JPS59142397A - Temperature control to group of switchable heat exchangers for air separator - Google Patents
Temperature control to group of switchable heat exchangers for air separatorInfo
- Publication number
- JPS59142397A JPS59142397A JP58016061A JP1606183A JPS59142397A JP S59142397 A JPS59142397 A JP S59142397A JP 58016061 A JP58016061 A JP 58016061A JP 1606183 A JP1606183 A JP 1606183A JP S59142397 A JPS59142397 A JP S59142397A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heat exchanger
- temperature
- switching
- temperature difference
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F27/00—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus
- F28F27/02—Control arrangements or safety devices specially adapted for heat-exchange or heat-transfer apparatus for controlling the distribution of heat-exchange media between different channels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04151—Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams
- F25J3/04187—Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams
- F25J3/04218—Parallel arrangement of the main heat exchange line in cores having different functions, e.g. in low pressure and high pressure cores
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
- F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
- F25J3/04—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
- F25J3/04763—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
- F25J3/04769—Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
- F25J3/04787—Heat exchange, e.g. main heat exchange line; Subcooler, external reboiler-condenser
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
- F25J2205/24—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using regenerators, cold accumulators or reversible heat exchangers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔発明の利用分野〕
本発明は、少なくとも2基並列に設置された切換式熱交
換器群を安定して運転するのに好適な空気分離装置用切
換式熱交換器群の温度制御方法に関するものである。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Application of the Invention] The present invention provides a switching heat exchanger for an air separation device suitable for stably operating a switching heat exchanger group in which at least two units are installed in parallel. The present invention relates to a method for controlling the temperature of a group.
従来の空気分離装置用切換式熱交換器群の温度制御方法
例を第1図〜第5図により説明する。An example of a conventional temperature control method for a group of switching heat exchangers for an air separation device will be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5.
第1図は、空気分離装置に適用される切換式熱交換器の
構成図で、切換式熱交換器10は、流路A。FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a switching heat exchanger applied to an air separation device, and the switching heat exchanger 10 has a flow path A.
B、C,D、Eの5流路から構成されている。It is composed of five channels B, C, D, and E.
一定周期ごとに切換えられる流路A、Hには、空気分離
装置(図示省略)に送給される原料空気あるいは空気分
離装置から排出される戻りガスが、また、流路C,Dに
は、原料空気から空気分離装置で分離された分離ガス、
すなわち製品酸素が、また、流路Eには、再熱ガスがそ
れぞれ一定方向に流通する。Flow paths A and H, which are switched at regular intervals, carry raw air fed to an air separation device (not shown) or return gas discharged from the air separation device, and flow paths C and D carry Separated gas separated from raw air by air separation equipment,
That is, the product oxygen and the reheat gas flow in the flow path E in a fixed direction.
原料空気は、例えば、流路Aを流通する間に流路C,D
を流通する製品酸素、製品窒素と熱交換することにより
冷却され、原料空気蚤こ含有されていた水分と炭酸ガス
は流路Aの伝熱面に析出する。For example, while flowing through the flow path A, the raw material air flows through the flow paths C and D.
The raw material air is cooled by heat exchange with the flowing product oxygen and product nitrogen, and the moisture and carbon dioxide gas contained in the raw material air are deposited on the heat transfer surface of the flow path A.
この伝熱面に析出した水とドライアイスは、次の切換え
で流路Aを流通する戻りガスにより昇華し掃気除去され
る。The water and dry ice deposited on this heat transfer surface are sublimated and scavenged by the return gas flowing through the flow path A in the next switching.
一定周期ごとに切換えられる流路A、Hの伝熱面に析出
した氷とドライアイスの内、特に、ドライアイスを戻り
ガスにより効果的に捕気除去するためには、原料空気と
戻りガスとの温度差を、ドライアイスが昇華により充分
掃気除去゛できる温度差(以下、掃気温度差と略)以下
にする必要がある。切換式熱交換器では、第2図に実線
で示すように温端部から冷端部に行(に従い原料空気と
戻りガスの温度差が増加する傾向にあり、戻りガスのf
Al’Jが、125°に程度以下となる部分から冷端部
にかけては、第2図に一点鎖線で示す掃気温度差以上と
なり、ドライアイスの掃気除去が悪(なる。そのため、
流路Eに再熱ガスを流通させ、第2図に破線で示すよう
に原料空気と戻りガスの温度差が掃気温度差以下になる
ように調整されている。なお、再熱ガスには、切換式熱
交換器10で冷却された原料空気の一部を使用するのが
一般的であるが、その他に、″孕気分離装置で分離され
た製のプロセスが(実用されることもある。Of the ice and dry ice deposited on the heat transfer surfaces of channels A and H, which are switched at regular intervals, in order to effectively capture and remove dry ice with the return gas, it is necessary to combine the feed air and the return gas. It is necessary to make the temperature difference below the temperature difference (hereinafter abbreviated as scavenging temperature difference) at which dry ice can sufficiently remove scavenging air by sublimation. In a switching heat exchanger, as shown by the solid line in Figure 2, the temperature difference between the raw air and the return gas tends to increase from the hot end to the cold end, and the f of the return gas increases.
From the part where Al'J is below 125° to the cold end, the scavenging air temperature difference is greater than that shown by the dashed line in Figure 2, and the scavenging air removal of dry ice becomes poor.
Reheated gas is passed through the flow path E, and the temperature difference between the raw air and the return gas is adjusted to be equal to or less than the scavenging temperature difference, as shown by the broken line in FIG. Although it is common to use a part of the raw air cooled by the switching heat exchanger 10 as the reheated gas, there are also (Sometimes it is put into practice.
