JPS603684A - Heat fixing rubber roller - Google Patents

Heat fixing rubber roller

Info

Publication number
JPS603684A
JPS603684A JP11237483A JP11237483A JPS603684A JP S603684 A JPS603684 A JP S603684A JP 11237483 A JP11237483 A JP 11237483A JP 11237483 A JP11237483 A JP 11237483A JP S603684 A JPS603684 A JP S603684A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
heat fixing
rubber roller
oil
parts
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP11237483A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0320750B2 (en
Inventor
Shuji Kon
修二 今
Hisashi Akaha
赤羽 久史
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SWCC Corp
Original Assignee
Showa Electric Wire and Cable Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Showa Electric Wire and Cable Co filed Critical Showa Electric Wire and Cable Co
Priority to JP11237483A priority Critical patent/JPS603684A/en
Publication of JPS603684A publication Critical patent/JPS603684A/en
Publication of JPH0320750B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0320750B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2014Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
    • G03G15/2053Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating
    • G03G15/2057Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating relating to the chemical composition of the heat element and layers thereof

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain an oil-free type heat fixing rubber roller superior in releasability by applying a coating layer of a prescribed compsn. to the outer circumference of a nonmagnetic metallic roll to form a heat fixing rubber roller. CONSTITUTION:Polydimethylsiloxane blocked on the terminal OH group having a viscosity of 1,000-7,000cp as a base is mixed with a silicone oil having a viscosity of 500-5,000cp and an inorg. filler as uniformly as possible, and a cross- linking agent, such as organosilane compd. or siloxane compd., and a hardening catalyst, such as tin-type catalyst, are added to the mixture and mixed. The obtained paste-like compsn. is spread on all width of the outer circumference of a nonmagnetic metallic roll and hardened. The obtained oil-free type heat fixing rubber roller is superior in releasability.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 (発明の技術分野) 本発明は電子複写機の熱定着sK使用される加圧ローラ
に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Technical Field of the Invention) The present invention relates to a pressure roller used in a heat fixing machine of an electronic copying machine.

(発明の技術的背景とその問題点) 乾式型子方兵法において、転写ドラムから紙等の支持体
上に転写されるトナー粉末像を支持体上に定着させる方
法としては、支持体を加熱ローラと加圧ローラとの間に
通してトナー粉末像を支持体上に加熱、加圧することに
より定着させる方法が採用されている。
(Technical background of the invention and its problems) In the dry method, a method for fixing a toner powder image transferred from a transfer drum onto a support such as paper is to transfer the support to a heated roller. A method has been adopted in which the toner powder image is fixed on the support by passing the toner powder image between the support and the pressure roller and applying heat and pressure to the support.

この方法においては、未定着のトナー粉末が加圧ローラ
に付着するため、トナー粉末との離型性のよい加圧ロー
ラが請求されており、このような加圧ローラのゴム層と
しては、従来より熱硬化型(HTV)、付加反応型(L
TV)あるいは縮合反応型常温硬化型(RTV )シリ
コーンオイルが使用されている。
In this method, unfixed toner powder adheres to the pressure roller, so a pressure roller with good releasability from the toner powder is required. More thermosetting type (HTV), addition reaction type (L
TV) or condensation reaction type room temperature curing (RTV) silicone oil is used.

しかしながら、HTVめるいはLT■シリコーンゴムよ
す成るロールは補強のため活性の強い無機質シリカを多
量に配合した組成物で構成されておジ、トナーとの離型
性に劣るため成形後にシリコーンオイル中に浸漬する必
要がめった。
However, rolls made of HTV Meriwa LT silicone rubber are made of a composition containing a large amount of highly active inorganic silica for reinforcement, and have poor releasability from toner, so silicone rubber is used after molding. It was rarely necessary to soak it in.

さらに、このようなローラは、ロー2表面からオイルが
出るに従ってロールが汚れ、また使用中にしだいに外径
の細9が大きくなるという欠点がめった。
Furthermore, such a roller has the disadvantage that the roll gets dirty as oil comes out from the surface of the row 2, and the outer diameter of the roller 9 gradually increases during use.

