JPS5918092A - Water quantity adjusting valve device of marine propeller - Google Patents
Water quantity adjusting valve device of marine propellerInfo
- Publication number
- JPS5918092A JPS5918092A JP57127693A JP12769382A JPS5918092A JP S5918092 A JPS5918092 A JP S5918092A JP 57127693 A JP57127693 A JP 57127693A JP 12769382 A JP12769382 A JP 12769382A JP S5918092 A JPS5918092 A JP S5918092A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- valve seat
- valve body
- contact
- water
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
- F01P7/14—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid
- F01P7/16—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B61/00—Adaptations of engines for driving vehicles or for driving propellers; Combinations of engines with gearing
- F02B61/04—Adaptations of engines for driving vehicles or for driving propellers; Combinations of engines with gearing for driving propellers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Lift Valve (AREA)
- Temperature-Responsive Valves (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は、船舶推進機の水量調節弁装置に関するＯ
船外機、船内外機等では、内燃機関のシリンダケースに
形成されるウォータジャケットに、ウォータジャケット
内の水温、水圧等の変化によって相互に接離可能な第１
図に示すような弁座１と弁体２とを配設し、ウォータジ
ャケットにおける冷却水の流量を内燃機関の運転状態に
よって調整可能としている。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a water flow control valve device for a marine propulsion device. The first part can be moved toward and away from each other due to changes in water pressure, etc.
A valve seat 1 and a valve body 2 as shown in the figure are arranged so that the flow rate of cooling water in the water jacket can be adjusted depending on the operating state of the internal combustion engine.
ここで、船外機、船内外機等において用いられる冷却水
は、外部の海水、湖水であり、砂つぶ、繊組状のごみを
含んでいる。したがって、上記従来の水量調節弁装置に
あっては、弁の閉止時に弁座１と弁体２との接触部間に
噛込まれた砂つぶ、耕、雄状のごみが、弁座１と弁体２
との間に滞溜し、弁の確実な閉止状態を得ることができ
ない虞れがある。Here, the cooling water used in outboard motors, inboard/outboard motors, etc. is external seawater or lake water, and contains sand particles and fiber-like debris. Therefore, in the above-mentioned conventional water flow control valve device, when the valve is closed, sand particles, plows, and male-shaped debris that are caught between the contact area between the valve seat 1 and the valve body 2 are removed from the valve seat 1. Valve body 2
There is a risk that the valve may not be able to be reliably closed due to the accumulation of water between the two.
本発明は、確実な弁の閉止状態を得ることを可能とし、
内燃機関の円滑な作動を確保するととができる船舶推進
機の水量調節弁装置を提供することを目的とする。The present invention makes it possible to obtain a reliable closed state of the valve,
An object of the present invention is to provide a water flow control valve device for a marine vessel propulsion device that can ensure smooth operation of an internal combustion engine.
上記目的を達成するために、本発明に係る船舶推進機の
水量調節弁装置は、弁座と弁体とを線接触状態で当接可
能とするようにしたものである。In order to achieve the above object, a water flow control valve device for a marine vessel propulsion device according to the present invention is configured such that a valve seat and a valve body can come into contact with each other in a line contact state.
以下、本発明の実施例を図面を参照して説明するＯ
第２図は本発明が適用される船外機を示す側面図、第３
図は本発明の一実施例を示す要部断面図、第４図は同実
施例における感温弁を示す要部破断図、第５図は第４図
の平面図であるＯ
第２図に示すように、船外機１０は、ブラケット１１ｅ
介して、船体にチルトアップおよび転舵可能に取付可能
とされている。船外機１０の上部には内燃機関１２が搭
載され、内燃機関１２の出力はドライブ軸１３を介して
下部のプロペラ軸１４に伝達され、プロペラ軸１４に直
結されているプロペラ１５を回転可能としている。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. Figure 2 is a side view showing an outboard motor to which the present invention is applied;
The figure is a cross-sectional view of a main part showing an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4 is a cutaway view of a main part showing a temperature-sensitive valve in the same embodiment, and FIG. As shown, the outboard motor 10 has a bracket 11e.
It is said that it can be attached to the hull of the ship so that it can be tilted up and steered. An internal combustion engine 12 is mounted on the top of the outboard motor 10, and the output of the internal combustion engine 12 is transmitted to a propeller shaft 14 at the bottom via a drive shaft 13, and a propeller 15 directly connected to the propeller shaft 14 is rotatably driven. There is.
