, whereas the wing portions are split open to provide free projecting ends.

The filament may have one or more curved wing sections, or are the wing sections square? It's okay to have what you have. The filament may include protrusions that run along the length of the fiber and/or TiOz or kaolin clay. can be granted.

The spun filaments are drawn, heat set, and then subjected to an air jet to cleave one or more wing portions to provide a yarn with the properties of a spun yarn.

Preferably, the filaments and yarns of the invention are made from polyester or copolyester.

A particularly useful polymer is poly(ethylene terephthalate)
and poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimerime, ethylene terephthalate). These polymers are base dyeable as known in the art.

It can be modified to become light or deep staining.

These polymers are US patented! 1,962,189 and 2,901.466, or by conventional methods well known in the art of fiber-forming polyester production. Also,
Poly(butylene terephthalate).

Polypropylene also ~1 Nylon 6 and Nylon 66
Also this kind of filaments and threads from polymers like nylon? Can be manufactured. However, it is more convenient to produce the yarns described here from these polymers than from the polyesters; this is because polymers other than the polyesters behave more brittle during the cleaving process, which increases the difficulty. Attribute. it is conceivable that.

One major advantage of the yarn produced according to the present invention is its versatility. For example, thick strength.

Is it possible to create a yarn with a large number of overhangs, a short average overhang length that gives medium loft, and improved aesthetics in printed products compared to production made from conventional false-twisted yarns? It can be used to give. On the other hand, it is possible to produce yarns with medium strength, a large number of protruding ends of medium to long protruding end length, and high bulkiness, which gives a favorable aesthetic appearance in chassis knit fabrics for underwear or women's outerwear. It can also be used to give.

The versatility of these threads is primarily achieved by manipulating the splitting jet pressure and the specific cross-section of the filaments. As the tearing jet pressure increases, the specific volume of the yarn increases and the strength decreases. By varying the filament's breaking thIY within the parameters mentioned here, as for the design of a given cap orifice with a central hole and slots provided on both sides, the strength of the thread at increases with the increase in the diameter of the central hole, and the specific volume of the yarn increases with a decrease in the diameter of the central hole and an increase in the length and width of the slot (Nos. 10 and 22).
・See Figure 25).

In general, maintaining a non-circular cross section, among other things.

It is known from the prior art literature that it depends on the viscosity-surface tension properties of the aged melt coming out of the mouth hole. Furthermore,
The higher the intrinsic viscosity of a given polymer type, the more the single die hole shape is maintained for the spun filament. This idea clearly applies to the wing-body correlation index defined here.

The main advantages of the yarn according to the invention compared to yarns made from stable fibers are the low star and unevenness ratio (C) as will be explained later.

It lies in the homogeneity that exists in the length direction of the thread. Yarns with this property have excellent weaving and fibre-making properties. In addition to this, it has the advantage of being able to produce a woven fabric with a uniform appearance. Such fabrics have characteristics similar to those made from stable fibers. The combination of these properties has not been achieved heretofore.

Another major advantage of the yarns of the invention is their excellent resistance to pilling. Random tumble values of 4 to 4.5 are quite common. (ASTMD-1375; Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Properties of Fabrics) This is believed to occur due to the low mobility of the individual projecting ends in the system.

Another major advantage compared to known yarns made from stable fibers is that they can be easily removed from the package. This is a necessary prerequisite for good operability.

The filaments of the present invention can be made by spinning the polymer through an orifice.

This orifice provides a filament cross-section having the necessary wing portion/body portion σ2 relationship or correlation between the two and the relationship between filament width and wing portion thickness as described above. The relationship between wing part/body part or the correlation between wing part and body part is expressed by formula l
1 is defined herein as WBI. Cooling of fibers such as those produced by melt spinning must be such as to maintain the desired cross section. The filament is then drawn. For example, for poly(ethylene terephthalate), the filament is drawn. (stretched to exhibit a birefringence of about 0.12 to 0.22 for use in textiles), heat set to a density of at least 1.55 f/eyn3, and subjected to a tearing force in a high velocity tearing jet.

The thickness of the wing section can vary up to about twice its minimum thickness, and the greater thickness can overflow the free end of the wing section. It consists of multiple filaments. This thread is 4
0 or more denier, 1.6 per denier? or greater tenacity, elongation greater than 8 inches, modulus greater than 259-per-denier, and specific volume under tension of 0.1 fP/denier 1, 6 to 6.0? have The yarn is further characterized by laser characterization. Here, the absolute value is at least 0125.

Absolute a/b value is at least 100 and L+7
The value is within the range of 75 or less. Particularly useful threads have an absolute value of 0.6 to 0.9 and an absolute a// of 500 to 1000.
b value, and L+7 value between 0 and 10. Other particularly useful threads have an absolute value of 1.3 to 1.7, an absolute a/b value of 700 to 1500, and an L+ of 0 to 5.
It has 7 values. Still other particularly preferred threads are 0.3 to 0.
Absolute value of 6, absolute a of 1500 to 6000 /
It has a b value of 25, an L+7 value of 75, and a Worcester unevenness rate of 6 or less.

For purposes of discussion in this specification, the following general definitions are used.

The term brittle behavior refers to the failure of a material under relatively low travel and/or low stresses. In other words, the toughness of the material, expressed as the area below the stress-strain curve, is relatively small. Similarly, the term ductile behavior refers to the failure of a material under relatively large elongations and/or stresses.

In other words.

The toughness of the material, expressed as the area under the strain-stress curve, is relatively high.

A cleavable filament is a filament that, when properly processed with respect to the frequency and intensity of energy manpower at a preselected temperature, has a filament cross section (especially the wing section).
exhibiting brittle behavior in a certain section, thereby allowing a preselected degree of free protruding fracture section (wing section)
means a filament that can produce

Within this general definition, requirements for specific cross-sections are defined to provide yarns with textile applications.

It is believed that the following basic ideas play an important role in making the yarn of the present invention.

1) The cross section of the spun filament is selected in advance 11';
- When subjected to the condition of splitting, the body portion remains continuous and the wing portion forms a free projecting end. (WBI>10) 2) Is the processing method appropriate cross section from a source of specific period range and strength at a temperature such that the filament material exhibits brittle behavior? The way there is energy transfer to the filament. (0,03<B
<O, SO; where Bp is a brittleness parameter defined later) Does the appropriate cross section and material exhibit brittle behavior? Given the set of processing conditions 2 shown, the following sequence of results is believed to occur during the production of preferred yarns of the type of this invention.

1) The applied energy and the manner in which it is applied generates enough uneven stress in the filament to initiate cracking near the intersection of the wing section and the body section. This fJLl is clearly facilitated by the low lateral strength.

2) The crack progresses until the wing section and the body section move as separate strips in terms of lateral movement, thereby reducing the ability to bind to the body section at the ends of the split while entangling neighboring strips. ? have

8) Due to mixing and entanglement, the total force that can act on any given wing section in any case can be the sum of the forces acting on several fibers. In such a method, the uneven stress in the wing section, aided by the resulting embrittlement of the material, is sufficient to cause the wing section to fail. For example, the average stress produced by the jet is at least one order of magnitude lower (0,2F/denier vs. 2P/denier) than the stress required to break an individual strip.

4) Finally, the strength and effective period for the application of force and the temperature of the fibers are such that the failure of the wing section is due to its brittle nature, thereby reducing the loops that would occur if the material behaved more ductile. and providing free protrusions of desired length and linear frequency as opposed to overly long free protrusions.

Necessary method 7a for obtaining a useful yarn with free protruding ends
- We have found the following parameters useful for characterizing \iVc.

where B- is defined as an infinite brittleness parameter: ΔEna is the length to break a potentially cleavable thread without the proposed cleavage step 2: ΔEa is the proposed cleavage step ? πa is the stress at break of the potentially cleavable yarn subjected to the proposed cleavage process; This is the stress at the time of rupture of the cleavable thread.

The conditions of the supplied yarn are constant in both a and na forms.

These parameters are also defined in terms of processing conditions. As shown in FIG. 28, in a basic experiment, yarn was drawn between two independently driven rolls as shown in the figure. It consists of stretching. Speed of the first roll or supply roll ■1
is selected in advance. Gradually increase the surface speed v2 of the second roll, that is, the delivery roll, until the yarn is cut, and increase ■2 and tension τ (as fF) at the time of yarn cutting.
Measure and record. This experiment is repeated 5 times without cleavage treatment and 5 times with cleavage treatment.

The following relationships exist for the variables defined previously:

Mechanical damage due to tension on rough surfaces or sharp angles clearly affects IfCBp@. However, gmv
In order to proceed, does the term "processing" refer to the actual part of the cleavage device that is operated to affect only cleavage? means.