空気分離装置では、このような切換式熱交換器が、第3
図に示すように少なくとも2基並列に設置され適用され
ているが、各切換式熱交換器では、同一仕様で製造した
としても流体抵抗のバラツキは碓けられず、また、切換
式熱交換器を連結する配管の流体抵抗あるいは配管の4
中1こ設けられる弁の流体抵抗等にもバラツキが生じる
ため流量分配に不平衡カメ生じ、その結果、切換式熱交
換器各部に温度の不平衡現象が生じる。このように、切
換式熱交器各部に温度の不平衡現象が生じると、特定の
切換式熱交換器のみがへ冷却され、切換式熱交換器群を
安定して運転できなくなる。したがって、これを防止す
るには、各切換式熱交換器各部に温度の不平衡現象が生
じないように切換式熱交換器群の温度を適正に制御する
必要がある。In air separation equipment, such a switched heat exchanger
As shown in the figure, at least two switching heat exchangers are installed in parallel and applied, but even if each switching heat exchanger is manufactured with the same specifications, it is not possible to eliminate variations in fluid resistance. Fluid resistance of connecting piping or piping 4
Fluid resistance etc. of the valves provided in the middle also vary, resulting in unbalanced flow distribution, resulting in unbalanced temperatures at various parts of the switching heat exchanger. In this manner, when a temperature imbalance phenomenon occurs in each part of the switching heat exchanger, only a specific switching heat exchanger is cooled down, making it impossible to stably operate the switching heat exchanger group. Therefore, in order to prevent this, it is necessary to appropriately control the temperature of the switching heat exchanger group so that temperature imbalance does not occur in each part of each switching heat exchanger.
従来、切換式熱交換器群の温度制御は、次のよう蚤こ行
われている。Conventionally, temperature control of switching heat exchanger groups has been carried out as follows.
第3図で、切換式熱交換器10 a〜10 cの再熱ガ
ス入口部を除く同一断面での再熱ガスの温度、例えば、
再熱ガスの出口温度を切換式熱交換器10 a〜10c
の切換弁2f) a −20c又は切換弁21a〜21
Cによるそれぞれの流路切換え時ごとに温度検出器40
a〜40 cで検出し、すでに、制御装置(ト)に記
憶されている温度と記憶更新すると同時に、切換式熱交
換器群の内任意の切換式熱交換器、例えば、切換式熱交
換器10 aの再熱ガスの出口温度を基準制御温度とし
、この基準制御温度に他の切換式熱交換器10b、10
cの再熱ガスの出口温度が一致するように切換式熱交換
器10b、10cの再熱ガスの流量を流量制御弁22b
、22cの弁開度を制御装置(資)により調節し−例え
ば、基準制御温度よりも他の切換式熱交換器10b、1
0cの再熱ガスの出口温度が高い場合、蚤こは、他の切
換式熱交換器10b、10Cの再熱ガスの流通量が増量
するように、逆に低い場合には、減量するように調整さ
れる。In FIG. 3, the temperature of the reheated gas in the same cross section of the switching heat exchangers 10a to 10c excluding the reheated gas inlet portion, for example,
Heat exchangers 10a to 10c that change the outlet temperature of reheated gas
Switching valve 2f) a-20c or switching valve 21a to 21
Temperature detector 40 for each flow path switching by C
At the same time, the temperature detected by a to 40 c is updated to the temperature already stored in the control device (g), and the temperature is updated to the temperature that has already been stored in the control device (g). The outlet temperature of the reheated gas of 10a is set as the reference control temperature, and the other switching heat exchangers 10b and 10 are set at this reference control temperature.
The flow rate of the reheated gas in the switching heat exchangers 10b and 10c is controlled by the flow rate control valve 22b so that the outlet temperature of the reheated gas in
, 22c are adjusted by a control device (equipment) - for example, when the switching heat exchanger 10b, 1
When the outlet temperature of the reheat gas at 0c is high, the flow rate of the reheat gas at the other switching heat exchangers 10b and 10C is increased, and when it is low, the flow rate is decreased. be adjusted.
このような切換式熱交換器群の温度制御法では、切換式
熱交換器群の再熱ガスの出口温度を平衡督こ調整できる
が、次のような欠点があった。Although this method of controlling the temperature of a switching heat exchanger group allows the outlet temperature of the reheated gas of the switching heat exchanger group to be balanced and controlled, it has the following drawbacks.