一方、RTVシリコーンゴムローラは基本的にトナーと
の離型性に優れているが、ゴムに配合してるるオイ/L
−が比較的低粘度でコピー紙に奮われ易いため、ローラ
間のニップ巾が小さくなり、コピー紙上のトナーの定着
効率を低める結果、ローラの汚れの原因となり、また感
光体やチャーシワ(シ イヤにトナが付昭した場合には感光体電位の減少につな
がり画質を悪くするという欠点を有していた。耐クリー
プ性(耐圧縮永久歪性)にも劣っており、このためロー
ラ間の圧力を機械的に解除する手段を設ければならない
という問題があった。
On the other hand, RTV silicone rubber rollers basically have excellent release properties from toner, but the oil/L added to the rubber
- has a relatively low viscosity and is easily agitated by the copy paper, which reduces the nip width between the rollers, lowers the fixing efficiency of the toner on the copy paper, and causes stains on the rollers. If the toner is thickened, the potential of the photoreceptor decreases, resulting in poor image quality.It also has poor creep resistance (compression set resistance), and for this reason, it is difficult to reduce the pressure between the rollers. There was a problem in that a mechanical release means had to be provided.

圧力解除金しないまま実走させると、実走させた際にコ
トコトと音がしたり、画質が乱れるという欠点を有して
いた。
If the vehicle is actually run without releasing the pressure, it has the disadvantage that it makes a clicking sound and the image quality is disturbed.

(発明の目的) 本発明はこのような問題に対処してなされたもので、オ
イルフリータイプでゴム自体がトナーとの離型性に優れ
た熱定着用ゴムローラを提供することを目的とする。
(Object of the Invention) The present invention has been made in response to such problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a rubber roller for heat fixing that is oil-free and has excellent releasability from the toner.

(発明の概髪) 00センチポアズの末端水酸基封鎖ポリジメチルシロキ
サンをベースオイルとして、これに(BJ粘度500〜
5000センチポアズのシリコーンオイル、(C)無機
質充填剤、(D)架橋剤および(K)硬化触媒と全配合
して成る組成物を被a/1として設けたことを性徴とし
ている。
(Outline of the invention) Using 00 centipoise end-blocked polydimethylsiloxane as a base oil, (BJ viscosity 500~
The characteristic feature is that a composition consisting of 5000 centipoise silicone oil, (C) an inorganic filler, (D) a crosslinking agent, and (K) a curing catalyst is provided as the target A/1.

本発明においてベースオイルとして使用される(A)の
ポリジメチルシロキサンの粘度を上述の範囲に限定した
理由は、1oooセンチポアズ未満だとゴムの物性が劣
りさらに低分子シリコーンオイ 1y、=、Daiai
、i/!j、 (’l :b fc kfi T ;h
 D、7000−4= ’ンチボアズを越えるとローラ
の成形性が悪くなるとともに、トナーとの離型性も低下
することによる0 貰た(B)のシリコーンオイルの粘度範囲全上述のよう
に限定したのは、500センチポアズ未満だとローラの
外径がIlaりや丁<、5000センチポアズを越える
とそれ自身がブリードしてしまうためである0より好ま
しくは800〜2000センチポアズの範囲である。
The reason why the viscosity of the polydimethylsiloxane (A) used as the base oil in the present invention is limited to the above-mentioned range is that if it is less than 100 centipoise, the physical properties of the rubber will be poor, and the low-molecular-weight silicone oil
,i/! j, ('l :b fc kfi T ;h
D, 7000-4 = 0 as the moldability of the roller deteriorates and the releasability from the toner decreases when the borehole exceeds 0. The entire viscosity range of the silicone oil obtained (B) was limited as described above. This is because if the outer diameter of the roller is less than 500 centipoise, it will bleed by itself if it exceeds 5,000 centipoise.The range is preferably 800 to 2,000 centipoise.

ここで(匈と(B)との混合比は(A)100重量部に
対して2.5〜7重量部が好1しく、その理由は2.5
重量部未満ではローラの汚れの原因となり易く、7重量
部を越えるとローラの外径が細りやすいとともにクリー
プしやすくなるためである。
Here, the mixing ratio of (B) to 100 parts by weight of (A) is preferably 2.5 to 7 parts by weight, and the reason for this is 2.5 parts by weight.
This is because if it is less than 7 parts by weight, it tends to cause staining of the roller, and if it exceeds 7 parts by weight, the outer diameter of the roller tends to become thinner and creep tends to occur.