In the case of an air jet, the jet is actually a turbulent flow of fluid, resulting in a shock wave that is used to split the yarn. The actual cleavage is not pulling the thread over a sharp exit or entrance. Therefore, the effect of turbulent fluid on 2Bp is the only relevant parameter.

Mechanical bending loss gJ is not a parameter. For example, ■1=
The following measurement values for 200m10? Assuming that bag opening operation 2 is not performed: ■2na 218219220221222gn8 (
g) 200 205 195 200 200 open operation treatment: V2a 208 208 209 210 210g
a(g) 100 95 105 100 100 For this hypothetical example where the yarn temperature is 26°C: ΔEa = 9 m/min ΔEna = 20 m/min τ, = (10[]?) (209 m/min, )/ 200
(m/min)π = (200fi')(22'Om/min)/200(m/min)a, and therefore this parameter represents the type of energy manpower (i.e., turbulent fluid jet with shock wave?).

It reflects the complex interactions of the energy force frequency distribution, the energy force intensity, the temperature of the yarn at opening, the residence time in the tearing environment, the material and morphology of the polymer making up the yarn, and possibly the cross-sectional shape of the filament. ing. B values of about 0.06 to 0.80 have been found to be particularly useful. It will be appreciated that processing operations (usually fluid jets) are possible on yarns having a specific denier filament with a specific cross-sectional shape made from a specific polymer. This thread behaves in a completely acceptable manner with respect to Bp, and '! ! If only the f-constant polymer were to be changed, the Bp value would be unacceptable and the yarn would have poor opening properties. Therefore, the acceptable Bp value for various polymers depends on the frequency and/or intensity of energy input.

and/or yarn temperature and/or yarn residence time during the cleavage process? Substantial changes would be required.

At a Bp value in the preferred range, a fist like an air jet.
Conforms to valid operations. It is also possible to stack effects, each with a value of 0.50 or more (for example, 0.50 to 0
．． It is also possible to make the yarns of the invention using several cleaving devices operating in series with a Bp = 80).

Turbulent fluid jets accompanied by shock waves are a particularly effective method for tearing the threads of the present invention. You can also use liquid liquid,
Gases are preferred, especially air. The tensile forces generated within the jet and the disordered mixing of the fibers, properties of which are known, are particularly useful in imparting a cohesive and intermixed structure to split yarns of the type of the present invention.

Experiments 1 through 6 in Table 1 demonstrate the effect of tear jet pressure on Bp when using yarns made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) as described in Example 1. Cleavage jet pressure? This change effectively changes the frequency distribution and intensity of the energy available for cleavage. Thus, Bp decreases from 0.94 to 0.16 in response to an increase in pressure from 1100 psi to 500 psig. The quality of split yarns made under these processing conditions goes from unacceptable to acceptable in terms of having favorable textile applications.

Experiments 7 to 10 are the effects of the residence time of the yarn in the cleavage jet, all other conditions being equal. It shows. It can be seen that Bp decreases as the residence time increases. Residence time is gen) Y linear processing speed of passing yarn'&400
m/min to 1000 m/min by changing the conductor.

Experiments 11-14 show the effect of denier/filament on Bp with all other processing conditions V held constant. If the increase in Bp with the decrease in denier per filament decreases the denier per filament, then
It is more difficult to cleave the threads properly. Energy transferred from the flowing air stream to the thread? The capacity of the yarn bundle to be consumed is
Favorable products even in the presence of favorable cross-sectional parameters? It is extremely important to obtain In other words.

A lower denier per filament itself indicates a higher Bp value, other things being constant. Fibers with smaller dimensions are smaller than fibers with larger dimensions.
Lib energy supplied by air flow? Known to consume more quickly. Therefore, the conditions required to provide the same level of protruding confessional ends for yarns with the same number of filaments but differing in denier per filament are more stringent for smaller denier filaments. 10 or more wing part-body part correlation parameters (WBI)? ! 'Have, 1
．． Useful yarns were made from 5 denier/filament filaments by increasing the air pressure in the splitting jet, decreasing the temperature of the yarn introduced into the jet, decreasing processing time, or a combination of all of these. .

Do experiments 15 to 17 have stricter conditions than experiment 17? Figure 1 shows unexpected differences in cleavage behavior of certain Japanese cypress depending on polymer type when all processing conditions are held constant. Experiment 15010 and above 17) Poly(1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) with WBI lk- has a Bp of 0.22! To make a durable and acceptable textile yarn2. This is Bp′ of 0 and 19 in Experiment 16.
It is similar to poly(ethylene terephthalate) with 1. Is poly(butylene terephthalate) with a WBI of 10 or higher and acceptable cleavage behavior under more severe processing conditions? Note that B, in this case, is 1,15. We believe that this unexpected behavior is due to differences in the frequency and intensity of energy application and the temperature of the polymeric material required to bring the polymer to an embrittlement state. For example, nylon 6° nylon 66 and polypropylene behave similarly to poly(butylene terephthalate). In experiment 1B, poly(butylene terephthalate)? The temperature of the thread is lowered by passing it through liquid nitrogen when it is introduced into the cleavage jet. By lowering.

Lower Bp value? It has been shown that it is possible to obtain

Experiment 19 shows that to be a suitable textile yarn, it must have a low Bp value along with a WBI of 10 or more.

Are experiments 19 to 22 under other conditions? If it is kept constant, what is the effect on Bp when the temperature of the cleavage air is increased? It shows. temperature? greater ductile behavior when raised and
Note the associated less desirable fiber products.

Table 1 *** 11 PET, 7D/F 400 446
435 265 255 Grape ■=10 12 PET, 5.5D/F 400 448
435 418 412WBI=10 13 PET, 3. OD/F 400 446
443 402 405 Back work = 10 14 PET, 1.5n/F 400 423
429 524! 132WBI=10 Cleavage Brittle Parajet Pressure Air Temperature Meter 02 of free protruding end
5- Danger 100 25 0.94 200 25 0.74 Less io 25 0.74 400 25 0,! 19 Many 500 25 0.16 500 25 0.29 500 25 0.28 500 25 0.38 500 25 0.38 500 25 0.7! l Few 500 25 0.72 500 25 0.94 Very few 50
0 25 1.28 15 Stretched poly(1,4-cyclohexylene 4
00 488 465 diethylene terephthalate)
.

165150, WBI) 10. Room temperature 16 Same as stretched PET Example 1, 40 ro
466 426 Room temperature 17 Stretched poly(butylene lenticule) 200216
216)), 165150. WBI>10° Room temperature 18 Before applying the yarn to the air jet 200
212 2' Same thread as 417 19 Stretched Circular cross section, 150/30. 400
481 463 PET, room temperature 20 Same as experiment 19 400 474
46421 400
475 A64* Described in the specification.

** The process of passing the thread t'ti through body nitrogen without jetting *** PET is poly(ethylene terephthalate).

206 65500230.22 many (・310 25
0 500 23, 0.29210 180
500 28・ 1.15 None Motoichi 42 25500290.69 less 554550500220.74 None 560 560 500 31 0.85
〃560 561 500 40 0.84
p540 564 500 49 1
, i3 Inoperable conditions including cleavability of a given filament yarn in a given process? Is it useful to determine Bp (embrittlement index)? For further explanation, the following experiment 2 was conducted.

A polypropylene polymer with an intrinsic viscosity (IV) of 0.75 (0.65-0.80 melt flow mixture) was spun at a bath melt temperature of 240° C. and a speed of 500 m/min.

Spun filament t'! , 450/30 denier,
2-1-3' It was an A-30 type cap hole. Filament 6 at a speed of 100 m/min in air at 1155°C
．． It was stretched 64 times. The drawn filament is 175
284-2 in air using a psig blow-up jet
Cleavage was carried out at a speed of 50 m/min (14 thread overfeed).

Does the filament have a wing-body correlation value of 11? have,
When passing the jet, I had a BP of 0.80. Filaments from the same sample were tested in air with a liquid nitrogen supply of 27 psig using a blow-up jet of 175 psig.
Cleavage at a speed of 8/250 m/min (excess yarn feeding of 11 inches)?
went. Addition of liquid nitrogen reduced the Bp value to 0.40, which promoted filament cleavage.