(1)切換式熱交換器での原料空気の出口温度と戻りガ
スの入口温度との温度差(以下冷端温度差と略)に無関
係に、切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス入口部を除く同一断面
での再熱ガスの温度のみで切換式熱交換器群の温度を平
衡蚤こバランスさせているため、ドライアイスが戻りガ
スにより効果的に掃気除去されない場合が生じる。つま
り、切換式熱交換器群の内、冷端温度差が大きく掃気温
度差を満足しない切換式熱交換器については、第4図に
実線で示す切換式熱交換器群と
端部の同一断面での原料空気1戻りガスとの温度差が、
第4図に一点鎖線で示す掃気温・−反差以上となり、そ
の結果、切換式熱交換器群を安定して運転できな(なる
。また、上述とは逆に、切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が
小さい場合は、切換式熱交換器温端部の原料空気入口温
度と、戻りガス1分離ガス(製品酸素、製品窒素)出口
温度との温度差(以下冷端温度差と略)が大き々なり、
冷熱の回収が悪くなるとともに、切換式熱交換器の中間
部の同一断面での原料空気と戻りガスとの温度差が大き
4、第4図に破線で示すように掃気温度差以上になる部
分が存在すると、この場合もドライアイスが効果的に掃
気除去されなくなり、その結果、切換式熱交換器群を安
定して運転できな々なる。つまり、切換式熱交換器の冷
端温度差が掃気温度差を満足し、かつ、冷熱の回収を最
良にするためには、最適掃気温度差が存在する。(1) Regardless of the temperature difference between the outlet temperature of feed air and the inlet temperature of return gas in the switching heat exchanger (hereinafter referred to as cold end temperature difference), the reheat gas inlet of the switching heat exchanger is Since the temperature of the switching heat exchanger group is balanced only by the temperature of the reheated gas in the same cross section, dry ice may not be effectively scavenged and removed by the return gas. In other words, among the switching heat exchanger groups, for the switching heat exchangers with a large cold end temperature difference that does not satisfy the scavenging temperature difference, the cross section at the end is the same as that of the switching heat exchanger group shown by the solid line in Figure 4. The temperature difference between raw air 1 and return gas at
As a result, the switching heat exchanger group cannot be stably operated (contrary to the above, the switching heat exchanger If the end temperature difference is small, the temperature difference between the feed air inlet temperature at the hot end of the switching heat exchanger and the return gas 1 separated gas (product oxygen, product nitrogen) exit temperature (hereinafter abbreviated as cold end temperature difference) becomes large,
As the recovery of cold heat deteriorates, the temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas at the same cross section in the middle part of the switching heat exchanger is large4, and as shown by the broken line in Figure 4, the temperature difference exceeds the scavenging air temperature. If this exists, the dry ice will not be effectively scavenged and removed, and as a result, the switching heat exchanger group will not be able to operate stably. In other words, in order for the cold end temperature difference of the switching heat exchanger to satisfy the scavenging air temperature difference and to maximize the recovery of cold heat, an optimum scavenging air temperature difference exists.
(2) 更に第5図に示すように、切換式熱交換器群
における再熱ガス出口温度を平衡にバランスさせる制御
を行なっても、上述したように各切換式熱交換器には流
体抵抗等による流量分配の不平衡が生じ、各切換式熱交
換器の冷端温度差および部端温度差は必ずしもバランス
しているとはいえない。つまり、各切換式熱交換器にお
いて、再熱ガス出口温度がバランス制御されていても、
掃気温度差を満足しない切換式熱交換器が存在する可能
性がある。(2) Furthermore, as shown in Fig. 5, even if control is performed to balance the reheat gas outlet temperature in the switching heat exchanger group, each switching heat exchanger has fluid resistance etc. as described above. This causes an imbalance in the flow rate distribution, and it cannot be said that the cold end temperature difference and the part end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger are necessarily balanced. In other words, even if the reheat gas outlet temperature is balancedly controlled in each switching heat exchanger,
There is a possibility that there is a switching heat exchanger that does not satisfy the scavenging air temperature difference.
しかして、掃気温度差を満足しない切換式熱交換器が存
在すれば、該切換式熱交換器はドライアイスを効果的に
掃気除去できなくなり、その結果、切換式熱交換器群を
安定して運転できなくなる。また、各切換式熱交換器が
掃気温度差を満足していても、各切換式熱交換器の冷端
温度差および部端温度差はアンバランスとなっている可
能性があり、冷熱の回収あるいは空気分離装置の運転操
作に悪影響を与えるという問題がある。However, if there is a switching heat exchanger that does not satisfy the scavenging temperature difference, the switching heat exchanger will not be able to effectively scavenge and remove dry ice, and as a result, the switching heat exchanger group will not be stable. You won't be able to drive. In addition, even if each switching heat exchanger satisfies the scavenging air temperature difference, the cold end temperature difference and the part end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger may be unbalanced, making it difficult to recover cold heat. Alternatively, there is a problem that the operation of the air separation device is adversely affected.
本発明の目的は、切換式熱交換器群の熱平衡をバランス
制御させるとともに、原料空気中の水分および炭酸ガス
の不純物を効果的に除去し、空気分離装置の安定した連
続運転を維持する空気分離装置用切換式熱交換器群の温
度制御方法を提供することにある。The purpose of the present invention is to provide an air separation system that controls the thermal balance of a group of switching heat exchangers, effectively removes moisture and carbon dioxide impurities from feed air, and maintains stable continuous operation of an air separation device. An object of the present invention is to provide a temperature control method for a switching type heat exchanger group for an apparatus.