(C)の無機質シリカとしては無機質シリカや弁柄など
の配合が可能であるが、この配合量は組成物100M封
部に対し40〜60重景部が好ましく、その理由は40
重量部以下だと補強効果が低下し、60重合部を越える
と離星性に劣るためでめる〇(D)の架橋剤としては、
オルガノシラン化合物あるいはシロキサン化合物が好適
であり、例えば正ケイ酸エチル、フェニルエトキシシラ
ン、エチルホリシ!Jり−)−40(ユニオンカーバイ
トコーポレーション商品名)またその配合量は(A)の
ベースオイル100重量部に対して好ましくは2,5〜
5重量部が、さらに好ましくは3.5〜4重量部が良い
。添加量が2.5重量部未満では架橋度が不充分となり
、引張強さや引裂強度が低く、またクリープ特性に劣り
、5重量部金越えると架橋しすぎて、機械特性などが低
下する。
As the inorganic silica (C), inorganic silica, Bengara, etc. can be blended, but the blending amount is preferably 40 to 60 parts per 100M sealing part.
If it is less than 60 parts by weight, the reinforcing effect will be reduced, and if it exceeds 60 parts, the separation property will be poor.
Organosilane compounds or siloxane compounds are preferred, such as ethyl orthosilicate, phenylethoxysilane, ethylphoris! Jri-)-40 (Union Carbide Corporation trade name) and its blending amount is preferably from 2.5 to 100 parts by weight of the base oil (A).
The amount is preferably 5 parts by weight, more preferably 3.5 to 4 parts by weight. If the amount added is less than 2.5 parts by weight, the degree of crosslinking will be insufficient, resulting in low tensile strength and tear strength, as well as poor creep properties, while if it exceeds 5 parts by weight, there will be too much crosslinking, resulting in poor mechanical properties.

又均−な架橋反応を行なわせるために例えばジメチルシ
リコーンオイルを77N銚チ、水を22重量%エチレン
オキサイド系乳化剤を1重量%を配合剤としてベースオ
イル100重量部あたシ0゜3〜1重量部添加すること
が好ましい。
In addition, in order to carry out a uniform crosslinking reaction, for example, 77 N of dimethyl silicone oil, 22% water, 1% ethylene oxide emulsifier by weight, and 0.3 to 1% by weight per 100 parts by weight of base oil are added. It is preferable to add part.

(K、lの硬化触媒としては錫系触媒が使用できる。(A tin-based catalyst can be used as a curing catalyst for K and l.

これらの架橋剤及び触媒はシリコーンオイル例えハシメ
チルシリコーンオイル、フェニルメチルシリコーンオイ
ル金希釈剤として混合し、本体との配合比率を作業に見
合った適正量とした配合剤として使うことが出来る。
These crosslinking agents and catalysts can be used as a compounding agent by mixing silicone oil, such as hashimethyl silicone oil, phenylmethyl silicone oil, as a gold diluent, and adjusting the mixing ratio with the main body in an appropriate amount commensurate with the work.

配合組成の一例としては架橋剤65重量%、触媒2重量
%およびフェニルメ牙ルシリコーンオイル33M量チが
考えられる。
An example of the composition may be 65% by weight of crosslinking agent, 2% by weight of catalyst, and 33M of phenylmetyl silicone oil.

次に本発明の加圧ローラの製造方法について説明する。Next, a method for manufacturing a pressure roller according to the present invention will be explained.

混合方法は特に限定されないが、(A)〜(C)成分に
(D)(E)成分を添加すると硬化反応が始まるので、
(A)〜(C)成分をできるだけ均一に混合してから、
(D)成分、(E)成分を添加、混合するのが望ましい
The mixing method is not particularly limited, but a curing reaction starts when components (D) and (E) are added to components (A) to (C).
After mixing components (A) to (C) as uniformly as possible,
It is desirable to add and mix component (D) and component (E).

このようにして得られたペースト状の組成物を、必要に
応じてプライマーを施した芯金を挿入した円筒状金型内
に注入し、常温ないし100°Cで数時間放置すること
により硬化させ、必要に応じて研削して本発明の加圧ロ
ーラを製造する。
The paste-like composition thus obtained is injected into a cylindrical mold into which a core bar coated with a primer is inserted, if necessary, and left at room temperature to 100°C for several hours to harden. , and grinding as necessary to manufacture the pressure roller of the present invention.

(発明の実施例) 次に本発明の実施例について説明する。(Example of the invention) Next, examples of the present invention will be described.

以下に示す成分を混合してペースト状の組成物を得た。A paste composition was obtained by mixing the components shown below.

