JPS5821207A - Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber - Google Patents

Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber

Info

Publication number
JPS5821207A
JPS5821207A JP56118484A JP11848481A JPS5821207A JP S5821207 A JPS5821207 A JP S5821207A JP 56118484 A JP56118484 A JP 56118484A JP 11848481 A JP11848481 A JP 11848481A JP S5821207 A JPS5821207 A JP S5821207A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
sleeve
fibers
metal
tensile strength
outside
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP56118484A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Masaharu Sato
正治 佐藤
Hajime Ikeda
池田 始
Tsutomu Senmaru
仙丸 勤
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Original Assignee
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp filed Critical Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp
Priority to JP56118484A priority Critical patent/JPS5821207A/en
Publication of JPS5821207A publication Critical patent/JPS5821207A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/02Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for laying down a uniform charge, e.g. for sensitising; Corona discharge devices
    • G03G15/0275Arrangements for controlling the area of the photoconductor to be charged

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain stable detaining force by sandwiching tensile fibers between an inside metallic sleeve and an outside metallic sleeve inserted onto a plastic pipe and press sticking the outside metallic sleeve. CONSTITUTION:After a plastic sheath 3 of a reinforcing tube for optical fibers is stripped in a prescribed position, tensile fibers 2 are placed uniformly on the circumference of a plastic pipe 1 by inserting a metallic inside tube 10 from the leading end of said tube, then an adhesive material 13 is coated thereon. Before the material 13 sets, a metallic outside sleeve 11 is put on the outside circumference of the fibers 2 and is press stuck at a number of positions. Finally, a case 14 for the detaining part is fixed to the sleeve 11, and a screw 9 for fixation is fitted. A rubber sleeve 16 is put on the case 14 and is fixed to a detaining plate. Since the tensile fibers are sandwiched between the sleeves 10 and 11 and are held press stuck from the outside, the fibers are hard to sag and provide stable detaining force.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明は、通信用ケーブルの端末から中継器きよう体内
等に引き出した光フアイバ心線を保膜するえめに被せる
光7アイパ用補強チューブの引引留めIIK関するもの
である。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a retainer IIK of a reinforcing tube for optical 7 eyelids that is placed over a protective film for an optical fiber core drawn out from a terminal of a communication cable into a repeater body, etc. It is.

中継器きよう体内の配線等に用いる光フアイバ心線に蝶
、人為的な操作によってファイバ心線が破断するのを防
ぐため、光フアイバ用補強チューブを被せ上用いること
が多い0 11/vAti従来から用いられている光ファイバ用補
強チ二−プの断面図であって、/)iナイ日ン等のプラ
スチックパイプ、コは抗張力@l維、3はポリ塩化ビニ
ル郷のプラスチック外被であり、その外径は約Jamで
ある。このうち、外部からの人為的な張力に対しては、
抗張力繊維コに強電を持九せており、zooo −to
ooデニールのケプラ繊維などが用いられている。従っ
て光ファイバ用補強チ具−ブの引張強f祉100kf以
上である〇このような光フアイバ用補強チューブ本来の
性能を十分脅揮するには、補強チューブの引留め部にお
いて、抗張力橡維コをしつかにと、かつたるみが生じ走
転しないように把持して引き留める必要がある。この場
合の引留め強度の目標は約コO神と言われている。
In order to prevent the optical fiber core used for wiring inside the repeater body from breaking due to human manipulation, an optical fiber reinforcing tube is often used to cover the fiber core. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcing chip for optical fibers used from /) a plastic pipe made by Nihon Co., Ltd.; , its outer diameter is approximately Jam. Of these, against artificial tension from the outside,
The tensile strength fibers have a strong electric current, and zoooo-to
Keppra fiber of 0.00 denier is used. Therefore, the tensile strength of the reinforcing tube for optical fibers is 100 kf or more. In order to fully demonstrate the original performance of such reinforcing tubes for optical fibers, it is necessary to use tensile strength fibers at the retaining portions of the reinforcing tubes. It is necessary to hold it firmly and to prevent it from sagging and rolling around. In this case, the target retention strength is said to be approximately 0.