本発明は、切換式熱交換器群の内、温度制御の基準とな
る任意の切換式熱交換器では、切換式熱交換器での冷端
温度差あるいは部端温度差が、原料空気と戻りガスとの
温度差が掃気温度差を満足する条件を満すように定めた
切換式熱交換器での再熱ガス出口温度を基準制御温度と
して、該基準制御温度と基準となる切換式熱交換器で検
出された再熱ガス出口温度とを比較し、該再熱ガス出口
温度が基準制御温度に一致するように、基準となる切換
式熱交換器の再熱ガス流通量を調整し、かつ、他の切換
式熱交換器では、前記基準となる切模式熱交換器で検出
された再熱ガス出口温度を制御目標温度として、該制御
目標温度と他の切換式熱交換器で検出された再熱ガス出
口温度とを比較し、該再熱ガス出口温度が制御目標温度
に一致するように、他の切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス流通
量を調整するとともに、切換式熱交換器群の各切換式熱
交換器の冷端温度差あるいは部端温度差を検出し、該冷
端温度差が最も大きい切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差ある
いは、該部端温度差が最も小さい切換式熱交換器の冷端
温度差が最適掃気温度差になるように、前記基準制御温
度を変更し、かつ、各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差ある
いは部端温度差が一致するように各切換式熱交換器の分
離ガス流通量あるいは原料空気流通量を調整することに
より、切換式熱交換器群の温度を平衡にバランスさせる
とともに、一定周期毎杏こ切換えられる原料空気流路の
伝熱面に析出した氷、ドライアイスの不純物を効果的に
除去し、かつ、冷熱を効率よく回収して、切換式熱交換
器群を安定して運転できる空気分離装置用切換式熱交換
器群の温度制御方法を提供するものである。The present invention provides that in any switching heat exchanger that serves as a reference for temperature control among the switching heat exchanger group, the cold end temperature difference or the partial end temperature difference in the switching heat exchanger is The reheated gas outlet temperature in the switching heat exchanger, which is set so that the temperature difference with the gas satisfies the scavenging temperature difference, is the reference control temperature, and the switching heat exchanger is set as the reference control temperature. compare the reheated gas outlet temperature detected by the reheated gas outlet temperature with the reheated gas outlet temperature detected by the reheated gas outlet temperature, and adjust the reheated gas flow rate of the standard switching heat exchanger so that the reheated gas outlet temperature matches the standard control temperature, and , in other switching type heat exchangers, the reheat gas outlet temperature detected in the reference switching type heat exchanger is set as the control target temperature, and the control target temperature and the temperature detected in the other switching type heat exchanger are set as the control target temperature. The reheat gas outlet temperature is compared with the reheat gas outlet temperature, and the reheat gas flow rate of the other switching heat exchangers is adjusted so that the reheat gas outlet temperature matches the control target temperature, and the switching heat exchanger group The cold end temperature difference or the part end temperature difference of each switching type heat exchanger is detected, and the cold end temperature difference of the switching type heat exchanger with the largest cold end temperature difference or the switching type with the smallest part end temperature difference is detected. The reference control temperature is changed so that the cold end temperature difference of the switching type heat exchanger becomes the optimum scavenging air temperature difference, and the cold end temperature difference or the part end temperature difference of each switching type heat exchanger is made to match. By adjusting the flow rate of separation gas or the flow rate of raw material air in each switching type heat exchanger, the temperature of the switching type heat exchanger group can be balanced, and the transmission rate of the raw material air flow path, which is switched at regular intervals, can be maintained. Switchable heat exchanger group for air separation equipment that can effectively remove ice and dry ice impurities deposited on hot surfaces, efficiently recover cold heat, and operate the switchable heat exchanger group stably. The present invention provides a temperature control method.
本発明の一実施例を第6図)こより説明する。 An embodiment of the present invention will be explained from FIG. 6).
第6図は、本発明を実施した空気分離装置用切換式熱交
換器群のフローシートで、切換式熱交換器10 a〜1
0 cの再熱ガスの出口温度は、切換式熱交換器10
a〜10 cそれぞれの流路切換え毎に温度検出器40
a ” 40 cにより検出される。また、原料空気
の出口温度と戻りガスの入口温度は数回の流路切換えに
1回の割合で温度検出器41 a〜41c。FIG. 6 is a flow sheet of a group of switching heat exchangers for an air separation device in which the present invention is implemented, and shows switching heat exchangers 10 a to 1.
The outlet temperature of the reheated gas is 0.0 c.
Temperature detector 40 for each flow path switching a to 10 c
The outlet temperature of the raw material air and the inlet temperature of the return gas are detected by temperature detectors 41a to 41c once every several flow path changes.
42 a〜42 cにより検出され、これら、検出され
た温度は、既に制御装置30に1己憶されている温度と
記憶更新される。次に各切換式熱交換器群の温度制御は
次のように行われる。42 a to 42 c, and these detected temperatures are updated with the temperatures already stored in the control device 30 . Next, temperature control of each switching type heat exchanger group is performed as follows.
まず、切換式熱交換器10 a〜10 cの内、温度制
御の基準となる切換式熱交換器(以下、基準熱交換器と
略)を任意に設定する。基準熱交換器を例えば切換式熱
交換器10 aと設定すれば、切換式熱交換器10 a
では、検出され制御装置301こ記憶更新された再熱ガ
スの出口温度と、冷端温度差が掃気条件を満足するよう
に任意に定めた再熱ガスの出口温度 (以下、基準制御
温度と略)との比較を制御装置(資)で行い、検出され
た再熱ガスの温度が基準制御温度に一致するように、制
御装置3oで流量制御弁22aの弁開度を調節して再熱
ガスの流通量を調整する。例えば、検出された再熱ガス
の出口温度が基準制御温度よりも高い場合には、再熱ガ
スの流通量を増量させ、逆に、低い場合には、減量させ
る。これと同時に、他の切換式熱交換器1゜b、10c
では、切換式熱交換器10 aで煮出された再熱ガスの
出口温度を制御目標温度として、他の切換式熱交換器1
0 b +、 、10 cで検出容れ制御装置(9)に
記憶更新された再熱ガスの出口温度と制御目標温度どの
比較を制御装置蜀で行い、検出された他の切換式熱交換
器10b、10cの再熱ガスの出口温度が制御目標温度
に一致するように、制御装置(資)で流量制御弁22b
、22cの弁開度を調節して再熱ガスの流通量を調整す
る。例えば、検出された他の切換式熱交換器10 bの
再熱ガスの出口温度が制御目標温度よりも高い場合には
、他の切換式熱交換器to bの再熱ガスの流通量を増
量させ、逆に、低い場合には減量させる。このようにし
て切換式熱交換器群の再熱ガスの出口温度は平衡に制御
される。切換式熱交換器群を流通する各流体の流通量は
、流体抵抗のバラツキのため同一流通量でなく、このア
ンバランスな流通量の影響により、場合によっては、切
換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が、掃気温度差を越える場合
