JPS6029430B2 - Method and device for generating simulated visibility - Google Patents

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for generating a simulated visual field, and in particular to a hypothetical three-dimensional visual object consisting of a visual object having a surface whose brightness, darkness, and degree of haze change continuously in each part of the surface. This is a method and pupil closure for displaying an original scene on a display device as a two-dimensional image when viewed from a specified viewpoint.

A device that stores visibility information in a predetermined space, designates an arbitrary point in the space as a viewpoint, and generates a simulated image on a predetermined flight display device that is the same as the view seen from that viewpoint is called a flight simulator (aircraft It is expected that it will be used in the future in fields such as computer automation of various designs of various simulators such as pilot simulation training equipment, and computer animation.

However, in recent years, as users have become more accustomed to using such devices, their demands for image quality have become more diverse and increasingly high. The present invention proposes a new method and device for generating a simulated visual field in consideration of such user requirements, and has the following features.

When a video device stores two-dimensional and three-dimensional visibility information in a certain space, including the color scheme and its brightness, and when an arbitrary point in the space is specified as a viewpoint, the field of view is the same as that seen from that viewpoint. When generating images and simulations, the relative position of each object changes as the position of the viewpoint changes, and the manner in which each object blocks part or all of the other object changes.

It is said that it is extremely difficult to perform these calculations, that is, concealment processing at high speed. The present invention relates to a simulated visual field generating device that can easily perform concealment processing for an object whose surface changes continuously in brightness, darkness, and haze. The present invention will be described in detail with reference to embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

In this example, all three-dimensional visual objects are defined as convex polyhedrons, and objects with curved surfaces are calculated by linearly interpolating the brightness of the vertices of the surfaces constituting the object using the edges of the surfaces and each part of the surface. The curved surface was expressed by adding shading.

First, FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the entire apparatus according to the present invention. In the figure, 1 stores information such as the positions of all visual objects included in the three-dimensional scene assumed by the digital computer, the positions of the vertices constituting the surface, and the color detection. According to the viewpoint, visual objects within the field of view are prioritized in order of proximity to the viewpoint according to their positional relationship with the viewpoint. An example of a method for efficiently assigning priority numbers is described in detail in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 154031/1983. The frame calculator 2 calculates the perspective view of the visual object prioritized by the digital computer 1 as seen from a specified viewpoint, the brightness of each surface when illuminated by a specified light source, and the degree of haze. Geometric calculations are performed, such as calculation, and calculation of whether a line on a perspective view of the edge of the polyhedron defining the visual object (hereinafter referred to as an edge) represents the outline of the visual object. If the viewpoint changes slowly, these calculations are performed using the digital computer 1.
The frame calculator 2 can be omitted by using software. The details of the calculations carried out in the frame calculator will become clear from the following description of the contents of the edge list memory 3, in which the output of the frame calculator is stored.
Further, the edge list memory 3 is composed of a core memory or an IC memory, and the edge table 3b stores information on edges constituting a perspective view and serves as a pointer.

The table 3a has the number of words equal to the number of scan lines of the raster scan display device, and each word indicates which edge has the upper end of the edge on the scan line corresponding to that address or which address in the edge table is stored. show.
That is, FIG. 2 shows the contents of the edge list memory 3 when the calculation result of the perspective view by the frame computer 2 is as shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 2, 3a is a pointer table 3b, and -1 at addresses 0, 1, and 2 of the pointer table 3a indicates that there is no edge originating from the top of scan lines 0, 1, and 2.

The 0 at address 3 indicates that an edge Ea originating from the upper end of scan line 3 exists at address 0 of the edge table.

The same applies below. The edge table qs indicates the start of each edge, that is, the scan line number at the top of the edge. qE indicates the scan line number at the end, that is, the lower end of the edge. Ps is the position of the top of the edge in the horizontal direction (P direction), P is the displacement in the P direction, HI is the rate of change in the vertical direction (Q direction) of the position of the intersection of the edge and the scan line, and 1 is the brightness of the top of the edge. dlq is the rate of change in the brightness of the edge in the vertical direction, dip is the rate of change in the brightness in the horizontal direction of the right side of the edge, C is the color code of the right side of the edge, E/
1 indicates whether the edge is the outline of the object, OBJ indicates the priority calculated by the digital computer 1, and if there is a chain CHAIM or other edge that has the same upper end, that edge is stored. edge table 3
Indicates the address of b.

Here, EaEbEcE female eEf indicates each edge of the triangular pyramid E, and E′gE′hE′iE′jE′kE′IE′
mE'o indicates each edge of the solid E'.