第2図は、注型用の樹脂を用いた従来の引留め部の縦断
面図であって、参はエポキシ樹脂、!は引留め板である
。第2図の引留め部はエポキシ樹脂と抗張力繊維を接着
させて把持する方法があるが、このように極〈細い繊維
を樹脂の中に埋設すゐだけでは、樹脂が硬化する際に繊
維が樹脂の中□で1バラバラIIKなって自由に吻いて
しまうので、引留め強rのばらつきが大きく、目標とす
るJ′01#の強駅を満足しない場合があった。
FIG. 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a conventional retaining part using resin for casting, and the reference is epoxy resin! is a retaining plate. There is a method of gripping the retaining part shown in Figure 2 by bonding epoxy resin and tensile strength fibers, but if you just embed very thin fibers in the resin like this, the fibers will break when the resin hardens. Since the □ inside the resin becomes 1 IIK apart and protrudes freely, there is a large variation in the retention strength r, and there are cases where the target J'01# strength station is not satisfied.

次に第1図は、抗張力繊維を機械的に把持する従来の引
留め部の縦断面図であり、4Fiテーパ付き内スリーブ
、7tiテーパ付き外スリーブlは押えねじ、tは固定
用ねじて、ある0第3図の引留め骨 錫は、抗張力繊繍コを折り返してテーパ付き内スリーブ
4とテーパ付き外スリーブ7の関に挾み込んで締め付け
る構造であるので、抗張力繊維を折・シ返す作業のとき
に抗張力繊維にたるみが生じ易く、tえ把持力も弱いと
いう欠点があった。この構造による引留め強度の実験で
は、把持力がlコ〜l#神、えるみ置は/all溝程変
であった。
Next, FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a conventional retaining part that mechanically grips tensile strength fibers, in which 4Fi tapered inner sleeve, 7ti tapered outer sleeve l is a holding screw, t is a fixing screw, The retaining bone tin shown in Fig. 3 has a structure in which the tensile strength fibers are folded back and inserted between the tapered inner sleeve 4 and the tapered outer sleeve 7 and tightened. The disadvantages are that the tensile strength fibers tend to sag during operation, and the gripping force is also weak. In an experiment on the retention strength using this structure, the gripping force was 1 to 1, and the gripping force was 1/all.

本発明は、これらの欠点を解決する九めなされ′走電の
で、プラスチックパイプの外周に挿入し良金−内スリー
ブと金属外スリーブの中間に接着材を塗布しま抗張力繊
維をストレー)K挟み込んで、金属外スリーブを圧着す
ることにより、抗張力繊維を把持し九もので、金属スリ
ーブの圧着力と接着材の接着力を併用して抗張力繊維を
把持することを特徴とし、その目的は、小形の構造で安
定し九引冑め力を得ることにある0以下図面により本発
明の詳細な説明する。
The present invention has been made to solve these shortcomings.In order to avoid electrophoresis, a high-strength fiber is inserted into the outer periphery of a plastic pipe, an adhesive is applied between the inner sleeve and the outer metal sleeve, and tensile strength fibers are sandwiched between them. , the tensile strength fibers are gripped by crimping the metal outer sleeve, and the strength of the tensile strength fibers is gripped by using both the crimping force of the metal sleeve and the adhesive force of the adhesive. The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings below, which aims to obtain a stable structure and a tensile force.