を上限とし、また、切換式熱交換器中間部での原料空気
と戻りガスの温度差が掃気温度を越える場合の冷端温度
差を下限とするように定めた冷端温度差の許容値(以下
、冷端許容値と略)を外れることがある。そこで、原料
空気出口温度、戻りガス入口温度を検出する温度検出器
41 a 、 42 a 〜41 c 、 42 cで
検出された切。First, among the switching heat exchangers 10 a to 10 c, a switching heat exchanger (hereinafter abbreviated as a reference heat exchanger) serving as a reference for temperature control is arbitrarily set. For example, if the reference heat exchanger is set as the switching heat exchanger 10a, the switching heat exchanger 10a
Then, the outlet temperature of the reheated gas detected and updated in the memory of the control device 301 and the outlet temperature of the reheated gas arbitrarily determined so that the cold end temperature difference satisfies the scavenging condition (hereinafter abbreviated as reference control temperature). ), and the controller 3o adjusts the valve opening of the flow rate control valve 22a so that the detected temperature of the reheated gas matches the reference control temperature. Adjust the distribution amount. For example, if the detected exit temperature of the reheated gas is higher than the reference control temperature, the flow rate of the reheated gas is increased, and if it is lower, the flow rate is decreased. At the same time, other switching heat exchangers 1°b and 10c
Now, the outlet temperature of the reheated gas boiled in the switching heat exchanger 10a is set as the control target temperature, and the other switching heat exchangers 1
0 b +, , 10 c, the control device Shu compares the outlet temperature of the reheated gas stored and updated in the control device (9) with the control target temperature, and compares it with the detected other switching heat exchanger 10b. , 10c so that the outlet temperature of the reheated gas matches the control target temperature.
, 22c is adjusted to adjust the flow rate of the reheat gas. For example, if the detected outlet temperature of the reheat gas of the other switching heat exchanger 10 b is higher than the control target temperature, the flow rate of the reheat gas of the other switching heat exchanger to b is increased. Conversely, if it is low, reduce the amount. In this way, the outlet temperature of the reheat gas of the switching heat exchanger group is controlled to be balanced. The flow rate of each fluid flowing through the switching heat exchanger group is not the same due to variations in fluid resistance, and due to the influence of this unbalanced flow rate, in some cases, the cold end of the switching heat exchanger The upper limit is when the temperature difference exceeds the scavenging air temperature difference, and the lower limit is the cold end temperature difference when the temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas at the middle part of the switching heat exchanger exceeds the scavenging air temperature. The cold end temperature difference may deviate from the predetermined tolerance value (hereinafter referred to as cold end tolerance value). Therefore, the disconnection is detected by the temperature detectors 41a, 42a to 41c, 42c that detect the raw material air outlet temperature and the return gas inlet temperature.
模式熱交換器10 a〜10 cでの冷端温度差が冷端
許容値内にある場合は不感帯とし、現状の基準制御温度
は変更しないが、検出された冷端温度差が冷端許容値を
外れる切換式熱交換器が存在まる場合、基準制御温度の
変更を行う。If the cold end temperature difference in the model heat exchangers 10a to 10c is within the cold end tolerance value, it is considered a dead zone, and the current standard control temperature is not changed, but the detected cold end temperature difference is within the cold end tolerance value. If there is a switching heat exchanger that deviates from the standard control temperature, change the standard control temperature.
まず、検出された切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が冷端許
容値の上限を越えた場合、つまり、第4図に実線で示す
とと(、冷端温度差が掃気温度差以上となった場合は、
第7図のように、再熱ガスの流通量を増量させて再熱ガ
スの出口温度を低くすることにより、原料空気の出口温
度を低くし、冷端温度差が掃気温度差以下となるように
調整する必要がある。この場合は、塊状の基準制御温度
を低い値に変更する。First, if the detected cold end temperature difference of the switching heat exchanger exceeds the upper limit of the cold end tolerance value (as shown by the solid line in Figure 4), the cold end temperature difference is greater than or equal to the scavenging air temperature difference. If it becomes
As shown in Figure 7, by increasing the flow rate of reheat gas and lowering the outlet temperature of the reheat gas, the outlet temperature of the feed air is lowered, and the cold end temperature difference is lower than the scavenging temperature difference. need to be adjusted. In this case, the block reference control temperature is changed to a lower value.
また、検出された冷端温度差が冷端許容値の下限を下ま
わった場合、つまり、第4図憂こ破線で示すごと曵中間
部での原料空気と戻りガスの温度差が掃気温度差以上と
なった場合には、再熱ガスの流通量を減債させて再熱ガ
スの出口温度を高くし、中間部での原料空気と戻りガス
の温度差が掃気温度差以下となるように調整する必要が
ある。この場合は、現状の基準制御温度を高い値に変更
する。In addition, if the detected cold end temperature difference is below the lower limit of the cold end allowable value, that is, the temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas at the middle part of the pump is the scavenging temperature difference, as shown by the broken line in Figure 4. If this happens, reduce the flow rate of the reheated gas and increase the outlet temperature of the reheated gas so that the temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas in the intermediate section is equal to or less than the scavenging temperature difference. Need to adjust. In this case, the current reference control temperature is changed to a higher value.