Furthermore, Experiment 2 was conducted using nylon 66 polymer. The filament was spun at a speed of 825 m/min, and no heating chimney was used for quenching. The melting temperature was 297°C. The spun denier was 1-1500/30 and the single die hole type was 2-1-3'A-30. Firamen)
It was stretched 2.5 times at k'11135°C. Filament 'Y: was then cleaved at 257/249 meters/min (6 stitches overfeed) in air using a 125 psig blow-up jet. The filament had a wing-body phase darkness value of 58 and a BpY of 0.80. Filament Y from the same sample 257/249 m in air with liquid nitrogen using a blown jet of 125 psig
/min (excess yarn feeding of 6 threads). B with liquid nitrogen 2
p was 0.51, indicating a more complete cleavage.

Throughout this specification, the terms filament and fiber are used interchangeably in their normal and accepted meanings.

The methods and apparatus it discussed in this specification are defined as follows.

Specific Volume Specific volume is measured as follows. Known volume (usually 8
．． The thread is wound at a specific tension (usually 0.1 G/D) in the cylindrical slot of 044crn3).The thread is wound until the slot is completely filled.The weight of the thread contained in the slot is Q,
I Measured to the nearest value. The specific volume is given by the following formula:

Is the unevenness test for textile yarns based on AsTMi intrinsic viscosity 100±15 seconds and flow time? In a capillary viscometer with a capillary section (0.55IIJ+) and two bulb sections of 0.5IrLl, the flow rate of a polymer bath solution of known concentration and the flow rate of a polymer solvent are measured, and the intrinsic viscosity is determined by the linear equation.
Determine polyester and nylon intrinsic viscosity by calculating.

ntS During the ceremony.

1n is the natural logarithm.

t is the sample flow time.

to is the flow time of only the solvent.

C is the concentration in D per 100 d of common drug.

PTCE is 60 phenol, 40 tetrachloroethane.

The intrinsic viscosity of polypropylene is determined by ASTM method DI601.

Laser Characterization The textile yarns of the present invention can be characterized with respect to their fuzzing properties.

For purposes of explanation and explanation, the following symbols are used interchangeably.

B=b Ml=A/B=a/b The entire explanation of this specification? The following terms are used throughout:

Laser Absolute Value = Laser 1bl Laser Absolute Value a/b = Laser la/bl The term Absolute Value has the usual mathematical meaning as follows.

Absolute value (-3) = 1-31 = 3, or absolute value (3) =
131=3 The number of filaments protruding from the center of the yarn of the present invention is considered to be the fluff of the yarn.51 Fuzz.

"Fluffiness" and cognate terms refer to the nature and degree to which the individual filaments protrude from the center of the yarn. Therefore, yarns with a high number of filaments protruding from the center can generally be considered to have high fluffing properties, while yarns with a low number of filaments protruding from the center of the yarn are generally considered to have low fluffing properties. Conceivable.

A substantially parallel beam of light is projected such that the beam substantially impinges on all filaments projecting from the center of the textile yarn being fed. The diffraction pattern created when the light beam hits the filament is separated and measured. The fibers protruding from the center of the thread are scanned by the light beam by gradually increasing the distance between the moving thread and the axis of the light beam, 5 so that the number of filaments hit by the light beam decreases with each incremental increase in distance. The diffraction pattern created when the light beam hits the filament is detected and measured during the scan. Data regarding the total increments and the number of filaments counted at each distance representing each distance are collected for a representative yarn of the invention. By using this data.

With the sum of increases and each distance as an increment as a function of a constant value? A mathematical correlation of the number of filaments counted at each distance represented becomes apparent. Preferably, the mathematical correlation is revealed by a curve fitting an equation for each point of the data. The fuzziness or free protruding end properties of yarns are expressed by the mathematical treatment of mathematical correlations.The specific yarns tested for fuzziness are analyzed in the above-described manner.

A constant for a mathematical correlation that collects data representing the number of filaments counted at each distance, preferably by a mathematical correlation such as fitting a curve to data representing the number of filaments counted at each distance? Determined by correlation. Is the fluffing property of the tested yarn the above constant? It is determined by evaluating the mathematical notation of the yarn's hairiness properties. In addition to this,
The napping properties of textile yarns are determined by considering the total number of filaments counted when the light beam is at a longer distance from the yarn.

Filamen protruding from the center of the thread)! A specific type of light is used for detection. Preferably, the light beams are substantially parallel, coherent and monochromatic. Although a laser is the preferred light beam, other types of substantially parallel, coherent, and monochromatic light beams that will be apparent to those skilled in the art may also be used. The beam diameter must be small.

In use, a beam of light is directed onto a filament of a virtual clasp projecting from the center of a moving textile thread. Textile threads are arranged substantially perpendicular to the axis of the light beam, and the moving thread is lodged in the axis and is in motion, so that the filament is the light beam? A filament protruding from the center of the thread as it moves through the thread would be detected by the light ray? Each time it is found, two diffraction patterns are created. The number of filaments protruding from the center of the yarn during a predetermined period of time can be determined by finding and counting the diffraction patterns. What kind of diffraction pattern does the term diffraction pattern mean like Fraunhofer or Fourier diffraction pattern? Preferably, a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is used.

Next, the filaments projecting from the center of the thread are scanned by gradually increasing the distance between the moving thread and the axis of the ray, so that the ray hits a decreasing number of filaments after each incremental increase. do. How many diffraction patterns are created during the passage of a filament of yarn through a beam of light during a scanning operation such that the distance between the yarn and the axis of the beam increases incrementally? By locating and counting the number of filaments is sensed and counted, and the number of increments used can vary widely at the will of the operator of the device. In some cases, as few as 2 or 6 increments may be used, but 15 to 20 or more increments may also be used.

Preferably, 15 incremental increments are used. Continue the incremental increase until the longest filament is no longer detected by the beam, and thus until there are no more filaments that can be counted. To ensure a sufficiently effective number of filaments at the initial position and after each incremental increase, the series of sensing, measuring and incremental increases is repeated many times and the number of filaments at each distance is averaged. The number of repetitions can be changed, but eight times is satisfactory.

Therefore, each of the 16 filament measurements is 8
is the average of 2 test cycles.

One representative thread is then tested and the average number of filaments counted at each distance is recorded.

The data regarding the number of filaments N counted at each of the distances representing the sum of the incremental increases 2 are correlated as a function of a constant and each distance X.

This mathematical correlation is generally expressed as N=f(K,x), where N is the number of filaments counted, is a constant, and X represents the distance m. Data about N and X? Although various methods can be used to correlate, it is preferred to plot the data in a coordinate system where the N values are plotted on the positive y-axis and the X values are plotted on the positive x-axis. The nature of these data can be more fully appreciated by referring to FIG.

In Figure 21, the number N of filaments counted and the distance X
Various curves are shown showing the relationship between

As assessed by considering the characteristics of the number of filaments counted as a function of distance from the center of the thread, the highest number of filaments is counted at the distance closest to the thread, and as the ray moves away from the thread during scanning. The number of filaments that can be counted will be reduced. Thus, in FIG. 21, the data is typically represented by substantially a straight line A when plotted against the logarithm of the number of filaments N: Y:IF=separation x. Although the specific mathematical correlations that can be used can vary widely depending on the accuracy required, the availability of data processing equipment, the type of yarn being tested, etc., the mathematics that give favorable accuracy results across the board for many yarns can vary widely. The correlation is N = Ae - BX (where N is the number of filaments counted at each distance, A is a constant, e is 2.71828°B is a constant and X is each distance. This relationship is the 21st It is shown in the figure as curve A. Although this relationship can be used for most typical yarns.

Specific characteristics? For example, if the filaments projecting from the center of the thread are of substantially the same length and uniformly distributed, then the center of the thread The number of filaments counted at closer distances would be higher, and this number would decrease sharply at a certain distance; this relationship could be represented by a curve very similar to curve B in FIG. 21. For example, if the data for N and In this case, the number of filaments in the part close to the center of the yarn is small, and the number of filaments decreases rapidly as the distance increases. For typical yarns the correlation N-Ae-BX gives good results, but the correlation N=
Higher accuracy can be obtained by using Ae−(Bx+CX”)y.This correlation N=Ae−(BX+CX2)
It fits all of the curves A, B, and C well. As will be appreciated, there are an unspecified number of correlations that can be used to express the relationship between N and

Since the general mathematical correlation N=f(K, x) represents the relationship between the data of N and It can be expressed mathematically by using for example.

The area under the curve of the equation is the amount of fluff in the yarn or the total amount of filaments protruding from the center of the yarn. The slope of the amorphous correlation of the curves is a measure of the general properties of the thread.

Therefore, if the number of filaments N is fairly uniform over short distances and decreases rapidly over long distances, the curve of N vs. If has a range over a short distance.

The N versus X curve would be similar to curve C in FIG. The slopes of these curves are of course different, and the fluff characteristics are very different? It would represent the thread that is held.