第一図は本発明による光ファイバ用補強チュー゛プ引留
め部の実施例の縦断面図であって、ioは金属内スリー
ブ1.、+’ i<、は金属外スリーブ、/、2は金属
外スリーブ圧着部、/Jは接着材、l−は引留め一ケー
ス、l!はケース回転止め、14はゴムスリーブである
0 金属内スリーブ10、金属外スリーブ//の材料□とし
ては、鋼、黄銅、ステンレス等が適しているO金属内ス
リーブ10は、内径をプラスチックパイプIの外径よ勤
4 o、コ〜Q、参鴎大きく取り、内厚は0、コ〜0 
、J sm 、蚤さはlO〜10議鵠のものが用いられ
る・金属外スリーブ//は、金属内スリーブ10と01
M511がOj 〜0.1mwhとなルヨうに内111
−暖伽、肉厚を0.J〜0.J淋寓、長さを70〜コθ
淋愼とし、一端にはねじ部を設けて引留め部ケースl参
が111付けられるようにする0 この引留め藝を組み立てるには、まず所定の位置で党フ
ァイバ用補強チューブのプラスチック外被Jtはぎ取っ
た後、抗張力繊維の長さを調整して、プラスチツタパイ
プlの先端から金属内スリーブ10を挿入する。次に金
属内スリーブIOの外周に杭張力線−2を円周上均等に
沿わせ、接着材/Jを少量m布する6接着材/Jが硬化
する前に、金属外スψ−プ//をプラスチツタ外被Jの
側から移動して、接着材を塗布し九抗張力繊維の外周K
11せ、圧着ベンチを用いて金属外スリーブ/lを数箇
所圧着する◇この場合、接着材Jとしてはエポキシ樹脂
などが用いられ、t+圧着ペンチの圧着形状は抗張力繊
維が一部分に片寄らないよう六角形のものが適してお抄
、金属外スリーブ圧着部/Jは圧着後の断面積が圧着前
の7!慢程質になるような寸法が適している。
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of an embodiment of the reinforcing tube retaining portion for optical fiber according to the present invention, and io is a metal inner sleeve 1. , +'i<, is the metal outer sleeve, /, 2 is the metal outer sleeve crimping part, /J is the adhesive, l- is the retaining case, l! is a case rotation stopper, and 14 is a rubber sleeve. Steel, brass, stainless steel, etc. are suitable materials for the metal inner sleeve 10 and metal outer sleeve. The outer diameter is 4 o, ko~Q, and the inner thickness is 0, ko~0.
, J sm , the fleaness is 10 to 10. The metal outer sleeve // is the metal inner sleeve 10 and 01.
M511 is Oj ~0.1mwh, 111 in Ruyo Uni
-Nanka, wall thickness 0. J~0. J Ling, the length is 70~ko θ
In order to assemble this retainer, first attach the plastic jacket of the fiber reinforcing tube to the specified position by providing a threaded part at one end so that the retainer case can be attached. After stripping, the length of the tensile strength fiber is adjusted and the metal inner sleeve 10 is inserted from the tip of the plastic pipe l. Next, line the pile tension line -2 evenly along the circumference around the outer circumference of the metal inner sleeve IO, and apply a small amount of adhesive /J to the metal outer sleeve IO. / from the side of the plastic ivy jacket J, and apply adhesive to the outer periphery of the nine tensile strength fibers K.
11. Crimp the metal outer sleeve/l in several places using a crimping bench ◇ In this case, epoxy resin is used as the adhesive J, and the crimping shape of the T + crimping pliers is set so that the tensile fibers are not biased to one part. A rectangular one is suitable, and the metal outer sleeve crimping part/J has a cross-sectional area of 7 after crimping compared to before crimping. Suitable dimensions are such that the quality is constant.

最後に金属外スリーブtiK引留め部ケース/参を固定
し、次に固定用ねじデを取り付けてゴムスリーブ14を
引留め部ケース/IIに被せ、固定用ねじに、よに引留
め榎に固定する・なお引留めINK圃定する際には、引
留め部ケースに設は九ケースー転止めI!を引留め板の
位置に合わせ、引留め部全体が回嫁するのを防ぐ。
Finally, fix the metal outer sleeve tiK retaining part case/II, then attach the fixing screw DE, cover the rubber sleeve 14 over the retaining part case/II, and fix it to the fixing screw and then to the retaining part. When setting the retainer INK, set the retainer part case to 9 cases - Roll stop I! Align the retaining plate with the position of the retaining plate to prevent the entire retaining part from being folded.

この引留め部はこのように、抗張力繊維を把持するのに
金属内スリーブ10と金属外スリーブ/l・の間にスト
レートに挟み込み、外側から圧着しているので、引留め
部を作製するときに抗張力繊維にたるみが生じKくい。
In order to grip the tensile strength fibers, this retaining part is inserted straight between the metal inner sleeve 10 and the metal outer sleeve /l, and is crimped from the outside, so when making the retainer part, The tensile strength fibers become sagging and become loose.

また圧着する前に抗張力線11KJ着材を塗布している
ので、接着材を抗張力繊維に十分に含浸させることがで
自る・壕大讐着材が硬化し良後は、接着材の接着力も期
待できるので、十分な把持力が得られる。
In addition, since tensile strength wire 11KJ bonding material is applied before crimping, it is possible to sufficiently impregnate the tensile strength fibers with the adhesive material. After the trench bonding material has hardened, the adhesive strength of the adhesive material increases. As expected, sufficient gripping force can be obtained.

実際、このようにして作製した引留め部の把持力は、引
張試験の結果、JO−10k4Iの強度が69、引留め
部のたる重量もり、j −0,4mm以下と十分な性能
であることが確認されている・なお、引留め−の外径は
f%F1−一であった。
In fact, the tensile test results showed that the gripping force of the retaining part produced in this way was sufficient, with the strength of JO-10k4I being 69 and the weight of the retaining part being less than j -0.4 mm. It has been confirmed that the outer diameter of the retainer was f%F1-1.