更に、各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差を検出することに
より、各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が平衡であれば不
感帯とし、第5図のごとく各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度
差が不平衡の場合、冷端温度差な平衡にすべ4制御を行
う。プラントの冷熱回収を良くするため1こは、切換式
熱交換器の部端温度差をなるべく小さな値で、運転する
ことが望ましい。冷端温度差と部端温度差には、ある傾
向があり一般的に冷端温度差が大きい程部端温度差は小
さくなる。このため本制御において、例えば各切換式熱
交換器の冷端温度差が掃気温度差上限に最も近い切換式
熱交換器の冷端温度差を基準温度差として、各切換式熱
交換器の製品酸素流量を流量制御弁23a −23cの
弁開度を調整することにより、各切換式熱交換器の冷端
温度差を一致させる制御を行うことができる。Furthermore, by detecting the cold end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger, if the cold end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger is balanced, it is considered as a dead zone, and as shown in Figure 5, each switching heat exchanger is If the cold end temperature difference is unbalanced, all four controls are performed to balance the cold end temperature difference. In order to improve cold heat recovery in the plant, it is desirable to operate the switching heat exchanger with the end-to-end temperature difference as small as possible. There is a certain tendency between the cold end temperature difference and the part end temperature difference, and generally, the larger the cold end temperature difference, the smaller the part end temperature difference. Therefore, in this control, for example, the cold end temperature difference of the switching heat exchanger whose cold end temperature difference is closest to the upper limit of the scavenging air temperature difference is used as the reference temperature difference, and the product of each switching heat exchanger is By adjusting the oxygen flow rate and the valve opening degrees of the flow control valves 23a to 23c, control can be performed to match the cold end temperature differences of each switching heat exchanger.
本実施例の切換式熱交換器の温度制御方法では、切換式
熱交換器群での再熱ガスの出口温度をバランスさせるこ
とができるとともに、切換式熱交換器群各部での原料空
気と戻す−ガスとの温度差を掃気温度以下に常に制御す
ることができ、更に切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差も平衡
に制御できるため、一定周期ごとに切換えられる流路の
伝熱面に析出したドライアイスを効果的に掃気除去する
ことができ、冷熱を効率よく回収できる。なお、本実施
例では、切換式熱交換器を3基並列に設置した例につき
説明したが、特に、これに限定するものではなく、切換
式熱交換器が少なくとも2基並列に設置されていれば、
適用上特に問題はない。また、冷端温度差を炭酸ガスの
掃気条件の限界温度としたが、これが掃気条件に対応す
る部端温度差であっても問題はない。更に、各切換式熱
交換器の冷端温度を一致させる制御を行っているが、上
・記と同時に部端温度差を一致させる制御でも良(、ま
たその方法については、製品酸素の流量制御弁以外の流
量制御弁、例えば製品窒素、原料空気の流量制御弁の弁
開度の調整でも可能である。In the temperature control method of the switching heat exchanger according to this embodiment, it is possible to balance the outlet temperature of the reheated gas in the switching heat exchanger group, and to return it to the raw air in each part of the switching heat exchanger group. - The temperature difference between the gas and the gas can be constantly controlled to be below the scavenging temperature, and the temperature difference at the cold end of the switching heat exchanger can also be controlled in equilibrium, so that no precipitation occurs on the heat transfer surface of the flow path, which is switched at regular intervals. It is possible to effectively scavenge and remove the dry ice and efficiently recover cold heat. In this embodiment, an example in which three switching heat exchangers are installed in parallel has been described, but the invention is not limited to this, and at least two switching heat exchangers may be installed in parallel. Ba,
There are no particular problems in application. Further, although the cold end temperature difference is used as the limit temperature of the carbon dioxide gas scavenging condition, there is no problem even if this is the part end temperature difference corresponding to the scavenging condition. Furthermore, although the cold end temperature of each switching heat exchanger is controlled to match, it is also possible to control the temperature difference between the cold ends to match at the same time as above (and for the method, refer to Product Oxygen Flow Control). It is also possible to adjust the valve opening degree of a flow control valve other than the valve, for example, a flow control valve for product nitrogen or raw material air.