(重量部) ベースポリマー (KL1130) 100架橋剤、触
媒(CLC331) 7 水を分散した配合剤(CLCOOI) 0.5ジメチ/
l/シリニア −:yオイル (KF96−ioooc
s) 5但し上記商品名は全て信越化学工業社製の商品
名である。一方、脱脂処理およびプライマーkm布した
芯金を同筒状の金型に挿入し、この金型内に前述したペ
ースト状の組成物を注入し、70”Oで2時間放置して
硬化させた。硬化後その外表面を研削して外径40mm
、ゴム厚5鮎の加圧四−ラを製造した。この加圧ローラ
と加熱ローラとしてテフロンコーティングのロー、7を
使用して通紙枚数とローラ外径の細りとの関係は法衣に
示す通りであった。
(Parts by weight) Base polymer (KL1130) 100 Crosslinking agent, catalyst (CLC331) 7 Water-dispersed compounding agent (CLCOOI) 0.5 dimethyl/
l/Syrinia -:y oil (KF96-ioooc
s) 5 However, all of the above product names are product names manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. On the other hand, the degreased and primer coated core metal was inserted into the same cylindrical mold, and the above-mentioned paste composition was injected into the mold, and left at 70"O for 2 hours to harden. After curing, grind the outer surface to an outer diameter of 40 mm.
A pressurized four-wheeler with a rubber thickness of 5 was produced. Teflon-coated Ro, 7 was used as the pressure roller and heating roller, and the relationship between the number of sheets passed and the narrowing of the outer diameter of the roller was as shown in the robe.

通紙試験は加熱ロー2のコントロール温度195℃、o
 −2f’jli重55 kg、”−ラ有効長300m
m。
The paper passing test was conducted at the control temperature of heating row 2 at 195°C, o
-2f'jli weight 55 kg, effective length 300m
m.

コピー紙搬送速度150闘/秒、通紙A4サイズで行っ
た。
The copying paper was conveyed at a speed of 150 f/sec, and A4 size paper was passed.

なお比較例1としC挙げたものは従来公知の几1’Vシ
リコーンゴムを比較例2はオイル含浸タイ 1プのH’
14シリコーンゴムを加圧ローラのゴム層として使用し
たものである。但し、通紙試験は上述の方法によった。
Comparative Example 1 is a conventionally known type 1'V silicone rubber, and Comparative Example 2 is oil-impregnated type 1 type H'.
No. 14 silicone rubber was used as the rubber layer of the pressure roller. However, the paper passing test was conducted using the method described above.

表 (発明の効果) 以上の実7’l f’Jからも明らかなように不発りJ
の熱定カルゴムローラはトナーや紙粉によるローラの汚
れがなく長寿命である。
Table (Effect of the invention) As is clear from the above fruit 7'l f'J, the failure occurred.
The thermally stable rubber roller has a long lifespan as it is free of dirt from toner and paper dust.

又、クリープ量が少なく圧力解除の必要がないためその
ための新たな機構を設ける必要がない。
Further, since the amount of creep is small and there is no need to release pressure, there is no need to provide a new mechanism for this purpose.

さらに、通紙部と非通紙部の歪の差および全体の外径細
りが小さく、ニップ巾の変化もないため、小さい紙サイ
ズから大きい紙サイズにしても画質への悪影響もなく定
着性も良好である。
Furthermore, the difference in distortion between the paper passing area and the non-paper passing area and the narrowing of the overall outer diameter are small, and there is no change in the nip width, so even when changing from a small paper size to a large paper size, there is no negative effect on image quality and fixing performance is maintained. In good condition.

1事件の表示 昭和58年特許J1112374号 2発明の名称 熱定着用ゴムローラ 3補正をする者 事件どの関係 特許出願人 川崎市川崎区小田栄2丁目1番1号 (225)昭和電線電纜株式会社 代表者 告 雄 稔 彦 4代°理人 川崎市川崎区小田栄2丁目1番1号 自 発 6補正の対称 明細書の発明の詳細な説明の欄。Display of 1 incident 1981 Patent No. J1112374 2. Name of the invention Rubber roller for heat fixing 3. Person who makes corrections Case related to patent applicant 2-1-1 Oda Sakae, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City (225) Showa Electric Wire and Cable Co., Ltd. Representative: Yu Minoruhiko 4th generation Rito 2-1-1 Oda Sakae, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City Self-initiated Symmetry of 6 corrections Detailed description of the invention in the specification.

7補正の内容 明mtgの′発明の詳細な説明を以下のとおり補正する
7. Details of amendment mtg's detailed description of the invention is amended as follows.

(イ)明1llI書第3頁M4行の「ロール」を「ロー
ラ」と補正する。
(a) Correct "roll" on page 3, line M4 of Book 1llI to "roller".