Additionally, the fluffing properties of a thread can also be expressed as the total number of filaments counted when the rays are applied at a longer distance from the thread, e.g.

If distances of 16 increments are used in the preferred embodiment, the sum of filaments counted at distances 7 to 16 can be used as the hairiness characteristic of the yarn, hereinafter referred to as "Laser L+7".

By using N=Ae-BxY, which is a favorable mathematical correlation, the fluffing characteristics of Suoling are shown below. think about.

The total amount of filaments protruding from the center of the thread MTf is expressed as, and can be solved as follows.

MT=i Bx The slope of the curve N-Ae can be expressed as B, and B must be greater than zero.

Next, the mathematical correlation constants selected for use can be determined by repeating the method described above. Determined by testing the fluffing properties. First, do you want the yarn to hit virtually all the filaments protruding from the center of the yarn without hitting the center of the yarn? Then, the number of filaments in the place where the light beam passed was detected and counted. Next.

The thread is scanned by the light beam by incrementally increasing the distance between the thread being fed and the axis of the light beam, such that the number of filaments striking the light beam decreases with each incremental increase in distance. The number of filaments in the path of the beam may be sensed and counted at each increment and the method repeated many times to determine a statistically valid average value of the number of filaments counted at each distance.

The average number N of filaments counted at each distance and the distance X are then used to determine the number N of filaments at each distance by a mathematical correlation, and the constant in the mathematical correlation by correlating the distance x'lt. Preferably, the correlation is performed by conventional curve fitting methods such as least squares.

Therefore, since it is known from previous work that the relationship between the number of filaments counted at each distance and each distance can be expressed as a certain expression of the general relationship N = f (K x .

2 K can be determined by correlating the N and X data obtained for N=f(K, x).

Once K is determined, the fluff characteristics of the yarn can be solved by using the determined KY and solving the required operation 'It, no matter what type of fluff characteristic equation is developed. For example, if the mathematical correlation used is N=Ae
-Bx, use Hinoki's N and X obtained by testing the specific yarn.

Conventional correlation techniques like least squares curve fitting? A and BY can be determined by using

Once A and BY are determined, the slope of the fluff characteristic MT paralysis mathematical correlation can be easily determined.

As would be understood by those skilled in the art, the determination of constants in mathematical correlations and which specific fluff characteristics? The operations to determine operation 2 can be performed by hand or by the use of conventional data processing equipment. For example, N and 'x record on bunched tape and bunched tape? As input, the hairiness characteristic MT of the yarn is determined by using the mathematical function N=Ae −Bx.
It can be used in digital computers that are programmed to represent Y mathematically. Then,
By using the least squares method the mathematical correlation N=Ae-B
Based on X, the constant aA and BY are determined by an electronic calculator by fitting each distance X and the number of filaments counted at each distance to a curve. Finally, it is evaluated by dividing the thread fluff percentage into mathematical expressions MTvB and A by an electronic computer.

The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following more detailed description and drawings.

drawing? For reference, FIGS. 1 to 7 are electron micrographs of cross sections of two typical filaments of the present invention. show. The cross section of the filament is.

It is critical to have an external shape characteristic 2 such that the ratio (Lt/Ih1i n ) of the total cross-sectional length of the filament to the wing thickness (Lt/Ih1i n ) specified by the formula is 60 or less. Methods for identifying and measuring these properties are described in detail below. Characterization of filament cross-sectional shape by specifically referring to Figures 1 to 6? Explain how to do it.

1) Unstretched or partially oriented feed system with 2000
Take a cross-sectional photograph at double magnification. As seen in Figure 1,
Focus the electron microscope while observing the image until a substantially black border is obtained. It is important to note that drawing an undrawn or partially oriented filament does not change the shape of the filament. therefore.

Except for the inherent difficulties in maintaining an accurate representation of filament novelty at 2000x or higher magnification and in cutting fully oriented, heat-set fibers, the profile characterization is completely oriented; This is accomplished using measurements taken from photographs of heat-set filaments.

2) Dmin, gatax, Lw and l,t't
It can be measured using any conventional scale. These parameters are shown in Figure 1 and defined below.

a) Dmin denotes the thickness t of the wing section for a substantially uniform wing section, or the minimum thickness close to a portion of the body when the thickness of the wing section varies.

Figures 2A, 2B, 2C and 2B show some typical examples.

b) Dmax is the thickness or diameter of the section body portion. Figures 6A, 5B, 5C and 6B show some typical examples.

c) Lt indicates the total length of the cross section including a part of the body.

d) Lw indicates the total length of each wing section.

Sections 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D show some typical examples.

In all cases, the above dimensions are measured from the outside of the black area to the inside of the white area as shown in FIG.

It has been found that by using this method, measurements can be made with more reproducibility. The black border is mainly caused by incomplete cutting of ffrth+, incomplete alignment of the fragments perpendicular to the viewing direction and interference bands at the edges of the filament. therefore.

It is important to make photographic hair as carefully and particularly through photographic techniques and cross-sectional measurements as practicable. Determine the average value from a minimum of 10 filaments.

3) Measure the radius of curvature at the intersection of the wing part and a part of the body as shown in FIG. Dna x, Dm i
Use the same length fist position that was used to measure the length. One convenient method is to use a circle ruler and
As shown in the figure, this method adapts the curvature of the intersection to the curvature of a specific circle. When the extension of the main axis of the wing section passes through the center of the body section.

That is, for the first factor, Re is measured at two possible openings for each wing section, and the sum of multiple Rc? On average, we obtain a representative Rc ft5.For example, in FIG.

We get 4 RC's to be averaged and average these to get the final Rc'
is obtained. This averaging method is also used when there is a slight alignment error between the wing section and a portion of the body, resulting in substantial sandbag Rc ft on both sides of the wing section.

The average Rc for the individual filaments is further averaged to give an RcY representing multiple filaments even in a complete yarn. If the wing portion substantially slopes onto a portion of the body as shown in FIG. 5, only one Rc L per wing is obtained. Rciii is usually determined for at least 20 or more filaments in at least two different cross-sectional photographs. What raw materials can be used for interfacing? The properties of the cross sections with these winged sections of the reservoir can be characterized by the following combinations of contour parameters: That is.

When considered, it is proportional to the stress concentration due to the acute angle maintained at the intersection of the wing section and the body section. For example, Singer l F, L, + ” Str
engthof MaterialsIHarper
and Brothers = New York, NY 1951Y.

4) Total volume ratio of body part and wing part? To determine this, make 2 photographs of the cross section on paper with a uniform weight of 2 per unit area. Cut out a cross-section from the paper using scissors or a razor blade, and then insert the wing section along the dotted line as shown in Figure 6. Separate it from a part of the body. Take at least 20 similar cross-sectional photographs from at least two different cross-sections.

disconnected. The total number of body parts and the total number of wing parts are collectively weighed to 0. I is the number closest to IT9. The area ratio of the wing part and part of the body is defined as follows. The specific filaments shown were spun as described in Example 1. is the cap shown in Fig. 8.The diameter of the cap used across its surface was 69M.A plurality of orifices are arranged in six concentric circles near the center of the cap. are generally arranged in parallel, ie.

The longest axes of the orifice cross section including the wing portions 2 are arranged in parallel. Fifteen orifices are arranged at equal intervals around the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 53.17 mm, and the diameter is 36.91 mm.
10 at 6 equal distances to the circumference of the second circle with a diameter of am
The orifices are arranged to the south of the cap so that five orifices are arranged at equal intervals over the circumference of a sixth concentric circle having a diameter of 19.05JIJl. The center of each day above is the center of the cap surface.

In FIG. 9, the orifice shape shown in FIG. 8 is shown. The filament shown in Figure 7?
In the specific die used for spinning, the wing section slot is 84 microns thick and the remainder of the orifice has the following dimensions: The tip of the wing is a hole twice the size of the slot thickness tb+ of the wing part: a hole of a part of the body (cl is the 6th position of the thickness of the slot of the wing part), and the cross-sectional length id
l is 24 times the slot thickness of the wing section.

Figures 10-14 illustrate various different shapes of spindle orifices useful for spinning filaments of the present invention. show. The holes in the wing section and body portion and the slots in the wing section are all standardized to the wing section slot size given bgl. The range of dimensions of each of a, C and d compared to b is shown in FIGS. 10-14, respectively. The dimension b must be large enough to provide good spinning performance. For example, a size of about 75 to 150 microns has been found to be preferred.

The base orifice useful in the practice of the invention consists of at least one main orifice and at least one slot orifice connected thereto.