内燃機関１２は、第３図に示すように、シリンダブロッ
ク１６およびシリンダヘッド１７からなるシリンダケー
スを有するとともに、ゾリンダブロック１６内を摺動す
るピストン１８を有している。シリンダブロック１６お
よびシリンダヘッド１７には冷却水を循環可能とするウ
ォータジャケット１９が形成されている。ウォータジャ
ケット１９０入側には、給水路２０を介して水ポンプ２
１が接続されている。水ポンプ２１はドライブ軸１３の
回転によって駆動可能とされている。すなわち、水ポン
プ２１は、内燃機関１２の運転時に駆動さしてウォータ
ジャケット１９に圧送可能としている。また、ウォータ
ジャケット１９の出側は、シリンダへソド１７およびキ
ャップ２２によって画成される弁室２３を介して、排水
路２４に連通可能とされている。弁室２３には感温弁２
５が前設されている。すなわち、ウォータジャケット１
９内の水温が所定値以上に達すると、感温弁２５が開放
され、内燃機関１２を冷却した後の冷却水を排水路２４
から外部に排出可能としている。As shown in FIG. 3, the internal combustion engine 12 has a cylinder case consisting of a cylinder block 16 and a cylinder head 17, and also has a piston 18 that slides within the cylinder block 16. A water jacket 19 is formed in the cylinder block 16 and the cylinder head 17 to allow circulation of cooling water. A water pump 2 is connected to the inlet side of the water jacket 190 via a water supply channel 20.
1 is connected. The water pump 21 can be driven by rotation of the drive shaft 13. That is, the water pump 21 is driven when the internal combustion engine 12 is operating so that water can be pumped to the water jacket 19. Further, the outlet side of the water jacket 19 can communicate with a drainage channel 24 via a valve chamber 23 defined by the cylinder valve 17 and the cap 22. A temperature-sensitive valve 2 is installed in the valve chamber 23.
5 is preset. That is, water jacket 1
When the water temperature in the internal combustion engine 9 reaches a predetermined value or higher, the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is opened and the cooling water that has cooled the internal combustion engine 12 is drained into the drainage channel 24.
can be discharged to the outside.
感温弁２５は、第４図および第５図に示すように、ゴム
等の弾性体からなる支持部２６を備え、支持部２６は、
シリンダヘッド１７の受部１７Ａとキャップ２２の抑圧
部２２Ａとの間に挾圧保持用能とされでいる。この支持
部２６には弁座２Ｔの外周部が保持されている。弁座２
７の下部には、枠状のハウジング２８が固定状態下で垂
下され、ノ１ウジング２Ｂ＋Ｃは、感温作動体２９０基
部が支持されている。感温作動体２９ｉ１．、周囲温度
の上列により体積が増大するワックスを内蔵するととも
にその体積増大により突出する作動子３０を備え、作動
子３０の上端部には、前記弁座２７に接離可能とされる
弁体３１が固定されている。作動子３０および弁体３１
には支持脚部３２の上端部７５玉相互に一体化されてい
る。支持脚部３２の各脚部は、感温作動体２９の周囲複
数方向に放射自装置され、弁座２７の裏面との間に圧縮
状のはね３３ｆ：保持している。すなわち、弁室２３内
の水温力玉所定イ直以下である場合には、弁体３１はば
ね３３の付勢力下で弁座２７に当接され、感温弁２５を
閉止可能とするとともに、弁室２３内の水温が所定値以
上に達する場合には、感温作動体２９の作動によシ、弁
体３１を弁座２７から離間させ、感温弁２５を開放可能
としている。As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the temperature-sensitive valve 25 includes a support portion 26 made of an elastic body such as rubber.
A clamping pressure holding function is provided between the receiving portion 17A of the cylinder head 17 and the suppressing portion 22A of the cap 22. This support portion 26 holds the outer peripheral portion of the valve seat 2T. Valve seat 2
A frame-shaped housing 28 hangs down in a fixed state from the lower part of the housing 7, and the base of the temperature-sensitive actuating body 290 is supported in the housing 2B+C. Temperature sensitive operating body 29i1. , an actuator 30 that contains wax whose volume increases as the ambient temperature rises and protrudes due to the increase in volume, and a valve body that can be moved into and out of contact with the valve seat 27 at the upper end of the actuator 30. 31 is fixed. Actuator 30 and valve body 31
The upper end portions 75 of the support legs 32 are integrated with each other. Each leg of the support leg 32 is self-radiating in a plurality of directions around the temperature-sensitive actuating body 29, and holds a compressed spring 33f between it and the back surface of the valve seat 27. That is, when the water temperature in the valve chamber 23 is below a predetermined temperature, the valve body 31 is brought into contact with the valve seat 27 under the urging force of the spring 33, and the temperature-sensitive valve 25 can be closed. When the water temperature in the valve chamber 23 reaches a predetermined value or higher, the temperature-sensitive actuator 29 is operated to move the valve element 31 away from the valve seat 27, thereby allowing the temperature-sensitive valve 25 to open.