If necessary, information such as fade (haze) F is also calculated in the same way as 1 (brightness) by the frame calculator 2 and stored in the edge list memory 3. During one scan of the raster scan display device 6, the scan line calculator time-divisionally combines the image information on the next scan line, that is, the intersection point information, with the information in the edge list memory 3 and the information on the previous scan line. The calculation is performed sequentially from the intersection information, and the intersection update circuit 41 calculates the intersection between the q-th scan line output from the sorting circuit 42 and each edge, i.e., qE, P, dP, 1. ,dlq,dip,C,E/
1. Information on the intersection of the q+1th scan line from OBJ and each edge is calculated and sent to the switching circuit 42. That is, the following equation is calculated.

Pq ten, = PqdqP, 1q ten, = lq + dlq This is performed until qE x q is established.

When qE3q holds, the edge that becomes qs3q is an edge
It is determined whether the edge exists in the list memory 3, and if it exists, the edge information is sent to the switching (sorting) circuit 42. If the above calculation is generally written considering interlaced scanning, it becomes Pq as follows.
10△q=Pq+△q・dP, lq+△q=lq+△q;
When (q83q), Pq+△q=PS+(q-qS)・
dP, lq+△q: IS ten (q-qS)△lq; (qE
<q) (qSSq) An example connection diagram of the intersection update circuit 41 is shown in FIG.

41a, 41b, 41c, and 41d are selectors, and 41g is an edge list when the output of the comparator is (q8≧q).

The output of memory 3 is PsN, 2dpN, lsN, and lqN.
is output, and when (qE<q) (qs<q), the switching circuit (
The outputs Pq, dP, lq, dlq of (sort) are expressed as (qE<
q) When (qs=q), output Ps, 0, lq, 0, respectively.

Adders 41e and 41f add the output of 41a plus the output of 41b, and the output of 41c+the output of 41d, respectively.

41h and 41i are gate circuits, and the output of 41g comparison is (q
83q) or (qsN<q), the outputs of 41e and 41f, ie, Pq+, , lq+, are output to the switching circuit.

Next, the replacement (sorting) circuit 42 has a function of rearranging the intersection points on the scan line in order from left to right of the scan line in order to enable the next concealment process, and is a relatively simple circuit with a high speed. A wiring diagram is shown in FIG. 5 as an embodiment of a switching (sorting) circuit 42 that enables switching (sorting). This switching (sorting) circuit uses P, which is the sorting key, and other intersection information q to perform high-speed sorting with a simple circuit.
8, dP, 1, dlq, dip, C, E/1, OBJ are separated, and the latter is RAM (RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY) 42p, and the outputs A and P of the address register 42n at that time become bare and are exchanged (
sorting). Every time P calculated by the intersection update circuit 41 is input to the register 42M, P is input to the FI which already contains the previously input P.
FO memory (FIRST INFIRSTOOT memo I)
J) The output of the FIFO memory 42d is compared with the output of the FIFO memory 42d by the comparator 42a, and then the output of the FIFO memory 42d is sent to the FIFO memory 42d.
The operation of writing to the FO memory 42d is repeated for all the P's stored in the FIFO memory, so that the number of P's in the FIFO memory decreases and is arranged in order.

The above operation is performed every time a new P is input from the intersection update circuit 41, and when the FM○ memory 42d becomes 1P,
The contents of the FIFO memory 42d are transferred to the second FIFO memory 4.
Move to 2e. Next, when the FIFO memory 42d reaches 1, it is transferred to the third FIFO memory 42e2. Second,
When the third FIFO memory becomes 1, a merge is performed to empty the second and third FIFO memories, and the merged result is stored in the fourth FIFO memory 42h.
That is, the output of the second FIFO memory 42e2 and the third FIFO memory 42e2
The output of the IFO memory 42e2 is compared with the comparator 42f, the smaller output is read out with the selector 42g, and 42h
, input. This is repeated until the contents of the second and third FIFO memories become empty. The above operation is performed on the 4th and 5th FI.
FO memory 42h, 42h2, 6th and 7th FIFO
For the memories 42k, 42k2, a comparator 42i, a selector 42j, a comparator 42m, and a RAM 4 containing intersection information of P and its pairs rearranged from the output of the selector 42m in descending order by performing the operations using the comparator 42i, the selector 42j, the comparator 42m, and the selector 42m.
It appears at address A of 2P. Next, the hidden and visible processing circuit 43 converts the visual object that is closer to the viewpoint into one of the visual objects that are farther away.
In the case of blocking part or all of the screen, the display of the blocked part on the display device is removed, and the color, brightness, degree of haze, etc. of the part that is desired to be left unblocked are calculated.