The relationship in the dimensions of the mouthpiece orifice is b=1゜a=-≧
1 to ≧3.0=≧2−t to ≦6 and d=>12
The range is from ≦48. Preferred relative dimensions? The following are some specific orifices.

a=2. b=1, c=5. d=24a=2. b=1
．． c=4. d=24 a=2. b=1. c=3-, d=18 FIG. 15 shows continuous photographs of the yarn produced in Example 1.

As shown in Fig.
It is made of book filament and has a total denier of 166. The remaining properties are described in Example 1.

As can be seen by observing Figure @15, the yarn has many free protruding ends on its surface distributed throughout the anchor yarn bundle. Further, the yarn is coagulated by intertwining and mixing of adjacent filaments. The supply system is the preferred cleavage jet of the present invention.
A cleavage jet or diamond (Dy
U.S. Patent No. 2,924,868 entitled er) Jet
These free projecting ends are formed by feeding a jet of the type shown in FIG.

The basic structure of the yarn of the present invention is contained in the shape characteristics of the filaments constituting it. A typical example of this is the 15th
As shown in the figure. Some features of these filaments are shown in Figure 15, namely the passing loops are shown as 1 and the free projecting ends as 6.

As mentioned above, how to make this thread 2 is a series of tears that expand into visible loops, some of which break off and leave free protruding ends? give. What remains unbroken is ``
It is defined as "S passing loop".

The unique feature is that the separated wing section is substantially straight, while the body section from which the wing section is separated is curved. A separated wing section 5 is therefore shorter than the body section from which it is separated. As can be seen from FIG. 15, there is a preferred direction for the initial separation of the free projecting end from the body of the filament.

Characterization of these fibers was performed as follows.

The fibers were loosened from the thread and mounted on multiple microscope slides, with several fibers tied onto one slide. about 6
Each slide section Y of section 0 was photographed using a microfilm reader/printer at 12.25x. This magnification was chosen so that the entire wing fg could be easily seen and the small connected fibrils that were removed after the wing was separated from the body were difficult to see. At this magnification, it was not possible to see anything below 0.25U. Sufficient photographs were obtained to measure at least 150 hairs (ideally 200 or more) for each sample. Species 4 samples have 5-19 slides, 20
~950 separated fiber segments.

and contained fibers of 0.6 to 6.0 m.

Measurements were made of the lengths of all hairs and the distances between hairs and the distances between bridging looses in one photograph. The number of hairs measured varied between 115 and 6790. The frequency distribution map was prepared as Hisashi.

Length of hair: Cell width = 1.0 m (top photo).

First 35 cells (158-2:100 cells) hair separation: cell width = 0.1 mm (first cell only: o,
oo-o, os (actual), the mean and deviation values of the distances between the first 51 cell hairs were calculated at the actual length orientation (without magnification).

Microphotographs were taken at 125x magnification for several representative areas of each sample, and the width of the wing (W) and the angle of fracture (θ) were measured. It was measured.

The angle of rupture was sufficiently expressed by the natural logarithm of the distribution of Cotθ, and the − set of parameter values (μ2=6.096°σ2=0.450) could be used for all sample traps. The deviation value within one sample was of the same order as the precision of the measurement, and W could be considered constant for a given sample.

A set of equations from which approximate values of parameters α and β can be obtained is as follows.

Number of objects fix) = Probability density function H1xl for free protruding ends (hair-like objects) = Distribution function R1ε) for the length of free protruding ends = Natural log distribution value S for average μ2-1-41vy and deviation value σ2 = Sample Total fiber length zo = Average distance between free protruding ends held in the fiber ΔX = Frequency” Width of distribution cell 1/a = Average length of the first crack in the fiber β = Eye open bag probability ( e -, // The data for the least squares calculation program for the distribution frequency is flJ magnification: (21 angle parameter (μ2・σz
): (31 wing partial width tw'); (41 average distance between hairs; and (51 total sample length 181).

In addition to the best values of the parameters (α, β), the output of this operation is (1) the frequency distribution frequency predicted from (α, β); (2)
Deviation value predicted from observed frequency; +31
Sensitivity matrix (4) Standard error of predicted value (RM8 deviation value): (5) (α
, β): (6) Certain other diagnostic parameters and characteristic functions calculated from (α·β).

The results of the least squares fit were used for input into a computer program. This program uses exactly the same set of pseudorandom numbers for each sample. 10.
It was created by a complete model simulated by Monte Carlo techniques that generates 000 events. It is known that the random numbers used in the III order are uniformly distributed. The ratio of the total length of the sample to the simulated length of 10,000 events is used to evaluate the simulated results, so that the results can be compared directly with any frequencies obtained from actual measurements. can.

Table II shows complete results for several types of examples. Preferred cleavage jets are from the body part of the filament to the wing part? Cleavage and filament? Tangled bundle of yarn?
The protruding end formed by making and then opening the bag? A high-pressure gaseous fluid that is uniformly distributed over the surface of the yarn bundle throughout the yarn bundle? The jet used is usually 0.0
1 to 5 extra width threads? supply Particularly preferred is 0.5 k. Overfeeding means that the yarn feeding rate is slightly greater than the yarn withdrawal rate.

FIG. 20 is a front cross-sectional view of a jet suitable for opening bags of the novel filament of the present invention.

The jet consists of an elongated housing 12' capable of withstanding pressures of 600 to 500 psig, with a central hole 14' being a part of the housing. It is divided into a filling chamber for receiving gaseous fluid. A venturi 16' is supported at the outlet end of the central bore housing.

This is a convergent wall, a passageway extending through a venturi vent with a central introduction opening 18'! 1520', a constant diameter throat section 22' with approximately the same length as the diameter, an open (enlarged) wall section 24'
A central paraplegic outlet opening 26' is provided.

An orifice plate 28' is supported within the central bore and contacts the interior end of the venturi as shown in Figure 2. This orifice platel 1 has a central opening 60' concentric with the central introduction opening of the bench lily, and the walls 62' of the 4 entrances are inwardly inclined surfaces terminating in an exit opening 64'. A single thread needle 66' is also provided within the central bore of the housing and has an inner end 38' located proximate the central opening of the orifice plate.

Is this the threading needle? It has an axial threading passageway 40' extending therethrough and terminating in an exit opening 42'.

The outer wall of the inner end of the needle adjacent the outlet opening is sloped inwardly toward the orifice isp V-) as shown. A gaseous process fluid, such as air, is introduced into the filling chamber of the central bore 14' of the nosing 12' through an inlet (or inlet tube) 44'.

The inward slope of the outer wall at the inner end 68' of the needle is approximately 15 DEG relative to the axis of the axial threading passageway 40'. The exit opening of the needle is approximately 0.025 inches in diameter? have The walls of the central inlet opening 30' of the orifice plate 28' have inward slopes of approximately 30° relative to the axis of the inlet opening 62', and the outlet opening 64' has a diameter 2 of approximately 0.031 inches.
The length of the outlet opening is about 0.010 inches. The thickness of the orifice plate is approximately 0.063 inches.

A constant diameter throat 22' of the venturi 16' extends inwardly from the central inlet opening 18' a distance of approximately 0.094 inches. The throat is approximately 0.031 inches long and has a diameter 2 of approximately 0.033 inches. The converging wall of the venturi 20' is approximately 1
It has a 7.5 degree angle and the venturi center introduction opening is approximately 0.062 inches in diameter. have.

Holder 52'+'! A threaded plug 50' is used to hold the venturi in position while sealing in a known manner with an O-shaped housing 54 to prevent escape of gas from the gas fill chamber.

The threading needle 36' is mounted within the central hole by a threaded member 56 at a constant distance 'lt from the orifice plate 28'. The needle is retained in the threaded member by a cooperating groove and retaining ring 58. The O-shaped housing 60 provides airtightness in a known manner. Rotation of threaded member 56 provides adjustment of the needle spacing relative to orifice plate 28'.

When using jets, please specify as below 2
Must be adjusted to provide psig backflow.

A rubber hose connects to the air inlet of the 2 jet constant pressure air supply at 20 psig.

It is crimped onto the jet yarn inlet pressure gauge and made airtight.

Threaded member 50 is adjusted until a pressure of 2 psig is obtained at the pressure gauge. This jet is said to be regulated to 2 psig counterflow.

