JPS5997412A - Vaporizing type kerosene burner - Google Patents

Vaporizing type kerosene burner

Info

Publication number
JPS5997412A
JPS5997412A JP20711082A JP20711082A JPS5997412A JP S5997412 A JPS5997412 A JP S5997412A JP 20711082 A JP20711082 A JP 20711082A JP 20711082 A JP20711082 A JP 20711082A JP S5997412 A JPS5997412 A JP S5997412A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
vaporizing
kerosene
vaporization
film
chemical conversion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP20711082A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Kunihiro Tsuruta
邦弘 鶴田
Tadashi Hikino
曳野 「ただし」
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to JP20711082A priority Critical patent/JPS5997412A/en
Publication of JPS5997412A publication Critical patent/JPS5997412A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/44Preheating devices; Vaporising devices
    • F23D11/441Vaporising devices incorporated with burners

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To reduce the deposit of tar and thereby maintain a favorable combustion state over an extended period, by constituting a vaporizing surface with a metallized layer of heat resistant metal, a chemical film having a metallic oxide as a principal ingredient and a platinum-based catalyst, and by maintaining the temperature of varporizing surface at a level higher than the boiling temperature of kerosene film. CONSTITUTION:A vaporizing surface 13 is constituted with a flame-spray metallized layer 16 of heat resistant metal formed over the surface of basic material of vaporizing cylinder, a chemical film 17 having as a principal ingredient a metallic oxide formed over the metallized layer 16 and a platinum-based catalyst 18 carried on the chemical film 17. The vaporizing surface 13 is heated up to a temperature higher than the boiling temperature of kerosene film by heating the tip of vaporizing cylinder 8 with a combustion heat. In this case, measurement has been made with a tar weight to be deposited on the vaporizing surface 13 during a continuous combustion, while supplying to the vaporizing cylinder 8 (84mm. in inner diameter) a reformed kerosene with 0.1 of total acid number at the rate of 270ml/H. Measurement results are shown in a figure.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 産業上の利用分野 本発明は灯油燃焼装置に関し、特にその気化面に関する
ものである。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION This invention relates to kerosene combustion equipment, and more particularly to its vaporization aspects.

従来例の構成とその問題点 従来の灯油燃焼装置の気化筒は、アルミダイカスト等の
金属を基材としており、平滑な金属面からなる気化面に
て灯油を核沸騰領域温度で気化させていた。
The structure of conventional examples and their problems The vaporizing cylinder of conventional kerosene combustion equipment was made of metal such as aluminum die-casting, and the kerosene was vaporized at a temperature in the nucleate boiling region on the vaporizing surface made of a smooth metal surface. .

このタイプの装置は構造が簡単で燃焼制御が容易にでき
るという特徴がある反面、気化面にタールがたい積して
気化面□から灯油への熱移動が低下し、気化速度が低下
して脈動燃焼を起こしたり、着火・消火時に白煙・臭気
を発生して安定燃焼が阻害されるとい□う欠点がちうた
。特に、変質油。
This type of device has a simple structure and can easily control combustion, but on the other hand, tar accumulates on the vaporizing surface, reducing heat transfer from the vaporizing surface to the kerosene, reducing the vaporization rate and causing pulsating combustion. Disadvantages include that they cause white smoke and odor when ignited and extinguished, impeding stable combustion. Especially denatured oil.

重質油などの不純□物(過酸化物、有機酸、謝脂分など
)を含む燃料を使用すると、短時間の燃焼で多量のター
ルがたい積する欠点があった。
When fuels containing impurities (peroxides, organic acids, fats, etc.) such as heavy oil are used, they have the disadvantage of accumulating large amounts of tar during short-term combustion.

発明の目的 本発明は、この欠点を解決して気化面にたい積する夕」
ル量を少なくシ、長期間安定した燃焼を維持する灯油燃
焼装置を提供することを目的とする◇ 発明の構成 この目的を達成するために、気化筒の基材が金属である
気化式灯油燃焼機において、気化筒の気化面を下記のI
、■で構成した。
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves this drawback and aims to reduce the amount of water that accumulates on vaporizing surfaces.
An object of the present invention is to provide a kerosene combustion device that maintains stable combustion for a long period of time while reducing the amount of kerosene. In the machine, the vaporization surface of the vaporization cylinder is
, ■.

■ 気化面が、基材に形成した耐熱性金属の溶射層と、
との溶射層に形成した金属酸化物を主成分とする化成皮
膜と、とめ化成皮膜に担持した白金族触媒とで構成され
ていること。
■ The evaporation surface has a thermally sprayed layer of heat-resistant metal formed on the base material,
It is composed of a chemical conversion coating mainly composed of metal oxides formed on the thermal sprayed layer, and a platinum group catalyst supported on the stopper chemical conversion coating.