(ロ)明細書第4頁第3行の1オイルフリータイプで」
を削除する。
(b) 1 oil-free type on page 4, line 3 of the specification.”
Delete.

(ハ)明細書第4頁第19行のrKL1130」を1K
E 1130Jに補正する。
(c) rKL1130” on page 4, line 19 of the specification for 1K
E Correct to 1130J.

以 上that's all

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、非磁性金属製ロール芯幅の外周に、(A)粘度10
0〜7000 センチポアズの末端水酸基封鎖ポリジメ
チルシロキサンをベースオイルとして、これに(B)粘
度500〜5000センチポアズのシリコーンオイル、
(C)無機質充填剤、(D)架橋剤および(E)硬化触
媒とを配合して成る組成物を被法層として設けたことを
特徴とする熱定着用ゴムローラ。 2、シリコーンオイルの配合量はベースオイル100重
f1部に対して2.5〜7重景部である特許請求の範囲
第1項記載の熱定着用ゴムローラ。 3、無機質充填剤の配合量は組成物100重景部に対し
て40〜60重量部である特許請求の範囲第1項または
第2項記載の熱定着用ゴムローラ。
[Claims] 1. On the outer periphery of the non-magnetic metal roll core width, (A) viscosity 10
0 to 7000 centipoise terminal hydroxyl group-blocked polydimethylsiloxane as a base oil, (B) silicone oil with a viscosity of 500 to 5000 centipoise,
A rubber roller for heat fixing, characterized in that a composition comprising (C) an inorganic filler, (D) a crosslinking agent, and (E) a curing catalyst is provided as a coated layer. 2. The rubber roller for heat fixing according to claim 1, wherein the amount of silicone oil blended is 2.5 to 7 parts by weight per 1 part by weight of base oil. 3. The rubber roller for heat fixing according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the inorganic filler is blended in an amount of 40 to 60 parts by weight based on 100 parts of the composition.
JP11237483A 1983-06-22 1983-06-22 Heat fixing rubber roller Granted JPS603684A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11237483A JPS603684A (en) 1983-06-22 1983-06-22 Heat fixing rubber roller

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP11237483A JPS603684A (en) 1983-06-22 1983-06-22 Heat fixing rubber roller

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS603684A true JPS603684A (en) 1985-01-10
JPH0320750B2 JPH0320750B2 (en) 1991-03-20

Family

ID=14585083

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP11237483A Granted JPS603684A (en) 1983-06-22 1983-06-22 Heat fixing rubber roller

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS603684A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62165065A (en) * 1986-01-10 1987-07-21 Bando Chem Ind Ltd Friction wheel

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS561967A (en) * 1979-06-20 1981-01-10 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Heat-fixing roll and its production
JPS5649247A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-05-02 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Preparation of heat roll
JPS5687073A (en) * 1979-12-18 1981-07-15 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Production of heat roll
JPS56106263A (en) * 1980-01-14 1981-08-24 Rogers Corp Fusion use roll and production thereof
JPS574907A (en) * 1980-06-13 1982-01-11 Otsuka Yakuhin Kogyo Kk Production of rodenticide
JPS574906A (en) * 1980-06-11 1982-01-11 Hokko Chem Ind Co Ltd Removal of mildew and method of controlling mildew
JPS57149354A (en) * 1981-03-11 1982-09-14 Toray Silicone Co Ltd Curable organopolysiloxane composition for heat fixing roller
JPS5851261A (en) * 1981-09-22 1983-03-25 Hino Motors Ltd Auxiliary starting apparatus

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS561967A (en) * 1979-06-20 1981-01-10 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Heat-fixing roll and its production
JPS5649247A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-05-02 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Preparation of heat roll
JPS5687073A (en) * 1979-12-18 1981-07-15 Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co Ltd Production of heat roll
JPS56106263A (en) * 1980-01-14 1981-08-24 Rogers Corp Fusion use roll and production thereof
JPS574906A (en) * 1980-06-11 1982-01-11 Hokko Chem Ind Co Ltd Removal of mildew and method of controlling mildew
JPS574907A (en) * 1980-06-13 1982-01-11 Otsuka Yakuhin Kogyo Kk Production of rodenticide
JPS57149354A (en) * 1981-03-11 1982-09-14 Toray Silicone Co Ltd Curable organopolysiloxane composition for heat fixing roller
JPS5851261A (en) * 1981-09-22 1983-03-25 Hino Motors Ltd Auxiliary starting apparatus

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS62165065A (en) * 1986-01-10 1987-07-21 Bando Chem Ind Ltd Friction wheel

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