In Figure 16, a series of photographs of a conventional spun yarn made from 100 polyester (PET) stable fibers is shown. The fibers in this yarn have a staple length of about 1i and a thickness of about 1.5 denier per filament. have 61
/1 Fine count or approximately 146 denier. In this thread! , a specific volume of 1.7 ala19-, a laser absolute value of 0.72, a laser absolute a/b value of 7090, and a laser L+7 value of Otsu. Is the specific volume the degree of twist? However, the laser properties of a staple thread of a given size can be changed only slightly. Comparing the yarn of the present invention and conventional spun yarn, both of which are made of 100% polyester, does the yarn of the present invention have a softer and more comfortable texture than the conventional yarn? It shows the basis for giving. Comparatively fewer protruding free ends are observed in conventional yarns compared to the specific yarns of the present invention.

In FIG. 17, one spinneret orifice that can be used to spin an acceptable cleavable feed system of the present invention is shown.

A 129° W-shaped cross section with holes in the center and at the ends of the wing sections is useful. Does this mean that the wing part does not necessarily have to be straight? It shows. Is this specific mouth orifice the supply system specified in Example 16? used for spinning. The dimensions of the orifices used are shown in the drawings.

In FIG. 18, there is shown an orifice f that can be used to spin the permissible cleavable feed system of the present invention:
! :Show. Advantageously, the orifice has a W-shaped cross section of 143 DEG between the through hole at one end and the second hole at the opposite end. This type of base orifice is asymmetrical and provides two wing sections of different types and lengths. This specific spindle orifice was used to spin the feed system specified in Example 14. The dimensions of the orifice used are shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 19 shows the measured air in contact with the spun cotton starting substantially from the spinneret surface ρ) for the different spinning methods described in Examples 1.2 and 6. temperature distribution. Curve A is the distribution for the method described in Example 1. Curves B and C relate to the yarns used in Examples 2 and 5, respectively.

In Example 6, the equipment used in Example 2 was replaced with a protective and electrically heated shield approximately 12 inches long. Added as equipment. This shield was placed below the cap in the apparatus described in Example 2, and the temperature t of the air 1 inch below the cap was maintained at approximately 150°C. The cross-sectional shapes of filaments spun by the apparatus described in Temperature Distribution A Paralysis Example 1; or by the apparatus described in Temperature Distribution B Paralysis Example 2 are very useful and preferred; The device described in Example 6 with shield 2 and the temperature profile C produced by the shield had very poor quality in terms of cleavability. The basis for this difference is not clear.

Figures 22 to 27 illustrate the versatility of the yarns made according to the invention, particularly when the cleavage yarn tenacity (1/D) and the specific volume of the cleavage yarn (CC/P) are similar to that of a Dyer type jet. What is the influence of two additional dimensions C (see Figure 10) on the above parameters? It shows. When cleavage is carried out at a constant pressure, increasing C (assuming other shape parameters remain unchanged) generally increases yarn strength and decreases specific volume? I want to be understood.

Furthermore, in the case of cfJ''-5 or more, the cleavage pressures of a pair of tenacities are practically parallel, and the level of tenacchie increases only slightly with an increase in C at any pressure.

What characteristics are shown in Figure 22? All the threads you have are 120730
It is a denier/filament yarn.

A unique feature of the yarn of the present invention is that as the denier per filament increases for an individual filament, the specific volume of the split yarn increases under the same processing conditions. Typically, the desired 120/0 yarn is 1.75
CC/11') has a specific volume.

In contrast, 16515 was spun and processed under the same conditions.
0 yarn has a specific volume of 0.2 to 0.3 CC/F! -High,
t, or approximately 2.00 Cr/9-. In another example, a 150/20 yarn yields a specific volume that is about 0.1 to 0.2 higher than a 150/30 yarn processed under the same conditions; therefore, if a 165/30 yarn is used in FIG. Otherwise, the specific volume curves would all be shifted upwards.

FIG. 26 shows the effect of the cleaving jet air pressure and the size C of the die orifice on the laser absolute value and elongation (C) of the cleaving yarn. It will be appreciated that the surprising increase in elongation of the split yarn with increasing dimension C, as well as the decrease in b with increasing split jet air pressure at any C value.

FIG. 24 shows the laser absolute a/b value and the effect of mouth orifice size C and cleaving jet air pressure on the laser absolute value. Note in particular the surprising increase in L+7 values with increasing C even at the cleavage pressures of interest.

Figures 25, 26 and 27 show the influence of die hole size d and tear jet air pressure on the specific volume, tenacity and elongation in split yarns. It should be understood that many different products can be selected with different cleavage characteristics for .

Figure 28 is as already discussed.

The present invention 2 will be further explained below using one example. However, these examples are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to define the invention.

Example 1 The filament shown in Figure 7 was prepared using the following equipment and conditions 2. This example illustrates the invention.

The basic equipment of this spinning system design can be divided into extrusion section, spinning block section, quenching section and throating section. A brief description of these areas follows. The extrusion section of the apparatus consists of a vertically mounted screw extruder with a screw diameter of 1.5 mm. Moisture content '&0.003 by separate drying process in advance
Extremely dry polymer? The 0.6% TiO2 and 0.9% diethylene glycoterephthalate (PET) supplied to the extruder from the hopper are sent to the feed port of the screw. Here the polymer was heated, melted and fed vertically in that state. The extruder has an equal length of 280'C and 280'C, respectively, from the feed port to the extrusion port.
It had four heating zones controlled at 85°G, 285°C and 280°C. These ('4) were measured by a platinum resistance thermometer model number 1847-6-1 manufactured by Weed Corporation ('0). The pressure of the melt must be controlled to remain constant (approximately 2100 psig).The pressure must be controlled using an electronic pressure sensor [Tay
lor) Model 1647/TF 11334 (158
)). The temperature shim at the entrance to the spinning block was measured by the same thermometer as above.

The spinning block of this apparatus consists of a 604 stainless steel shell containing a distribution device 2 for conveying the polymer melt from the outlet of a t-screw extruder to eight double-arranged spinbacks. This stainless steel shell has a precise spinning temperature of 280°C for polymer bath melting. It was filled with a commercially available liquid/vapor cooling system for maintenance.

Is the temperature of the liquid/vapor system the vapor temperature? Detect and use this signal to external heater? Controlled by controlling. Although the temperature of this liquid is detected.

It was not used for control purposes.

A 21 gear pump was attached to each double bag in the block. These pumps metered the flow of melt into the spinback device, and the speed of the pumps was precisely controlled by a rotary control drive. This spinback device consists of a flanged cylindrical stainless steel vessel (198 m in diameter) with two annular holes with an internal diameter of 78 m.
m, Ag1021u). At the bottom of the name tag, there are 1 and 5 caps as shown in Figure 8.
A 0.00 meter circular screen and breaker grate for flow distribution were installed. A 600 mesh screen was installed on the breaker plate and a bed of 20mm thick sand (eg 20/40 to 80/IQQ mesh layer) was placed for filtration purposes. The spinback device is bolted together using aluminum gasket 2.

It was sealed to prevent leaks. The pressure and temperature of the polymer melt was measured at the inlet of the spinback (126M above the die). The caps used are those shown in FIGS. 8 and 9.

The quenching section of the melt spinning apparatus is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,584.
It is described in. The quenching zone extends from a post-cooling zone near the mouthpiece separated from the main cooling cabinet by a movable shutter with an annular passage for the yarn bundle. Below the shutter, there is a cooling cabinet equipped with a means for applying forced circulation airflow from the side to the filament to cool and thin the okara airflow.
is introduced from the rear of the cooling cabinet at a speed of

The cooling air is regulated at a constant temperature of 77 ± 2'F (25 ± 1 °C) and is controlled by the dew point (64 ± 2'F: 18 ± 1 °C).
) Keep the humidity constant as measured. The cooling cabinet is open at its front to the spinning area.

A cooling tube is connected to the bottom of the cooling cabinet, narrowing to a double rectangular area with a widened end holder (inch) near the cooling cabinet. The length of the cooling tube, including the cabinet, was 16 feet. The temperature of the air in the cooling zone is plotted in FIG. 19 as a function of distance from the throat.

The take-off section of the melt spinning apparatus consists of two ceramic S contact roll lubricant applicators, two godet rolls and a parallel package winder (Barmag SW4). Is the thread a lubricant roll from the exit of the cooling tube? Be led across. The rotational speed of the lubricant applicator roll was set at 521 PM to achieve the desired rate of one roll of lubricant on the yarn. The lubricant is 95% by weight epoxidized, propoxylated butyl alcohol (viscosity: sio.

It consisted of 6 parts by weight of sodium lauryl phosphate containing 2% by weight of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and 5 moles of ethylene oxide. Each thread passing through the lubricant applicator
Both godet rolls had a circumference of 0.5 m, passed under the bottom half of the drawing godet and over the top half of the second godet, operating at a surface speed of 0.14 m/min, and then sent to the winder. , and its speed is controlled by a 5-surface drive winding speed (Barmag).
) is the thread tension between the final godet roll and the winding machine? 0.1 or 0.2? / denier. Volume @ Machine σ) Is the package shape acceptable for rotational speed? I made it as fast as possible.