■ 気化面の温度を、灯油の膜沸騰温度以上としたこと
■ The temperature of the vaporizing surface was set to be higher than the film boiling temperature of kerosene.

この構成によって、灯油は膜製I膚を起こし、粒状とな
って気化面より浮かび上がり運動しなから気化面全体か
ら蒸発する。さらに、気化面の表面積が増大して、灯油
の蒸発速度が早まり、白金族触媒の作用によりタールの
分解が促進される。
With this structure, the kerosene forms a film, becomes particulate, floats above the vaporization surface, moves, and then evaporates from the entire vaporization surface. Furthermore, the surface area of the vaporizing surface increases, the rate of evaporation of kerosene is accelerated, and the decomposition of tar is promoted by the action of the platinum group catalyst.

実施例の説明 以下、実施例によって詳述する。Description of examples Hereinafter, it will be explained in detail using examples.

第1図は、本発明の一実施例である灯油燃焼装置の要部
断面図である。モーターケース1.バーナーケース2.
燃焼筒3はこの順に連結されている。モーター4ば、モ
ーターケース1内に格納されており、その軸はバーナー
ケース2内の円錐形状のコーン52円形状振シ切り板6
.かくはん羽根7と連結している。円筒状の気化筒8は
バーナーケース2に格納されており、熱伝導率のよい金
属材料によって構成されている。予熱用シーズヒータ9
は気化筒8内に埋設されている。ターボファン1oは、
バーナーケース2内にモーター4の軸の中程に固定され
ており、バーナーケース2に固定したガイド羽根11と
組み合わせて起風室を構成している。
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a main part of a kerosene combustion device which is an embodiment of the present invention. Motor case 1. Burner case 2.
The combustion tubes 3 are connected in this order. The motor 4 is housed in the motor case 1, and its shaft connects to a conical cone 52 in the burner case 2 and a circular cutting plate 6.
.. It is connected to the stirring blade 7. The cylindrical vaporizing cylinder 8 is housed in the burner case 2 and is made of a metal material with good thermal conductivity. Preheating sheathed heater 9
is buried in the vaporizer cylinder 8. Turbo fan 1o is
It is fixed in the middle of the shaft of the motor 4 inside the burner case 2, and in combination with the guide vane 11 fixed to the burner case 2 constitutes an air blowing chamber.

上記構成において、燃焼開始にあたっては、先ず予熱用
シーズヒータ9に通電し、気化筒8を加熱する。通電に
より、灯油が膜沸騰する温度まで気化筒8の温度が上昇
すると、モーター4が始動し、コーン5.振り切り板6
.かくはん羽根7が回転する。ターボ−ファン1oが風
圧を起生ずると、−次および二次の燃焼用空気が気化筒
8の内外を流れる。送風開始と同時に燃料ポンプ(記載
せず)が作動し、灯油が供給パイプ12を通ってコーン
5上に供給され、振り切り板6.かくはん羽根7を経て
微粒油滴となり気化面13に向かって飛散する。
In the above configuration, when starting combustion, first, the preheating sheathed heater 9 is energized to heat the vaporization tube 8. When the temperature of the vaporizer cylinder 8 rises to the temperature at which kerosene film boils by applying electricity, the motor 4 starts and the cone 5. Shaking board 6
.. The stirring blade 7 rotates. When the turbo fan 1o generates wind pressure, secondary and secondary combustion air flows in and out of the carburetor cylinder 8. Simultaneously with the start of air blowing, a fuel pump (not shown) is activated, and kerosene is supplied onto the cone 5 through the supply pipe 12, and the swinging plate 6. After passing through the stirring blade 7, the oil becomes fine oil droplets and scatters toward the vaporizing surface 13.

一方、気化筒8内には一次空気が送られており、気化面
13上で膜沸騰てて気化した灯油の蒸気と混合して混合
ガス流となり、ノ<−ナーヘノド14を通9抜け、燃焼
炎16となる。
On the other hand, primary air is sent into the vaporization cylinder 8, and it boils on the vaporization surface 13 and mixes with the vaporized kerosene vapor to form a mixed gas flow, which passes through the no<-nahe nod 14 and is combusted. The flame becomes 16.