ここで、感温弁２５の閉止時における弁座２７と弁体３
１とは、第６図に拡大して示すように、弁体３１のテー
パ状下面が弁座２７の開口内周縁部２７Ａに当接するよ
うな、線接触状態で当接可能とされている。なお、上記
弁座２７の開口端部には、周方向の複数位置（４位置）
に、空気抜き部３４が切欠形成され、感温弁２５の閉止
時に、ウォータジャケット１９内の空気を排水路２４
＠１１に排出可能としている。空気抜き部３４は弁体３
１側に設けてもよい。Here, the valve seat 27 and the valve body 3 when the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is closed
1, as shown in an enlarged view in FIG. 6, the tapered lower surface of the valve body 31 can come into contact with the opening inner peripheral edge 27A of the valve seat 27 in a line contact state. Note that the opening end of the valve seat 27 has multiple positions (4 positions) in the circumferential direction.
An air vent part 34 is formed in the cutout, and when the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is closed, the air inside the water jacket 19 is drained into the drainage channel 24.
It is possible to discharge at @11. The air vent part 34 is the valve body 3
It may be provided on the first side.
次に、上記実施例の作用について説明する。内燃機関１
２の始動により、水ポンプ２１が作動され、外水が給水
路２０を介してウォータジャケット１９に供給され、シ
リンダブロック１６およびシリンダヘッド１７を冷却す
る。この冷却水は、ウォータジャケット１９から弁室２
３に導かれ、感温弁２５の周囲に滞溜する。この弁室２
３内の冷却水温が所定値以上に達すると、感温作動体２
９の作動子３０がばね３３の付勢力に抗しで突出し、弁
体３１が弁座２７から離間して感温弁２５を開放し、内
燃機関１２ｆｃ冷却した後の冷却水が排水路２４を介し
て外部に排出される。Next, the operation of the above embodiment will be explained. internal combustion engine 1
2, the water pump 21 is activated, and external water is supplied to the water jacket 19 via the water supply channel 20 to cool the cylinder block 16 and cylinder head 17. This cooling water flows from the water jacket 19 to the valve chamber 2.
3 and accumulates around the temperature-sensitive valve 25. This valve chamber 2
When the temperature of the cooling water in 3 reaches a predetermined value or higher, the temperature-sensitive actuator 2
9 protrudes against the biasing force of the spring 33, the valve body 31 separates from the valve seat 27, opens the temperature-sensitive valve 25, and the cooling water after cooling the internal combustion engine 12fc flows through the drainage channel 24. is discharged to the outside through the
然して、上記実施例においては、感温弁２５の閉時にお
ける弁座２７と弁体３１との接触部が、第１図に示−す
ような従来の面接触状態に比して、線接触状態とされ、
接触面積が極小となっていることから、弁座２７と弁体
３１との離間下で両者間に砂つぶ等のごみが入シ込んだ
としても、それらのごみは弁座２Ｔと弁体３１との尚接
待にウォータジャケット１９側、もしくは排水路２４側
のいずれかに排除され、弁座２Ｔと弁体３１との接触部
に滞溜することがなく、感温弁２５のリーク発生が抑制
される。また、弁座２７と弁体３１との間の接触面圧が
高くなることから、弁座２７と弁体３１との間に繊維状
のごみが噛込むとしても、それらのごみは弁座２１と弁
体３１との当接時に切断もしくは圧縮され、感温弁２５
のリーク発生が抑制される。なお、本発明者の実験によ
れば、１０回の台上実験における、弁座２７と弁体３１
との間へのごみの滞溜は、従来構造による場合には１０
回とも発生したのに対し、本発明の実施によって０回と
なることが認められている。However, in the above embodiment, when the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is closed, the contact portion between the valve seat 27 and the valve body 31 is in a line contact state, compared to the conventional surface contact state as shown in FIG. The state is
Since the contact area is extremely small, even if dirt such as sand particles gets in between the valve seat 27 and the valve body 31 due to the distance between the two, the dirt will be removed between the valve seat 2T and the valve body 31. In addition, the water is discharged to either the water jacket 19 side or the drainage channel 24 side, and does not accumulate in the contact area between the valve seat 2T and the valve body 31, and the occurrence of leakage from the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is suppressed. be done. Furthermore, since the contact surface pressure between the valve seat 27 and the valve body 31 becomes high, even if fibrous dust gets caught between the valve seat 27 and the valve body 31, the dust will be removed from the valve seat 21. The temperature-sensitive valve 25 is cut or compressed when it comes into contact with the valve body 31.