〔発明の効果〕
本発明は、以上説明したように、空気分離装置用切換式
熱交換器群の内、温度制御の基準となる切換式熱交換器
では、切換式熱交換器での冷端温度差あるいは部端温度
差が、原料空気と戻りガスとの温度差が掃気温度差を満
足する条件を満すように定めた切換式熱交換器での再熱
ガス出口温度を基準制御温度として、該基準制御温度と
基準となる切換式熱交換器で検出された再熱ガス出口温
度とを比較し、該再熱ガス出口温度が基準制御温度に一
致するように、基準となる切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス流
通量を調整し、かつ、他゛の切換式熱交換器では、前記
基準となる切換式熱交換器で検出された再熱ガス出口温
度を制御目標温度として、該制御目標温度と他の切換式
熱交換器で検出された再熱ガス出口温度とを比較し、該
再熱ガス出口温度が制御目標温度に一致するように、他
の切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス流通量を調整するとともに
、切換式熱交換器群の各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差あ
るいは部端温度差を検出し、該冷端温度差が最も大きい
切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差あるいは、該部端温度差が
最も小さい切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が、最適掃気温
度差になるように、前記基準制御温度を変更し、かつ、
各切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差あるいは部端温度差が一
致するようlこ、各切換式熱交換器の分離ガス流通量あ
るいは原料空気流通量を調整するようにしたものである
から、切換式熱交換器群の温度を平衡にバランスさせる
ことができるとともに、原料空気流路に析出した氷、ド
ライアイスの不純物を効果的に掃気除去することができ
、かつ、冷熱を効果よく回収することができて、空気分
離装置用切換式熱交換器群を安定して運転することがで
きる。[Effects of the Invention] As explained above, the present invention provides a switchable heat exchanger that serves as a standard for temperature control among a group of switchable heat exchangers for air separation equipment. The reference control temperature is the reheat gas outlet temperature in the switching heat exchanger, which is determined so that the temperature difference or the end temperature difference satisfies the condition that the temperature difference between the raw air and the return gas satisfies the scavenging temperature difference. , compare the reference control temperature and the reheat gas outlet temperature detected in the reference switching heat exchanger, and set the reference switching heat exchanger so that the reheat gas outlet temperature matches the reference control temperature. The reheat gas flow rate of the exchanger is adjusted, and in other switching heat exchangers, the reheat gas outlet temperature detected in the reference switching heat exchanger is used as the control target temperature. The target temperature is compared with the reheat gas outlet temperature detected in the other switching heat exchanger, and the reheating of the other switching heat exchanger is determined so that the reheat gas outlet temperature matches the control target temperature. In addition to adjusting the gas flow rate, the cold end temperature difference or the part end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger in the switching heat exchanger group is detected, and the cooling of the switching heat exchanger with the largest cold end temperature difference is detected. Changing the reference control temperature so that the end temperature difference or the cold end temperature difference of the switching heat exchanger with the smallest end temperature difference becomes the optimum scavenging temperature difference, and
The separation gas flow rate or raw material air flow rate of each switching heat exchanger is adjusted so that the cold end temperature difference or the part end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger is the same. The temperature of the switching heat exchanger group can be balanced, and impurities such as ice and dry ice deposited in the feed air flow path can be effectively scavenged and removed, and cold heat can be effectively recovered. This allows stable operation of the switching heat exchanger group for air separation equipment.
第1図ないし第5図は従来の空気分離装置用切換式熱交
換器群の温度制御方法例を説明するもので、第1図は空
気分離装置用切換式熱交換器の構成図、第2図は切換式
熱交換器の各部の戻りガスの温度と原料空気と戻りガス
との温度差および掃気温度差との関係線図、第3図は従
来の温度制御方法を実施した空気分離装置用切換式熱交
換器群のフローシート、第4図は冷端温度差あるいは部
端温度差が異なる場合の切換式熱交換器の各部の戻りガ
スの温度と原料空気と戻りガスとの温度差との関係線図
、第5図は各熱交換器群において再熱ガスの出口温度が
平衡で、冷端温度差あるいは部端温度差が異なる場合の
切換式熱交換器の各部の戻すガスの温度と原料空気と戻
りガスとの温度差との関係線図、第6図、第7図は本発
明の一実施例を説明するもので、第6図は本発明の温度
制御方法を実施した空気分離装置用切換式熱゛交換器群
のフローシート、第7図は原料空気流通量に対する再熱
ガス流通量の比と再熱ガス出口温度および切換式熱交換
器の冷端部並びに中間部での原料空気と戻りガスとの温
度差との関係線図である。
10.10a〜10 C・・・・・・切換式熱交換器、
20a−加c、21a〜21 c・・・・・・切換弁、
22 a −22c 、 Z3 a〜23c・・−・・
流量制御弁、(9)・・・・・・制御装置、40 a
−40c、41a〜41c、42a〜42c・曲・温度
検出器、A〜E・・・・・・流路
1−61
変りカス
′1′7図
再熱j糧量/源刈皇紀シ」t
486−Figures 1 to 5 explain an example of a temperature control method for a conventional switching heat exchanger group for an air separation device. The figure shows the relationship between the return gas temperature of each part of the switching heat exchanger, the temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas, and the scavenging temperature difference. Figure 3 is for an air separation device using the conventional temperature control method. The flow sheet for the switching heat exchanger group, Figure 4 shows the temperature difference between the return gas and the raw air and return gas at each part of the switching heat exchanger when the cold end temperature difference or the section temperature difference is different. Figure 5 shows the temperature of the returned gas in each part of the switching heat exchanger when the outlet temperature of the reheated gas is balanced in each heat exchanger group and the cold end temperature difference or the part end temperature difference is different. Figures 6 and 7 are diagrams showing the relationship between the temperature difference between the temperature of the raw air and the return gas, and Figures 6 and 7 illustrate an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 7 is a flow sheet of a group of switching heat exchangers for separation equipment, and shows the ratio of the flow rate of reheated gas to the flow rate of feed air, the outlet temperature of the reheated gas, and the temperature at the cold end and middle part of the switchable heat exchanger. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship between the temperature difference between the raw material air and the return gas. 10.10a~10C...Switchable heat exchanger,
20a-c, 21a-21c... switching valve,
22a-22c, Z3a-23c...