第2図は、気化面の断面図である。気化面13は、気化
筒の基材8′の表面に形成した耐熱性金属の溶射層16
と、溶射層16に形成した金属酸化物を主成分とする化
成皮膜1了と、化成皮膜17に担持した白金族触媒18
とで構成されている。
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the vaporization surface. The vaporizing surface 13 is a thermally sprayed layer 16 of a heat-resistant metal formed on the surface of the base material 8' of the vaporizing tube.
, a chemical conversion coating mainly composed of metal oxide formed on the sprayed layer 16 , and a platinum group catalyst 18 supported on the chemical conversion coating 17 .
It is made up of.

また、燃焼熱により気化筒8の先端部を加熱して、気化
面13は、その温度を灯油の膜沸ノ侮7品度以上として
いる。
In addition, the tip of the vaporizing tube 8 is heated by the heat of combustion, and the temperature of the vaporizing surface 13 is made to be 7 degrees higher than the film boiling temperature of kerosene.

この気化筒8(内径84叫)に全酸価0.1の変質灯油
を270m1!/Hの割合で供給しながら連続燃焼し、
気化面13に堆積するタール重量を測定した。この結果
を第3図に示す。なお、この時の気化面温度は325℃
であり灯油の膜沸騰温度以上である。
270ml of altered kerosene with a total acid value of 0.1 is placed in this vaporizer cylinder 8 (inner diameter 84mm)! Continuous combustion while supplying at a ratio of /H,
The weight of tar deposited on the vaporization surface 13 was measured. The results are shown in FIG. The vaporization surface temperature at this time was 325℃.
This is higher than the film boiling temperature of kerosene.

曲線Aは、気化面がアルミニウムダイカスト(Al s
 4%)気化筒の平滑な基材の場合のタール生成量の経
時変化を示す。
Curve A indicates that the vaporization surface is made of aluminum die-casting (Al s
4%) It shows the change over time in the amount of tar produced when the base material of the vaporization cylinder is smooth.

曲線Bは、本実施例において、基材の表面に形成したア
ルミニウム溶射層に化成処理を施こして酸化アルミニウ
ムの化成皮膜を形成し、この化成皮膜に白金を担持させ
た気化面の場合のタール生成量の経時変化を示す。この
気化面は、アルミニウムダイカス)(A784%)基材
の表面に電気アーク溶射によってアルミニウム溶射層を
形成した後、このアルミニウム溶射層を炭酸ナトリウム
溶液を主成分とする溶液にて化成処理して酸化アルミニ
ウムの化成皮膜を形成し、塩化白金酸(H2PtCl4
.6H20)を溶かした溶液を化成皮膜に含浸し100
℃で数時間乾燥後400℃で3時間焼成して白金’io
、3wt%担持させたものである。
In this example, curve B shows the tar in the case of a vaporized surface in which an aluminum sprayed layer formed on the surface of a base material is subjected to a chemical conversion treatment to form an aluminum oxide chemical conversion film, and platinum is supported on this chemical conversion film. It shows the change in production amount over time. This vaporized surface is made by forming an aluminum sprayed layer on the surface of an aluminum die casting (A784%) base material by electric arc spraying, and then chemically treating this aluminum sprayed layer with a solution containing sodium carbonate solution as the main component. A chemical conversion film of aluminum oxide is formed, and chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl4
.. Impregnate the chemical conversion coating with a solution of 6H20)
After drying at ℃ for several hours, baking at 400℃ for 3 hours to form platinum'io.
, 3 wt%.

曲線Cは、本実施例において、基材の表面に形成したア
ルミニウム溶射層に化成処理を施こして酸化アルミニウ
ムの化成皮膜を形成し、との化成皮膜にパラジウムを担
持させた気化面の場合のり−ル生成量の変時変化を示す
。気化面の製作は前述の操作手順と同一であり、アルミ
ニウム(A199.0%以上)の溶射層に化成処理を施
して酸化アルミニウムの化成皮膜を形成し、この化成皮
膜に塩化パラジウムの溶射を用いてパラジウムを0.3
wtチ担持させた。
In this example, the curve C shows the adhesive resistance in the case of a vaporized surface in which an aluminum sprayed layer formed on the surface of a base material is subjected to a chemical conversion treatment to form an aluminum oxide chemical conversion film, and palladium is supported on the chemical conversion film. - Shows the time-varying changes in the amount of oil produced. The production of the vaporization surface is the same as the above-mentioned operation procedure, and a chemical conversion treatment is applied to a thermally sprayed layer of aluminum (A199.0% or more) to form a chemical conversion film of aluminum oxide, and this chemical conversion film is thermally sprayed with palladium chloride. 0.3 palladium
I made it carry wt chi.

曲線りば、本実施例において、基材の表面に形成したア
ルミニウム合金<AI’fr主成分とし、Cu。
In this example, if the curved line is an aluminum alloy formed on the surface of the base material, the main component is Cu.