The occurrence of leaks is suppressed. According to the inventor's experiments, the valve seat 27 and the valve body 31 in 10 bench experiments
In the conventional structure, the accumulation of garbage between the
While this occurred both times, it has been observed that by implementing the present invention, the number has decreased to zero.
また、上記実施例においては、感温弁２５の空気抜き部
３４が弁座２７の開口端部に設けられていることから、
感温弁２５の閉止時に、第６図に３で示すような繊維状
ごみが水流に乗って空気抜温弁２５の開放下で増加する
弁座２Ｔと弁体３１との間の水流によって除去され、排
水路２４側に確実に流下される。これに対して、第１図
に示すように、空気抜き孔４が弁体２の面内に穿設され
ている従来構造による場合には、感温弁の閉止時におけ
る水流に乗って空気抜き孔４に係止した繊維状ごみ３が
、感温弁の開放時に、第１図に破線矢印で示すように空
気抜き孔４に係止されていない部分を弁座１と弁体２と
の間に進入させ、感温弁の再閉止時に、上記弁座１と弁
体２との間に進入した一部の繊維状ごみ３ｆ：弁座１と
弁体２との間に噛込み保持し、感温弁のリークを増加さ
せる。Further, in the above embodiment, since the air vent portion 34 of the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is provided at the open end of the valve seat 27,
When the temperature-sensitive valve 25 is closed, fibrous debris as shown by 3 in FIG. The water is reliably flowed down to the drainage channel 24 side. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 1, in the case of the conventional structure in which the air vent hole 4 is drilled in the plane of the valve body 2, the air vent hole 4 is When the temperature-sensitive valve is opened, the fibrous waste 3 that is caught in the air vent hole 4 enters between the valve seat 1 and the valve body 2 through the part that is not caught in the air vent hole 4, as shown by the broken arrow in FIG. When the temperature-sensitive valve is reclosed, some fibrous debris 3f that has entered between the valve seat 1 and the valve body 2 is caught between the valve seat 1 and the valve body 2, and is retained. Increases valve leakage.
なお、上記実施例においては、弁体３１の下面を弁座２
７の開口内周縁部２７Ａに当接させることにより、弁座
２Ｔと弁体３１とを線接触状態で当接可能とさせたが、
弁体３１の下面を弁座２Ｔの開口外周縁部に当接させる
ことによって両者を線接触状態で当接させるようにして
も良く、また、弁座および弁体の当接部の少なくとも一
方を先鋭な凸状断面によって形成することにより、両者
を線接触状態で当接可能とするようにしても良い。In the above embodiment, the lower surface of the valve body 31 is connected to the valve seat 2.
7, the valve seat 2T and the valve body 31 can be brought into contact with each other in a line contact state.
The bottom surface of the valve body 31 may be brought into contact with the outer peripheral edge of the opening of the valve seat 2T so that they are in line contact, and at least one of the abutting portions of the valve seat and the valve body may be By forming it with a sharp convex cross section, the two may be able to abut in a line contact state.
また、上記実施例は本発明を感温弁に適用する場合につ
、いて説明したが、本発明は実質的に弁座と弁体とから
なるものであれば良く、例えばウォータチューブ内の圧
力上昇によって弁体を弁座に対して接離可能とする感圧
弁にも適用可能である。In addition, although the above embodiments have been described with reference to the case where the present invention is applied to a temperature-sensitive valve, the present invention may be applied to a valve seat and a valve body, and for example, the present invention may be applied to a temperature-sensitive valve. The present invention can also be applied to a pressure-sensitive valve in which the valve body can move toward and away from the valve seat by rising.
