JPS58201256A - Nonaqueous battery - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fully used non-aqueous electrochemical cell selected from Groups MA- and VA of the Periodic Table and having an atomic number of 14 or above. .

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The development of high energy battery systems requires, inter alia, the compatibility of electrolyte fluids with desired electrochemical properties with highly reactive anode materials such as Leechalam or the like. Because the negative electrode material is active to the extent that it chemically reacts with water,
In these) 9-tele systems, aqueous d1. Therefore, in order to achieve the high energy density obtained using these highly reactive carbon fibers, it is necessary to explore non-aqueous solute fibers. Ta.

The term 1 non-aqueous electrolyte 1 as used herein refers to a metal group or a complex salt of an element of Group 1A, W++A, Group 1A or Group VA of the periodic table. The solution 'lj&I' refers to the bath liquid. In addition, the 1-cycle calculation table used here refers to ``Handbook Ozome Mistry and Physics,'' published by The CRC Zores, California, Florida, U.S.A., 1979-198.
Familiarize yourself with the Periodic Table of Elements listed in the 0th edition of the Alpha) edition.

A wide variety! Although the use of a large number of solutes has been proposed, the selection of an appropriate solvent is particularly troublesome.The ideal battery *SW has a long liquid range,
It may include solvent-solute combinations that have high ionic conductivity and stability. When batteries operate at temperatures other than normal ambient temperatures, a long liquid range is required, ie, a high boiling point and a low freezing point. Also, if the battery has high rate capability, high ionic conductivity is required. Stability is essential for electrode materials, battery construction materials, and battery reaction products to produce long shelf lives when used in primary or secondary battery systems.

It has been disclosed in the literature that for non-aqueous electrochemical cells some materials can act as electrolyte carriers, ie solvents for electrolyte salts, and at the same time as active cathodes. U.S. Patent No. 3.475,226, No. 3,5
No. 67.515 and No. 3,578°500 respectively disclose that liquid sulfur dioxide or a solution of sulfur dioxide and a co-solvent performs this dual function in a non-aqueous electrochemical cell. He says he will carry it out. Although these solutions perform a dual function, their use is not without a few drawbacks. Since sulfur dioxide is always present and is a gas at room temperature, it is accommodated as a liquid under pressure in the cell and must be dissolved in a liquid solvent.

If sulfur dioxide is used alone, handling and packaging problems arise, and if it is dissolved in the sulfur dioxide liquid, additional ingredients and a combination step are required. Become. As mentioned above, it is desirable for the electrolytic solvent to have a long liquid range including room temperature. Clearly, at atmospheric pressure sulfur dioxide is insufficient in this respect.

U.S. Pat. No. 439,521 discloses a negative electrode, a positive lf [current collector, a positive electrode and an electrolyte?]. and the cathode-electrolyte comprises a solution of an ionically conductive solute in an active cathode depolarizer, where the active cathode depolarizer is a group of
Non-aqueous electrochemical cells comprising liquid oxynologides of Group or Group V elements are disclosed.

U.S. Pat. No. 474,267 uses a cathode-electrolyte consisting of an ionized solute dissolved in a liquid halide solvent and a cosolvent, the liquid halide containing -sulfur chloride (52C12), -odor Sulfur chloride (82Br2), selenium tetrafluoride (5eF4), -selenium bromide (5e
2Br2), thiophosphoryl chloride (PSC1B)
, thiophosphoryl bromide (PSBr3), pentafluoride A (VF5), lead tetrachloride (PbC14), titanium pentachloride ('rtct4), disulfur decafluoride (82Ft)
o ), tin trichloride bromide (5nBrC13), tin dichloride dibromide (5nBr2C12) and tin chloride tribromide (
5nBr3C1) is disclosed.

One of the objects of the present invention is to provide a new family of cathode materials for use in non-aqueous battery systems with a long liquid range.

Another object of the present invention is to have relatively stable negative electrodes such as lithium and relatively low reactivity to atmospheric water vapor;
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new group of liquid cathode materials suitable for use in non-aqueous battery systems.

These and other objects will become more apparent from the description below.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention includes a negative electrode, a positive current collector, and a positive electrode-electrolyte solution comprising an ionized solute dissolved in a solvent, wherein the positive electrode-electrolyte is a cyclical material. Non-aqueous electrochemical cells containing at least one organic halogenide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Groups MA and VA of the Table of Contents and having an atomic number of 14 or higher. .

The cathode material is an active cathode reactant, and thus is a material that is electrochemically reduced in the cathode current collector. The positive electrode assembly, whether inactive or active, primarily acts as an electron conductor for the current collector plus positive terminal. In other words, the cathode current collector, when used with a liquid cathode active material, is the site of the electrochemical arresting reaction of the cathode active material and is an electron conductor to the battery's cathode terminal.

In order to improve the conductivity of the liquid reed-based positive electrode active material,
Usually mixed with an ionized solute, or with both an ionized solute and a co-solvent substance σ).

The solid reducible positive electrode active material can be bath-dissolved in a solvent and becomes a liquid phase in the bath medium. Therefore, in the present invention, some organic halides can act as a medium for the positive electrode-electrolytic 5M bath solution, but in general, the true
Additional catalysts are required to improve the solubility of the solute to make the electrolyte conductive enough to be used in batteries.

For active materials that are solid at room temperature, such as cH3SnCI3,
A desolvent is required to dissolve both the solute and the solid active material. In the latter case, the dissolved active material will be present in the liquid phase in the cathode-electrolyte bath.