The thread was wound to a length of 290u in a paper tube with an internal diameter of 75am.

The filaments spun as described in Example 1 were drawn and split to produce the yarn shown in FIG.

The stretching device followed the air jet device. This equipment includes a pre-tensioning area and a drawing area, heated yarn feed rolls,
and an electrically heated stabilizing plate or slit heater ft. This device also includes U.S. Patent 3.53
As shown in 9.680, a pinch roll 2 is provided on the yarn feeding godet. During operation of this device, the package is placed in a creel. Is the yarn around the pretension godet and around the heated yarn feed roll? Wrap it 6 times. The feed roll/pretension speed ratio was kept at 1.005. From the yarn feed roll, the yarn ``tZ'' exited under the pinch roll, crossed a stabilizing plate or slit heater, and reached the drawing roll.The yarn was wrapped 6 times around this drawing roll. The wax feed roll temperature, selected based on the denier of the yarn to be processed and the desired final denier yarn orientation characteristics, was set at 86°C.

However, 105°C is preferred for this yarn. The temperature of the stabilization plate was set at 180°C. (This temperature can be varied from room temperature to 210°C) For drawing only, the yarn is transferred from the drawing rolls to the parallel package winding machine (
Leesona model 95°). For cleavage, the yarn is separated from the drawing rolls as shown in FIG.
said cleaved air generator adjusted to a backflow pressure of psig)
It is sent through Y and onto the feed Godet roll. The feed godet rolls were operated at a speed of 995 degrees of the draw roll speed to provide 0.5% overfeed as it passed the splitting jet.

The ratio of the wing portion in the cross section of the filament is 40
%, Lt/Dmin t@10. It was O.

Correlation of wing part/body part regarding this fiber (
The WBI') was 15.1, which was calculated from a 2000x photograph of a cross section of a partially oriented yarn as described above.

The conditions used to produce the yarn shown in Figure 15 were as follows.

Drawing ratio 1.5 Stabilizing plate temperature 180'C Yarn feeding roll temperature 86°C Drawing tension 751 Opening jet air pressure 500 psig Compressed air temperature
21°C Drawing roll speed 804 m/m Feed Godet roll speed 800 m/m The yarn was drawn and heat set, but the yarn in the unopened bag had a tenacity of 2.1 G/D and 21
It showed the strength of Chi.

The yarn made as described above had the following properties.

&tf Denier/Filament count 163/! 10
Tenakuchi-1,50/D Stretch 26 Timodilus 38G/D Boiling water contraction
4 factor Worcester homogeneity 1.4 factor specific volume
1.79ω/l laser absolute b value 1.52 laser absolute a/b value 7
07 laser L+7 value 0 ゛Example 2 Polymer dry machining yarn feeding area, extrusion area.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate (
PET) yarn was spun.

The polymer dry machining yarn feeding area consisted of two hotlets placed vertically with one side up.

Each of these hoppers had a capacity of approximately 65 bonds of PET pellet polymer σ).The hoppers had two steam jackets and a mechanical stirring bar to agitate the polymer during drying. I was prepared.

Under standard operating conditions, 65 pounds of PET pellet polymer (0.59 intrinsic viscosity, 0.6 T s Oz gold) was charged into an upper hopper and heated to 120° C. and vacuumed to 29 mH 5'. The polymer was stirred under these conditions and kept overnight to crystallize the polymer until the water content was 0.
．． 005 weight 4J-j.

After drying, the polymer was dropped into a lower hopper for feeding into the feed port of the extruder. The lower hopper was continuously purged with dry nitrogen to maintain a low moisture content of the dried polymer.

The extrusion zone is a 20:1 (L/D) screw extruder consisting of a 1.5 inch diameter screw and an electrically heated barrel fJ' with 6 heating zones and a drainage jacket at the feed port. It consists of a cooling area and a cooling area. PET
under standard extrusion conditions for.

The water flow to the cooling zone was adjusted to be sufficient to prevent polymer build-up at the feed ports and to provide uniform feed. The first heating zone (approximately 4 inches long) is at 220°C, the second heating zone (approximately 4 inches long) is at 245°C, and the sixth heating zone (approximately 8 inches long) is at the selected spinning temperature. were adjusted accordingly. The screw speed is such that the pressure of the bath melt at the exit from the screw is approximately 11,000 psi.
The spinning block area was controlled by a pneumatic control device to keep the screw rotation (RPM) at
) and two sandbag assemblies (BOIJI igy
)' consists of an electrically heated two-chastity spinning block.

The gear pumps are driven by individual electric motors controlled by Dodge SCR motor controllers. The sand pack assembly includes two caps from the polymer outlet end and a breaker plate for flow distribution.

300 mesh screen, 2 inch bed of 20/40 mesh sand, and entrance? The sand bag assembly, consisting of a stainless steel vessel with a stainless steel container, was bolted into the spinning block and an aluminum gasket was used to achieve the cleanliness. The polymer bath melt was flowed from the screw extruder outlet to the gear pump feed. A gear pump meters the flow from the inlet through the sand bag assembly, where the polymer bath melt is discharged through the mouth hole 2 to form a filament. The pressure and temperature of the polymer melt at the outlet from each gear pump was monitored by a thermocouple (Dynisco) equipped with a pressure transducer. Electric heaters in the spinning block were controlled to maintain the melt temperature constant and desired. The temperature of the melt measured at this point is referred to as the spinning degree and was maintained at 295°C in this example. The nozzle used had a plurality of orifices of the shape shown in FIG. 9 having a nominal dimension of 126 microns.

Cooling cabinet (56 inches high) where the cooling area is closed on three sides, top and bottom, except for the thread passage, and only the front is open.

The top of the cabinet was connected to the spinning block and the bottom was connected to the cooling tube. The cooling tube had two ends that extended into the vicinity of the cooling cabinet and narrowed to a cylindrical tube with an internal diameter of 8 inches. The cooling tube was 11.7 feet long. The air temperature distribution measured near the spun bundle as a function of distance from below the spinneret is shown in curve B of FIG. The cooling cabinet was open to the room temperature of the spinning apparatus, which was maintained at approximately 25°C. Air was drawn by the filament from the cooling chamber into the cooling tube as the filament was pulled downwardly toward the removal area.

A non-forced circulating air flow across the spun filaments is provided within the cooling chamber.

The suction section consisted of a dual ceramic contact roll type lubricant applicator, two godet rolls, and a Zinser high speed winder arranged in two stages. The yarn was fed from the outlet of the cooling tube through a lubricated roll. The rotational speed of the lubricant roll was set to provide the desired degree of lubrication to the yarn. Under standard conditions applied to polyester filament yarns, texturing-type lubricants'k 0.5 to 1.0% by weight
It was applied in the amount of (The yarn coming out of the lubricant applicator passed under the bottom half of the drawn godet roll and over the top half of the second godet roll and was sent to the first winder. Both godet rolls had a circumference of 0.5 m. The drive roll of the surface drive winder (manufactured by Zinser Corporation) had a thread tension of approximately 0.1)/ Set to maintain denier. The rotational speed of the winder is permissible for pack-
Adjusted according to the manufacturer's wishes to make 92. By winder.

The material was rolled up onto a long and fin-length paper tube. The thread was suspended within the removal area by the use of an air blower.

Zinsser winding @ Iso easily rolled up a 100cm Shira 5 bond package. The surface speed of Godetstrol depends on the spinning speed.

The ratio of the wing portion in the spun filament cross section is 4
The ratio of the total length of the filament cross section to the thickness of the wing portion (Lt/Dmin) was 10.2. The wing portion/body portion correlation (WBI) calculated as described above from the measurement value from the 2000x photograph of the yarn cross section was 22.8.

The conditions used for drawing and cleaving the yarn were as follows.

Raw material yarn take-out speed 1000m/min Stretching ratio
2.76 Stabilized plate temperature
180°C Yarn feeding roll temperature 86°C Drawing tension 601 Cleavage air jet pressure 200 psig Compressed air temperature
21℃ stretching roll speed 804m/
The unsplit yarn was drawn at a rate of 800 m/min using a fractional feed roller, and the properties of the unsplit yarn were 2.8 G/I) and 18-elongation.

The jet used was the same as that described in FIG. 1 of US Pat. No. 2,924.868. The specific jet used is such that the outer wall of the inner end of the injection needle is inclined inwardly at half an angle of approximately 30° relative to the axis of the needle. The pin opening was approximately 0.043 inch.