S i 、 Fe 、Mn 、 Zn 、Cr 、 T
iを含有している)の溶射層に化成処理を施して酸化ア
ルミニウムを主成分とする化成皮膜を形成し、この化成
皮膜にルテニウムを担持させた気化面の場合のタール生
成量の経時変化を示す。
Si, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, T
The thermal sprayed layer (containing i) is subjected to chemical conversion treatment to form a chemical conversion film containing aluminum oxide as the main component, and the change over time in the amount of tar generated in the case of a vaporized surface with ruthenium supported on this chemical conversion film was investigated. show.

曲線Eは、本実施例におりて、□基材の表面に形成した
アルミニウム溶射層に化成処理を施して酸化アルミニウ
ムを主成分とする化成皮、Ill形成し、この化成皮膜
に、ロジウムを姐持した気化面の場合のタール生成量の
経時変化を示す。
In this example, curve E shows that the aluminum sprayed layer formed on the surface of the base material is subjected to chemical conversion treatment to form a chemical coating mainly composed of aluminum oxide, and rhodium is added to this chemical conversion coating. This figure shows the change over time in the amount of tar generated when the vaporizing surface is held.

曲線Fは、本実施例において、基材の表面に形成したア
ルミニウム溶射量に化成処理を施こして酸化アルミニウ
ムの化成皮膜を形成し、この化成皮膜に白金とパラジウ
ムを担持させた気化面の場合のタール生成量を示す。
In this example, curve F is a vaporized surface in which a chemical conversion coating of aluminum oxide is formed by applying a chemical conversion treatment to the amount of aluminum sprayed on the surface of a base material, and platinum and palladium are supported on this chemical conversion coating. shows the amount of tar produced.

本発明の実施例である曲線B、C,D、E、Fは、平滑
な気化面で返る曲線Aと比較してタール生成量が少ない
Curves B, C, D, E, and F, which are examples of the present invention, generate less tar than curve A, which returns on a smooth vaporization surface.

比較のために、気化面が平滑なアルミニウムダイカスト
であり気化面温度が核沸騰温度(275℃で実験)の従
来の場合のタール生成量の経時変化を曲線Gに示す。
For comparison, curve G shows the change over time in the amount of tar produced in a conventional case in which the vaporizing surface is a smooth aluminum die-cast and the vaporizing surface temperature is the nucleate boiling temperature (experimented at 275° C.).

本発明の実施例である曲線B、C,D、E、Fは、従来
例である曲線Gと比較してタール生成量が少ない。
Curves B, C, D, E, and F, which are examples of the present invention, produce less tar than curve G, which is a conventional example.

灯油の蒸発形態は285℃付近にて変化し、286℃付
近より高温では膜沸騰、286℃付近以下では核沸騰に
て蒸発していた。膜沸騰温度以上で灯油を蒸発させると
、灯油は微粒子化して気化面より浮かび上がり運動しな
がら気化面全体より蒸発していた。
The evaporation form of kerosene changes around 285°C, with film boiling at temperatures higher than around 286°C and nucleate boiling at temperatures below around 286°C. When kerosene was evaporated above the film boiling temperature, the kerosene became fine particles, floated above the vaporization surface, and evaporated from the entire vaporization surface while moving.

また、白金族触媒としてオスミウム、イリジウム、イリ
ジウムを用い、基材の表面に形成したアルミニウム溶射
層に化成処理を施こして酸化アルミニウムの化成皮膜を
形成し、これらの触媒を担持させた気化面の場合も、そ
のタール生成量は平滑な気化面である曲線Aより少なか
った。なお、触媒の活性より、白金、ノくラジウム、ル
テニウム。
In addition, using osmium, iridium, and iridium as platinum group catalysts, a chemical conversion treatment is performed on the aluminum sprayed layer formed on the surface of the base material to form a chemical conversion film of aluminum oxide, and the vaporization surface on which these catalysts are supported is treated. In this case, the amount of tar produced was less than that of curve A, which is a smooth vaporization surface. In addition, based on the activity of the catalyst, platinum, radium, and ruthenium are used.

ロジウムの単一もしくは複合の組合わせが最適であった
。また、担持量は0.01〜3wt%が最適であった。
Single or multiple combinations of rhodium were optimal. Further, the optimum supported amount was 0.01 to 3 wt%.