A wiring diagram of an embodiment of this concealment processing circuit 43 will be explained with reference to FIG. To explain the case where the two-dimensional perspective view output from the exchange (sort) circuit as input data is as shown in FIG. 7a, the exchange (sort) circuit 42 outputs the edges Ea, Ec of the triangular pyramid shown in FIG. and the edge E′k of the cube
, edges Ef of the triangular pyramid, edges E′m, E′o of the cube
Intersection point P,, P2, P3 between and scan line
, P4, P5, and P6 are input in order, and among them, OBJ and E/1 are given to the high-speed priority determination circuit 431, while intersection information other than E/1 and OBJ, C color code, 1 brightness , the rate of change of dip brightness in the P direction, and the position of the P intersection in the P direction are written to address OBJ in the memory 434. The high-speed priority determination circuit outputs the highest OBJ number that has been input and has not been reset.

This OBJH and the current OBJ are compared by a comparator 432, and when the OBJ is phantom BJH (however, the smaller the number of OBJs, the higher the priority), it is determined to be active (visible) and the replacement (sorting) circuit immediately before The input intersection point is an intersection point that can be seen from the specified viewpoint without being obstructed by other visual objects. Otherwise, the portion is occluded by the visual object in the foreground. If active, intersection information calculated by a correction calculation circuit 435, which will be described later, is sent to the video signal generator 6, and otherwise ignored. This will be explained in detail with reference to FIG. 7a. Detailed data of FIG. 7a is shown in FIG. From just after the input of the intersection point P, until just before the input of P4, the triangular pyramid E is shown in Figure 8.
Since the priority of cube E' is 1 with respect to the intersection P3, OBJ(=1)miOB
Since JH (=0) does not hold, the intersection P3 is a hidden intersection and is not output from the concealment processing circuit 43.

Next, the OBJH address of the memory 434 is read and the color, brightness, horizontal change rate of brightness, displacement in the P direction, CH, 1 river dip day, and PH at the intersection of the highest priority are set. Thus, the correction calculation circuit 435 calculates CH, IH+(P-P
H)+dip day, dip day, P is calculated and outputted to the video signal generation circuit 5 to change the color, brightness, and brightness of the partially occluded visual object surface in the horizontal direction (P direction) The ratio can be calculated accurately and obtained as shown in FIG. 7b.

Further explaining FIG. 7a, for the intersection points P, , P2, since OBJ=OBJH, (P-PH)=0, and the position, color, brightness, and change in brightness of the intersection point calculated by the intersection update circuit 41. The rate is the intersection information of each intersection. Regarding P3, as mentioned above, it is a hidden point in OBJ raw OBJH and is deleted. For P4, OBJ (=0
) MiOBJH (=1), CH, IH, etc. become the intersection information of P3, and the brightness at point P4 of both ABCD will be corrected accurately by the amount corresponding to (P4-P3). . Furthermore, if necessary, not only the brightness but also the degree of haze and depth of the image can be calculated in the same manner as the brightness. Furthermore, the above calculations are accurate even if there are multiple occlusions. The video signal generation circuit 5 generates a video signal based on the information of the intersection outputted from the concealment processing circuit 43. In other words, in the process of scanning the spot of the raster scanning display device 6 from left to right, the spot position and the intersection When the information coincides with the intersection position, the spot is modulated by color, brightness, and brightness change rate.Finally, the effect of the device of the present invention is that the decomposition of a two-dimensional image into scan lines, including interlace processing, Since this is generally performed sequentially in an intersection update circuit, it can be performed at high speed with a simple circuit.

The replacement (sorting) circuit separates the key from other data and sorts the addresses of the data separated from the key, so there are fewer data operations and the circuit is simple.

Furthermore, since the bare sorting of keys and addresses basically uses a logarithmic sorting method, the circuit is simple and high-speed sorting can be performed. Since the concealment process uses a high-speed priority ranking determination circuit that has been previously filed by the present applicant, high-speed processing is possible with a simple circuit.

In addition to the simplicity of this circuit itself, this circuit allows the coded OBJ number to be input directly and the coded OBJH
Since it outputs, the published patent publication JP-A-50-154031
When the circuit shown in Fig. 8 is used, a decoder and an encoder are not required for the input and output, respectively, and the entire concealment processing circuit becomes simple. When a surface with continuous changes in brightness and darkness or haze is partially occluded by the concealment processing circuit of the present invention, correction calculations can be made for the brightness and darkness of the remaining surface and the degree of haze. Since the circuit is completely connected in series with the interception calculation circuit, by using a pipeline configuration, there is no need to consider an increase in the calculation time load at all.

From the above, to describe the overall effect of the device of the present invention, it is possible to visualize a hypothetical scene consisting of visual objects having three-dimensional colors, continuous light and dark surfaces, or curved surfaces. If necessary, it is possible to quickly calculate and display a two-dimensional image with blurry distance if necessary, as seen from a specified viewpoint, so it can provide a realistic visual sensation to flight simulators and other simulated training devices. It is expected that more parts of the training using simulators can be effectively replaced by simulated training equipment.