次Klajmは、第参図の引留め部をさら−48径化し
え場合O本発明の実施例の縦断面図であって、17は金
属外スリーブに設けたスリーブ回転止め −である・ 抗張力繊維の把持方法は同じであるが、引留め部ケース
l#を直接引留め板jにねじ止めしてお参、第参図の実
施例に比べて引留め部の外径をJo〜J#−小さくでき
る・ 本発明状以上説明したように、光フアイバ用補強コード
の#IL張力繊維を把゛持するのに1プラスチ゛ツ!パ
イプの外周に密接して挿入鴫九金、属内スν−プと金属
外スリーブの間にスト□し―トに抗張力繊維を挾み込ん
でいるので、引留め部作製時に抗・・・張力線111に
九るみが生じにくく、抗張力繊細の把持力として、金属
外スリーブの圧着力と、抗張力繊維に塗布し喪接着材の
両方から把持力が得られるので、十分な強度を有し、光
フアイバ用補強コードの中に収容し走光ファイバ心線を
、損傷しにくいという利点がある。
The following figure is a vertical cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention in which the retaining part shown in Figure 1 can be made to have a diameter of -48 mm, and 17 is a sleeve rotation stopper provided on the metal outer sleeve. The gripping method is the same, but the retaining part case l# is screwed directly to the retaining plate j, and the outer diameter of the retaining part is Jo~J#- compared to the embodiment shown in Fig. Can be made small - State of the Invention As explained above, it takes only one plastic to hold the #IL tension fiber of the optical fiber reinforcement cord! Since the tensile strength fibers are inserted into the steel strip closely around the outer circumference of the pipe, and between the metal inner sprue and the metal outer sleeve, the tensile strength fibers are inserted into the steel sheet, so there is no resistance when making the retaining part. It is difficult for the tension line 111 to bend, and the gripping force is obtained from both the compression force of the metal outer sleeve and the adhesive applied to the tensile strength fibers, so it has sufficient strength. There is an advantage that the optical fiber core wire accommodated in the optical fiber reinforcing cord is less likely to be damaged.

この引留め部は小形、軽量であるので、中継器きよう体
内へのファイバ心線引出部や通信ケーブル端*における
心線成端部に適用できるはか、光フアイバ用補強チュー
ブと同様の構造の光7アイパコードKlり付ける光コネ
クタの抗張力繊−把持部としても適用できる。
This retaining part is small and lightweight, so it can be applied to the fiber pull-out part into the repeater case and the fiber termination part at the end of the communication cable*.It has a structure similar to that of an optical fiber reinforcing tube. It can also be used as a tensile strength fiber gripping part of an optical connector for attaching the Optical 7 EyePacord Kl.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

91図は光フアイバ用補強チューブの断Wi図、第J図
は注皺樹脂を用いた従来の引留め部の縦断面図、91図
はテーパ付きスリーブを用いえ従来の引留め−の縦断面
図、第参図は本発明による引留め鶴の実施例の縦断面図
、第1図は1111図の引留め部をさらに小彰イヒした
場合の本発明の実施例の縦断面図である。 l・・・プラスチックパイプ、コ・・・抗張力繊細、J
・・・プラスチツタ外被、参・・・エポキシ樹脂、!・
・・引留め板、4・・・テーパ付き内スリーブ、7・・
・テーパ付き外スリーブ、シ・・・押えねじ、2・・・
同定用ねじ、10・・・金属内スリーブ、//・−・金
属外スリーブ、lコ・・・金属外スリーブ圧着部、/J
・・・接着材、/亭・・・引留め部ケース、l!・・・
ケース回転止め、14・・・ゴムスリーブ、/7・・・
スリーブ回転止め。 特許出願人 日本電信電話公社 39−
Figure 91 is a cross-sectional view of a reinforcing tube for optical fibers, Figure J is a vertical cross-sectional view of a conventional retaining part using a crimp resin, and Figure 91 is a longitudinal cross-section of a conventional retaining part using a tapered sleeve. Figures 1 and 2 are longitudinal cross-sectional views of an embodiment of a retaining crane according to the present invention, and Fig. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention in which the retaining portion of Fig. 1111 is further removed. l...plastic pipe, co...tensile strength, J
... Plastic ivy outer covering, etc. Epoxy resin,!・
...Retaining plate, 4...Tapered inner sleeve, 7...
・Tapered outer sleeve, S... Holding screw, 2...
Identification screw, 10...Metal inner sleeve, //...Metal outer sleeve, l...Metal outer sleeve crimping part, /J
...adhesive material, /tei...retaining part case, l! ...
Case rotation stopper, 14...Rubber sleeve, /7...
Sleeve rotation stopper. Patent applicant: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation 39-