本発明において、耐熱性金属は鉄、アルミニウム、銅も
しくはその合金であり、特にアルミニウム、アルミニウ
ム合金が最適であった。これらの溶射層の表面粗さは中
心線平均粗さくRa)にて5〜50μmが最適である0 溶射層に形成した金属酸化物を主成分とする化成皮膜は
、溶射層の耐熱性金属を化学的に処理して耐熱性金属の
酸化物を主成分とする化成皮膜を形成したものであり、
数ミクロン程度の膜厚が最適であった。これらの化成皮
膜は耐熱性金属の溶射層と密着性がよい。
In the present invention, the heat-resistant metal is iron, aluminum, copper, or an alloy thereof, and aluminum and an aluminum alloy are particularly suitable. The optimum surface roughness of these sprayed layers is 5 to 50 μm in terms of center line average roughness (Ra). It is chemically treated to form a chemical conversion film whose main component is a heat-resistant metal oxide.
A film thickness of several microns was optimal. These chemical conversion coatings have good adhesion to the thermally sprayed layer of heat-resistant metal.

発明の効果 以上のように本発明によれば、気化面が、気化筒基材に
形成した耐熱性金属の溶射層と、この溶射層に形成した
金属酸化物を主成分とする化成皮膜と、該化成皮膜に担
持した白金族触媒とで構成されるとともに、気化面温度
を灯油の膜沸騰温度以上とすることにより、気化面全体
で蒸発75工おこなわれ、白金族触媒の作用によりター
ルの分解力;促進されるため、気化面に生成するタール
量力玉少なくなり長期間安定した燃焼を維持するという
効果が得られる。
Effects of the Invention As described above, according to the present invention, the vaporizing surface includes a thermally sprayed layer of a heat-resistant metal formed on the vaporizer cylinder base material, a chemical conversion coating mainly composed of a metal oxide formed on this thermally sprayed layer, By making the vaporization surface temperature higher than the film boiling temperature of kerosene, 75 steps of evaporation are performed on the entire vaporization surface, and the tar is decomposed by the action of the platinum group catalyst. Since the power is promoted, the amount of tar generated on the vaporization surface is reduced, resulting in the effect of maintaining stable combustion for a long period of time.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第1図は本発明の一実施例である気化式灯油燃焼装置の
要部断面図、第2図は同要部気化面の断面図、第3図は
本発明の詳細な説明する特性図である0 8・・・・・・気化筒、8′・・・・・・基材、13・
・・・・・気化面、16・・・・・・溶射層、17・・
・・・・化成皮膜、18・・・・・・白金族触媒。 代理人の氏名 弁理士 中 尾 敏 男 は力)1名第
1図 第2図 第3図 1π、・虎許開
Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a main part of a vaporizing kerosene combustion device which is an embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the vaporizing surface of the main part, and Fig. 3 is a characteristic diagram explaining the present invention in detail. 0 8... Vaporization tube, 8'... Base material, 13.
... Vaporization surface, 16 ... Thermal spray layer, 17 ...
...Chemical coating, 18...Platinum group catalyst. Name of agent: Patent attorney Toshio Nakao, 1 person Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1π, ・Tora Xu Kai

Claims (3)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] (1)気化筒の基材が金属で構成され気化□筒の気化が
、基材に形成した耐熱性金属の溶射層と、この溶射層に
形成した金属酸化物を主成分とする化成皮膜と、この化
成皮膜に但持した白金族触媒とで構成されるとともに、
気□化面濾度を灯油の膜沸騰温度以上とした気化式灯油
燃焼機。
(1) The base material of the vaporization cylinder is made of metal, and the vaporization of the vaporization cylinder forms a heat-resistant metal sprayed layer formed on the base material and a chemical conversion coating mainly composed of metal oxide formed on this sprayed layer. , is composed of a platinum group catalyst held in this chemical conversion film, and
A vaporizing kerosene combustion machine with a vaporization surface filtration rate higher than the film boiling temperature of kerosene.
(2)耐熱性金属が、“アルミニウム又はアルミ三つム
合金である特許請求の範囲第1項記載の気化式%式%
(2) The vaporization formula % formula % according to claim 1, wherein the heat-resistant metal is "aluminum or aluminum triple alloy"
(3)白金族触′媒が、白金、パラジウム、ルテニウム
、ロジウムの群より選択□した一種以上である特許請求
の範囲第1項記載の気化式灯油燃焼機。
(3) The vaporizing kerosene combustor according to claim 1, wherein the platinum group catalyst is one or more selected from the group of platinum, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium.
JP20711082A 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Vaporizing type kerosene burner Pending JPS5997412A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP20711082A JPS5997412A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Vaporizing type kerosene burner

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP20711082A JPS5997412A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Vaporizing type kerosene burner

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS5997412A true JPS5997412A (en) 1984-06-05

Family

ID=16534359

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP20711082A Pending JPS5997412A (en) 1982-11-25 1982-11-25 Vaporizing type kerosene burner

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5997412A (en)

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