Also, CAD (COMPUTORAIDED DESIG)
In the case of checking the design in N), the GRAPHIR DISPLAY of the line drawing was
Although it has been used as a hineintehace, the device of the present invention can display objects with surfaces, making it a more effective man-macMneintehace.

Furthermore, in such a case, the movement of the viewpoint may be slow, so the frame calculator can be omitted, resulting in a simpler device.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the entire configuration of an embodiment of the device according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the contents of the edge list memory 3 in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a calculation result of the frame computer 2 in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is an example connection diagram of an updent circuit included in the scan line computer 4 in FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 is a permutation (sort) circuit included in the scan line computer 4. FIG. 6 is an example wiring diagram of an occulting processing circuit included in the same scan line computer 4, and FIGS. FIG. 8 is a table showing detailed data regarding the perspective view of FIG. 7a. In the figure, 1 is a digital computer, 2 is a frame calculator, 3 is an edge list memory, 4 is a scan line calculator, 5 is a video signal generation circuit, 6 is a raster scan display device, 41
4 is an intersection update circuit, 42 is an exchange circuit, 43 is a concealment processing circuit, 431 is a highest priority order determining circuit, 432 is a comparator, 4
33 is an address selector, 434 is a RAM memory, 43
5 is a correction calculation circuit. Figure 1 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. In order to display a hypothetical three-dimensional scene as a two-dimensional image viewed from a specified viewpoint, a step of storing information regarding the three-dimensional scene and a field of view of the specified viewpoint. prioritizing all of the objects in the scene in order of their likelihood of obscuring other objects; The brightness of an object when illuminated by a light source,
A process of calculating the degree of haze and other surfaces of the object, and based on the calculation results, the position of the intersection between each scan line and the perspective view, the brightness at the intersection,
The process of calculating the degree of haze and depth and the intersection point,
The present invention is characterized by comprising the steps of deleting intersections that are blocked by objects closer to the front, calculating the brightness and degree of haze of the unobstructed portion of the surface, and generating a video signal from the calculation results. A method for generating simulated visibility. 2. In order to display a hypothetical three-dimensional scene as a two-dimensional image viewed from a designated viewpoint, a device for storing information regarding the three-dimensional scene and a device for storing information about each object within the field of view of the designated viewpoint are installed. A digital calculator equipped with a device for prioritizing all objects in the order of their likelihood of occluding other objects, and calculating and assuming perspective views of all prioritized objects in the field of view onto the projection plane. a frame calculator that calculates the brightness of an object when illuminated by a light source and the degree of haziness; an edge list memory that stores the output of the frame calculator; and a scan line and the perspective from the information in the edge list memory. You can calculate the brightness, rate of change in brightness, color, degree of haze, etc. at the intersection with the diagram, replace the information at the intersection, remove the part occluded by objects in the foreground, and further A scan line calculator that performs various calculations and replacements such as correcting the brightness of surfaces that are not visible, and a specified viewpoint that uses the output of the scan line computer to obtain three-dimensional information assumed by the output of a video signal generation circuit. A simulated visual field generating device comprising: a raster scanning display device that displays a two-dimensional image viewed from above. 3 The scan line calculator calculates the brightness, rate of change in brightness, color, and degree of haze at the intersection of the perspective view of each visual object and the scan line, as well as the brightness, brightness change rate, color, and degree of haze at the intersection, for each scan line sequentially from the information in the edge list memory. 3. The simulated visual field generating device according to claim 2, further comprising an intersection update circuit for calculating, etc. 4. The simulated field of view according to claim 2, wherein the scan line calculator includes a switching circuit that rearranges the intersection information in order from the intersection at the left position of the scan line to the right. Generator. 5 The scan line calculator removes the portions occluded by objects in the foreground among the intersections between the perspective view of each visual object and the scan line, and further calculates the brightness of the surface that is only partially visible. The simulated visual field generating device according to claim 2, characterized in that it includes a concealment processing circuit. 6. Claim 2, wherein the concealment processing circuit includes a high-speed priority determination circuit, a comparator, an address selector, a RAM memory, and a correction calculation circuit.
The simulated visual field generating device according to any one of items 5 to 5. 7 The correction calculation circuit includes an adder that takes out P-PH and (P
-PH)×dI_P_H and I_H+(
P-PH) x dI_P_H (where P is the horizontal position of the intersection of the perspective view and the scan line, P
H represents P with the highest priority, and similarly dI_P_
H is the rate of change in the horizontal brightness of the surface to the right of the intersection, I_
8. The simulated visual field generating device according to claim 2, 5, 6 or 7, characterized in that H is the brightness of the intersection.