Flow rate control valve, (9)...control device, 40a
-40c, 41a~41c, 42a~42c・Temperature detector, A~E...Channel 1-61 Reheating waste '1'7 Figure Reheat j Food quantity/Gengari Kishi't 486-
Claims (1)
再熱ガス流路を備え、原料空気流路と戻りガス流路が周
期的に切換えられる切換式熱交換器が少なくとも2基並
列に設置され、前記切換式熱交換器での原料空気の温度
と戻りガスの温度との温度差が、切換式熱交換器の原料
空気流路に析出した氷、ドライアイスを戻りガスにより
効果的に掃気除去できる原料空気と戻りガスとの掃気温
度差を満足するごとく、切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス流通
量を調整する空気分離装置用切換式熱交換器群の温度制
御方法において、切換式熱交換器群の内、温度制御の基
準となる任意の切換式熱交換器では、切換式熱交換器で
の冷端温度差あるいは温端温度差が、原料空気と戻りガ
スとの温度差が掃気温度差を満足するように定めた切換
式熱交換器での再熱ガス出口温度を基準制御温度として
、該基準制御温度と基準となる切換式熱交換器で検出さ
れた再熱ガス出口温度とを比較し、該再熱ガス出口温度
が基準制御温度に一致するように基準となる切換式熱交
換器の再熱ガス流通量を調整し、かつ、他の切換式熱交
換器では、前記基準となる切換式熱交換器で検出された
再熱ガス出口温度を制御目標温度として、該制御目標温
度と他の切換式熱交換器で検出された再熱ガス出口温度
とを比較し、該再熱ガス出口温度が制御目標湿度に一致
するように、他の切換式熱交換器の再熱ガス流通量を調
整するとともに、切換式熱交換器群の各切換式熱交換器
の冷端温度差を検出し、該冷端温度差が最も大きい切換
式熱交換器の冷端温度が最適掃気温度差昏こなるように
、前記基準制御温度を変更し、かつ、各切換式熱交換器
の冷端温度差が一致するように各切換式熱交換器の分離
ガス流通量あるいは原料空気流通量を調整することを特
徴とする空気分離装置用切換式熱交換器群の温度制御方
法。 2、特許請求の範囲第1項において、各切換式熱交換器
の冷端温度の検出に代えて部端温度を検出し、該部端温
度差が最も小さい切換式熱交換器の冷端温度差が最適掃
気温度差になるように、前記基数制御温度を変更し、か
つ、各切換式熱交換器の部端温度差が一致するように各
切換式熱交換器の分離ガス流通量あるいは原料空気流通
量を調整することを特徴とする空気分離装置用切換式熱
交換器群の温度制御方法。[Claims] 1. A switching heat exchanger comprising a feed air flow path, a return gas flow path, a separation gas flow path, and a reheat gas flow path, and in which the feed air flow path and the return gas flow path are periodically switched. At least two units are installed in parallel, and the temperature difference between the temperature of the feed air in the switching heat exchanger and the temperature of the return gas causes ice or dry ice deposited in the feed air flow path of the switching heat exchanger. A switchable heat exchanger group for air separation equipment that adjusts the flow rate of reheat gas in the switchable heat exchanger so as to satisfy the scavenging temperature difference between the feed air and the return gas, which can be effectively scavenged and removed using the return gas. In the temperature control method, in any switching heat exchanger that serves as the standard for temperature control among the switching heat exchanger group, the cold end temperature difference or hot end temperature difference in the switching heat exchanger is The reheated gas outlet temperature in the switching heat exchanger is set so that the temperature difference with the return gas satisfies the scavenging temperature difference, and the reference control temperature is detected by the switching heat exchanger as the reference control temperature. The flow rate of the reheated gas in the standard switching heat exchanger is adjusted so that the reheated gas exit temperature matches the standard control temperature, and the other switching In the type heat exchanger, the reheated gas outlet temperature detected in the switching type heat exchanger serving as the reference is set as the control target temperature, and the reheated gas outlet temperature detected in the other switching type heat exchanger is set as the control target temperature. The reheat gas flow rate of the other switching heat exchangers is adjusted so that the reheat gas outlet temperature matches the control target humidity, and the reheat gas flow rate of each switching heat exchanger group is adjusted. detecting a cold end temperature difference of the heat exchanger, and changing the reference control temperature so that the cold end temperature of the switching heat exchanger having the largest cold end temperature difference corresponds to the optimum scavenging temperature difference, and Switching type heat exchanger group for air separation equipment, characterized in that the flow rate of separated gas or the flow rate of raw material air of each switching type heat exchanger is adjusted so that the cold end temperature difference of each switching type heat exchanger is the same. temperature control method. 2. In claim 1, instead of detecting the cold end temperature of each switching heat exchanger, the part end temperature is detected, and the cold end temperature of the switching heat exchanger with the smallest difference in part end temperature is detected. The base control temperature is changed so that the difference becomes the optimum scavenging temperature difference, and the separated gas flow rate or raw material of each switching heat exchanger is changed so that the end temperature difference of each switching heat exchanger is the same. A temperature control method for a group of switching heat exchangers for an air separation device, characterized by adjusting the air flow rate.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP58016061A JPS59142397A (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | Temperature control to group of switchable heat exchangers for air separator |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP58016061A JPS59142397A (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | Temperature control to group of switchable heat exchangers for air separator |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS59142397A true JPS59142397A (en) | 1984-08-15 |
JPS6318116B2 JPS6318116B2 (en) | 1988-04-16 |
Family
ID=11906055
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP58016061A Granted JPS59142397A (en) | 1983-02-04 | 1983-02-04 | Temperature control to group of switchable heat exchangers for air separator |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS59142397A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3006875A1 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2016-04-13 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for regulating a coupled heat exchanger system and heat exchanger system |
-
1983
- 1983-02-04 JP JP58016061A patent/JPS59142397A/en active Granted
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3006875A1 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2016-04-13 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for regulating a coupled heat exchanger system and heat exchanger system |
WO2016055162A1 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2016-04-14 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for controlling a coupled heat exchanger system and heat-exchanger system |
CN106796081A (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2017-05-31 | 林德股份公司 | Control the method and heat exchanger system of the heat exchanger system of coupling |
US10345040B2 (en) | 2014-10-09 | 2019-07-09 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Method for controlling a coupled heat exchanger system and heat exchanger system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS6318116B2 (en) | 1988-04-16 |
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