The orifice plate has a thickness of approximately 0.065 inches and also has an inlet opening of approximately 0.318 inches and an inlet opening of approximately 0.0
It had an exit opening of 94 inches. Pen diameter is approximately 0.1
00 inches, and the throat length was approximately 0.0625 inches. The outlet opening of the venturi was flared at an angle of about IQ' or a half angle of about 5 degrees as measured relative to the axis of the venturi. The jet is 5 psi as mentioned above
It was adjusted to give a backflow pressure of 1.5 g.

The yarn produced as described above had the following properties.

Total denier/number of filaments 120,750 tenacity - 2,2t/denier elongation 8th modulus 61? /Denier Worcester yarn unevenness rate 5.6 Coefficient volume
1.75 )/CC laser b absolute value
0.58 laser a/b absolute value
407 Laser L+7 Value 9 The example is not an illustration of the invention. This example is intended to demonstrate the importance of the WBI (Wing Section/Body Section Correlation) or value of equation l for the yarns of the present invention and is for comparison purposes.

In the cooling zone, yarn was spun using the polymer equipment and operating conditions of Example 2, except that a IIK electrically heated spindle shield was added. This 7-strand consists of a metal cylinder (12 mm) bolted to the bottom of the spinning pack.
The shield was equipped with an electric heater and measured 1 inch from the cylinder wall and 1Σ inch from the mouth surface.
It was regulated to maintain an air temperature of 1150°C. Generally speaking, by keeping the air near the spindle at a high temperature with an electrically heated jet shield, cooling can be delayed.In general, by delaying cooling, it is possible to add roundness to spinning of non-circular cross-sections. Uniformity is known to be improved. The temperature distribution of the air below the cap was as shown by curve C in FIG. Surprisingly, the yarn spun by the above method did not exhibit a suitable feed system for cleavage. This will be clear from the characteristics of the yarn below, where the drawing ratio is 6.0 and the drawing tension is 80? The thread was cleaved as in Example 2, except that.

The yarn produced by the above method has the following properties.

Total denier/number of filaments 120/30 tenacity - 3,80/D Elongation 14% Modulus 85 G/D Worcester thread unevenness rate 4.1 specific volume
1.21 Pi phrase leather b absolute value 0
．． 28 laser a/b absolute value 2 loser L
+7 value 5 The ratio of the wing part in the filament cross section is 40 inches, and the ratio of the total cross-sectional length to the thickness of the wing part (L L
/Dn in ) kl 6.1; The wing part/body part correlation determined from the measured value from the 2000x photograph of this filament cross section was as follows.

Examples 4-14 The illustrations of Examples 4-14 shown in Table 2 below were experiments under the conditions detailed in Example 2. The only changes to the conditions that were made were the air pressure specified in the column of ``cleavage jet air pressure'' and the shape of the mouthpiece orifice described in the column of 10K gold.

Examples 4-8 Parallels Examples 11-14 are yarns of the invention with good textile properties; Examples 9 and 10 are for comparison purposes and are not illustrative of the invention.

Example 9 cleaves well, but has a low tenacity, low elongation and high laser L+7', making it a yarn with poor textile applications. Example 10 represents a yarn with poor textile applications due to its low cleavability.

Table 2 42-1-3-24 2.25.0 11241.74
0.6852-1-22/! 1-241.73.0 8
231.820.5462-1-32/3-242.5
6.1 20251.471.0572-1-4-24
2.83.320291.371.2082-1-6
-24 3.35.725341.400.7292-
1-2-24 153.1 5291.800.441
102-1-31-3-182.43.2 21 29
1.280.95112-1-31/3-! 102.1
5.2 15271.560.70122-1-31/
3-362.23.2 11 261.660.891
'5 Orifice in Figure 17 2.4 3.7
B 16 2.29 0.561 Part of the cross-sectional area of the cross-sectional area of the filament jaw wing part / part of the split jaw wing part of the wing part
Correlation value of common ratio Pressure cuff 50 4 43
57 11.4 8.7 2008
0023 49 51 10.5 8
．． 5 200600 1 28 72
13.7. 9.2 200250 0 6
94 19.4 8.9 40006
080 77 23 2.6 7.
8 15094 1 32 68
6.0 B, 1 200661 7 44
56 16.7 95 20099B 3
47 53 13.8 10.8 2
0026829 46 54 11.1
7.5 250

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an electronic WAe mirror photograph showing a cross section 2 of one filament of the present invention, which is used to determine the radius of curvature of the intersection between the body part and the wing part and the diameter of the body part and the wing part. The position of measurement is shown. Figures 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are sketches for wing sections where the thickness Dmin)'a' of wing sections of different shapes has to be measured. Figures 3A, '5B, 3C and 6D are sketches illustrating the case of measuring the diameter of a filament body portion for filament body portions of different cross-sections. Figures 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D are sketches showing the case where the total length (Lw) of the wing section section and the total length (Lt) of the filament section are measured. FIG. 5 is a sketch of a filament of the present invention showing a wing portion that is substantially tangential to a portion of the body. FIG. 6 is used to determine the ratio between the body 1 and the wing portion of the filament. The filament of the invention shows the boundary 2 delimiting the cross-sectional area between the body portion and the wing portion for a given filament cross-section. 7 is an electron micrograph showing a cross section of a filament spun by the method described in Example 1 of the present invention. FIG. 8 is an electron micrograph showing a cross section of a filament spun by the method described in Example 1 of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a plan view showing the specific shape and dimensions of the actual orifice of the cap shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 10, FIG. 11, and FIG. Figures 12, 13 and 14
The figures are diagrams illustrating various mouth orifice shapes and their relative dimensions useful in the practice of the present invention. FIG. 15 is a montage photograph of the yarn produced in Example 1 in the longitudinal direction. FIG. 16 is a montage photograph of a conventional spun yarn of 100 modulus polyester stable fiber in the length direction. FIG. 17 shows a mouth hole that can be used to create an acceptable feed system 2 for the cleaving process. FIG. 18 is a cap hole that can be used to create an acceptable feed system 2 for the cleavage process. Figure 19 shows the temperature state of the quenching system in Examples 1.2 and 6? This is a graph showing. FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of a jet useful in the split filament of the present invention. Figure 2j is a graph showing various curves representing the number of filaments protruding from the center of the thread versus the distance from the center of the thread; FIG. 22 shows the influence of the size of the central hole of the mouth orifice on yarn tenacity and yarn specific volume as a function of cleavage jet air pressure. This is a graph showing. FIG. 26 is a graph showing the influence of the center hole size of the die orifice and the cleaving jet air pressure on the laser absolute value and elongation of the split yarn. Figure 24 shows the laser absolute value and the influence of the center hole size of the mouth orifice and the cleaving jet air pressure on the laser absolute value? This is a graph showing. Figure 25 shows the influence of the length of the wing portion of the mouth orifice and the air pressure of the cleaving jet on the specific volume of the cleaving thread. This is a graph showing. FIG. 26 is a graph showing the influence of the wing length of the mouth orifice and the air pressure of the cleaving jet on the tenacity of the cleaving thread. Figure 27 shows the influence of the length of the wing portion of the mouth orifice and the air pressure of the cleaving jet on the elongation of the filament. This is a graph showing. Figure 28 shows the device used to determine Bp (embrittlement property)'lt of the yarn to be cleaved. This is the sketch shown. FIG. 29 is a partial view showing a state in which the wing portion of the filament of the present invention is partially split. Patent Applicant: Eastman Kodak Kamba21A
EI change Z A B
” Shir3 A Bq4 1 the 5 Tsuku B J Te 1/7 1g1264 Kron 1 + 1126 Mi pan 1ri 1〃 Mouth 4'rA downward 11 Shima Tsuyoshi (Intellectual ratio (Ca1
a)

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1) A weaving or knitting yarn consisting of a bundle of continuous filaments,
The filament has a continuous body portion and at least one wing portion extending along and from the body portion, the wing portion being intermittently separated from the body portion, and the wing portion being intermittently separated from the body portion; A weaving or knitting yarn characterized in that some of the wing portions are broken, thereby providing free projecting ends extending from the body portion. 2) melt spinning a bundle of continuous filaments having a body portion and at least one wing portion extending along and from the body portion; and splitting the bundle of filaments from the wing portion to the body by splitting means. A method of manufacturing a weaving or knitting yarn comprising the steps of: intermittently separating the wing portions from the wing portions and breaking some of the separated wing portions, thereby providing free projecting ends extending from the body portion.