以上のように、本発明に係る船舶推進機の水量調節弁装
置は、弁座と弁体とを線接触状態で当接可能とするよう
にしたので、弁の閉止時における弁座と弁体との間の接
触面積が極小化するとともに、接触面圧が高圧化し、両
者間へのゴミの滞溜が回避される。したがって、確実な
弁の閉止状態を得ることが可能となシ、内燃機関の円滑
な作動状態が確保される。As described above, in the water flow control valve device for a marine propulsion device according to the present invention, the valve seat and the valve body can be brought into contact with each other in a line contact state. The contact area between the two is minimized, the contact surface pressure is increased, and dirt accumulation between the two is avoided. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a reliable closed state of the valve, and a smooth operating state of the internal combustion engine is ensured.
第１図は従来例に係る水量調節弁装置の要部を示す断面
図、第２図は本発明が適用される船外機を示す側面図、
第３図は本発明の一実施例を示す要部断面図、第４図は
同実施例における感温弁を示す要部破断図、第５図は第
４図の平面図、第６図は第４図の要部拡大図である。
１０・・・船外機、１６・・・シリンダブロック、１Ｔ
・・・シリンダヘッド、１９・・・ウォータジャケット
、２３・・・弁室、２５・・・感温弁、２７・−・弁座
、３１・・・弁体。
代理人 弁理士 塩 川 修 治
第４図
２５
第５図
５
第６図
５２１−FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the main parts of a conventional water flow control valve device, and FIG. 2 is a side view showing an outboard motor to which the present invention is applied.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a main part showing an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 4 is a cutaway view of a main part showing a temperature-sensitive valve in the same embodiment, FIG. 5 is a plan view of FIG. It is an enlarged view of the main part of FIG. 4. 10... Outboard motor, 16... Cylinder block, 1T
... Cylinder head, 19 ... Water jacket, 23 ... Valve chamber, 25 ... Temperature-sensitive valve, 27 ... Valve seat, 31 ... Valve body. Agent Patent Attorney Osamu Shiokawa Figure 4 25 Figure 5 5 Figure 6 521-
Claims (1)
ータジャケットに、相互に接離可能な弁座と弁体とを配
設し、ウォータジャケットにおける冷却水の流量を調節
可能とする船舶推進機の水量調節弁装置において、弁座
と弁体とを線接触状態で当接可能とすることを特徴とす
る船舶推進機の水量調節弁装置。(1) A water volume for a marine propulsion system in which a valve seat and a valve body that can be moved toward and away from each other are arranged in a water jacket formed in a cylinder case of an internal combustion engine, and the flow rate of cooling water in the water jacket can be adjusted. A water flow control valve device for a marine vessel propulsion device, characterized in that the valve seat and the valve body can be in line contact with each other in the control valve device.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57127693A JPS5918092A (en) | 1982-07-23 | 1982-07-23 | Water quantity adjusting valve device of marine propeller |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57127693A JPS5918092A (en) | 1982-07-23 | 1982-07-23 | Water quantity adjusting valve device of marine propeller |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5918092A true JPS5918092A (en) | 1984-01-30 |
| JPH0232195B2 JPH0232195B2 (en) | 1990-07-18 |
Family
ID=14966362
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP57127693A Granted JPS5918092A (en) | 1982-07-23 | 1982-07-23 | Water quantity adjusting valve device of marine propeller |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5918092A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02157418A (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-06-18 | Sanshin Ind Co Ltd | Cooling water quantity adjusting device for ship propulsive machine |
| US6116022A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 2000-09-12 | Outboard Marine Corporation | Catalytic reactor for marine application |
| US6460330B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2002-10-08 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine intake A/F ratio control system in outboard engine system |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5398493U (en) * | 1977-01-13 | 1978-08-10 | ||
| JPS54161124A (en) * | 1978-06-08 | 1979-12-20 | Daikin Ind Ltd | Thermooexpansion valve |
-
1982
- 1982-07-23 JP JP57127693A patent/JPS5918092A/en active Granted
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5398493U (en) * | 1977-01-13 | 1978-08-10 | ||
| JPS54161124A (en) * | 1978-06-08 | 1979-12-20 | Daikin Ind Ltd | Thermooexpansion valve |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH02157418A (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-06-18 | Sanshin Ind Co Ltd | Cooling water quantity adjusting device for ship propulsive machine |
| US6116022A (en) * | 1996-07-03 | 2000-09-12 | Outboard Marine Corporation | Catalytic reactor for marine application |
| US6460330B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2002-10-08 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine intake A/F ratio control system in outboard engine system |
| US6962047B2 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2005-11-08 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Engine intake A/F ratio control system in outboard engine system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0232195B2 (en) | 1990-07-18 |
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