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、党7アイパ心線より4大きな内径のプラスチックパ
イプの外周にケプラー等の抗張力繊細を縦沿えし、その
外周にプラスチック被覆し走光ファイバ用補強チューブ
の引留め部において、前記プラスチックパイプの外周K
。 プラスチツタパイプよりも若干大きな内径の金属内スリ
ーブと、金属内スリーブの外径よりも大きな内径の金属
外スリーブとを挿入し、前記金属内スリーブと金属外ス
リーブの中間に1エポキシ等の接着材を塗布または、含
浸させ九抗張力繊維を円周上に均等に配置して、金属外
スリーブを圧着することにより抗張力繊維を把持し、前
記金属外スリーブをねじ笹により引留め板に固定したこ
とを特徴とする党ファイバ用補強チューブの引留め部。
[Claims] 1. A tensile strength material such as Kepler is longitudinally placed on the outer periphery of a plastic pipe with an inner diameter 4 larger than the party 7 Aipah core wire, and the outer periphery is coated with plastic, and in the retaining part of the optical fiber reinforcing tube, Outer circumference K of the plastic pipe
. Insert a metal inner sleeve with an inner diameter slightly larger than that of the plastic pipe and a metal outer sleeve with an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the metal inner sleeve, and apply an adhesive such as 1 epoxy between the metal inner sleeve and metal outer sleeve. The nine tensile strength fibers are coated or impregnated with the same material and are arranged evenly on the circumference, the tensile strength fibers are gripped by crimping the metal outer sleeve, and the metal outer sleeve is fixed to the retaining plate with screws. Features: Retaining part of reinforcing tube for party fiber.
JP56118484A 1981-07-30 1981-07-30 Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber Pending JPS5821207A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP56118484A JPS5821207A (en) 1981-07-30 1981-07-30 Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP56118484A JPS5821207A (en) 1981-07-30 1981-07-30 Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS5821207A true JPS5821207A (en) 1983-02-08

Family

ID=14737812

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP56118484A Pending JPS5821207A (en) 1981-07-30 1981-07-30 Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS5821207A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6244225U (en) * 1985-09-03 1987-03-17
WO2006070496A1 (en) * 2004-12-28 2006-07-06 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Optical fiber cable termination structure, method for forming termination structure, and optical fiber cable having the termination structure

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS54104850A (en) * 1978-02-06 1979-08-17 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> Submarine repeater housing
JPS5640510B2 (en) * 1974-03-07 1981-09-21

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5640510B2 (en) * 1974-03-07 1981-09-21
JPS54104850A (en) * 1978-02-06 1979-08-17 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> Submarine repeater housing

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6244225U (en) * 1985-09-03 1987-03-17
WO2006070496A1 (en) * 2004-12-28 2006-07-06 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Optical fiber cable termination structure, method for forming termination structure, and optical fiber cable having the termination structure

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2034661C (en) Optical fiber cable pulling eye
CA1037684A (en) Pulling eye
US5013125A (en) Pulling eye assembly for connectorized optical fiber cables
GB2111238A (en) Joining and protecting optic fibre joins
GB1026512A (en) Connector for reinforced flexible tubes
US6173104B1 (en) Dead end connector for fiber optic cable
JPS5821207A (en) Detaining part of reinforcing tube for optical fiber
JPH02216710A (en) Steel wire armored cable
JP3141346B2 (en) Multi-pole connector
CN110932212B (en) Strain clamp for aluminum-coated carbon fiber core wire and use method thereof
JPS5854301A (en) Anchor part for submarine optical fiber cable
JP2761571B2 (en) Cable and cable termination method
GB2069170A (en) Crimp sleeve, especially for optical fibre cables
CN217447738U (en) Hard mirror
JP3152378B2 (en) Compression type clamp and prefabricated electric wire
WO1995024667A1 (en) Arrangement for gripping a strength member of an optical fibre cable
JP2744943B2 (en) Wire termination method
JPS6146488Y2 (en)
JPH055522Y2 (en)
JPS605700Y2 (en) Structure of overhead covered wire terminals
JPS62209403A (en) Optical cable anchoring structure for optical connector
JPH047635Y2 (en)
JPH0646185Y2 (en) Compressed wire connection device for insulation coated wires
JP2803668B2 (en) Optical cord anchoring structure
JPH0645089A (en) Destaticizing brush with earthing tool and its manufacture