Of the organic halides in Groups NA and VA of the periodic table, nitrogen is excluded due to the room temperature instability of nitrogen organic halides, and carbon is excluded due to the room temperature instability of nitrogen organic halides. Many of these compounds are excluded because they are electrochemically inert, and some of them are chemically reactive with active metal negative electrodes such as lithium. Organic halides suitable for use in the present invention must be electrochemically reducible and must be effectively chemically stable within the battery system during storage.

One embodiment of the organic halide of the present invention is represented by the following general formula.

mzXn where R is a saturated alkyl group with a chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, such as CH3 or CH3C)12; 2-6
an unsaturated alkyl group with a chain length of carbon atoms, inverted cH
2=CH; substituted alkyl group having a chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (saturated group) or 2 to 6 carbon atoms (unsaturated group), if inverted CF3, CHF2, CF2 = CF'; 1 to 6 carbon atoms an alkoxy group having a carbon chain length of , or ]#alkoxy group, such as CH3-0, FQ(2CH20;
An unsaturated alkoxy group ([substituted or unsubstituted) with a carbon chain length of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g.
F(20, CF2=α-C) (20F substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, e.g. C6H5, FC6T(4, CH3C
6H4; 11-substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy groups, e.g. C6H5-0, FC6H4-0, substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio groups with a carbon chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g. or an unsubstituted arylthio group, e.g. C6)I5-S,
Fe12 (a 4-8 organic group, where 2 is an element from group 1/A or VA& of the periodic table, such as St, P, Sn, Sbe, but this element is tetravalent if it is from group NA, or 3 for group VA
or pentavalent.

Here, X is halogen, for example C1, Br.

Here, n is a valence of 1 to 3 for the element 2 of 41dli, and a valence of 1 or 2.5 for the trivalent element 2
It has a valence of 1 to 4.゛Here, n is m
+n takes a valence equal to the valence of element 2, for example 4
For a value of 2, n-4-m.

Alternatively, R is a difunctional organic group with a chain length of 4 to 6 atoms, in which case - both ends are bonded to atom 2 to form a heterocyclic compound, m = 1, n = Z Valence -
Set it to 2. In this case, R preferably consists entirely of methylene groups or substituted methylene groups, for example (CH2)4
, or a methylene group and an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, preferably (CH20)2, for example.

The second structure of the organic compound used in the present invention is represented by the following general formula.

XmZ'R'Z'Yn Here, 2' and zl are elements of group WA or group VA of the periodic table, as described above for 2, and are mutually the same or different. .

Here, selected from chemically bonded groups consisting of carbon, carbon and oxygen, and carbon and sulfur, e.g. -CH2C)(2
-, where m and n are equal to the valence of elements 2' and z' minus 1, respectively.

The presence of an organic group R or R' can reduce atmospheric moisture and light metals (group IA or IA) compared to the corresponding inorganic halides.
Group) decreases the reactivity of the compound toward the negative electrode material.

Examples of organic halides suitable for use in the present invention and their melting points (m,p,) (if known) and their boiling points (b,p,) are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Compounds One point ('C) Boiling point ('C)C
H3PC12-6781,5 C2H5PC12111,85 α30PC1295-96 C6H5PC124To 48 221.85 (C6H
5) 2PC11!1r-16320(C)T2O)2
PCI-41,5 (10gm
)Cl3F(CH2)2PCI2-
81-82 (2n) (CH3) 28
1('12 ・-70,0(C2H5)2SIC
12129 (C2H50)2SIC12136 (C)13)FIICI365.7 (CH3)2SiBr2 112,3
(CH3)2SbC13 decomposition C4J(g8flc]3 −+53
98 (101m) C6H5Sn
CI3 142 (251m)C
6T(5SnBr3
182 (29m Otori) CH3SnC134
3171 CT (3SnBr3 53--5
．． 5 210-211 (7461 theory) Among the above, some of them are solid at room temperature or higher temperatures, but when dissolved in a suitable solvent according to the present invention, they act as liquid cathode materials. Dew. Among the above, preferable ones are CH3PC12 and C2H5PC.
12, CH30PC12, and C6HsPC12, CH3PC12 are most preferred.

Substantially any compatible electronically conductive solid (inert or active) can be used as the cathode aggregate in the wakeup pond of the present invention. It is desirable to have as large a contact surface 'l'k as possible between the positive electrode-'ltm material and the current collector. Therefore, it is preferable to use porous adult falcons.

This is because it provides a large surface area interface for the liquid cathode-electrolyte. This current collector can be metal and can be present in any physical form such as a metal film, screen or compacted powder. Preferably, the compressed powder current collector at least partially comprises:
Must be carbonaceous or other high surface area material.

The salt can be a single salt or a double salt that forms an ionically conductive bath solution when dissolved in a solvent.

Preferred solutes are complex salts of inorganic or organic Lewis acids and inorganic ionizable salts. The only practical requirement is that the salt, whether single or double, be compatible with the solvent used and form an ionically conductive bath liquid. Lewis concept of acids and bases or electrons! According to my aspiration,
Many substances that do not contain active hydrogen can act as acids or electron doublet acceptors. This basic concept is described in the chemical literature (Journal of the Frantalin Institute, Vol. 226-July/12
May, 1938, p. 293-313, G.N. Lewis).

The reaction mechanism of the functional aspects of these complex salts in solvents is described in US Pat. No. 3,542,602. In this case, it is assumed in this patent that the complex or double salt formed between the Lewis acid and the ionizable salt results in a more stable entity than either component alone.

Representative Lewis acids suitable for use in the present invention include aluminum fluoride, aluminum bromide, aluminum chloride, antimony pentachloride, zirconium tetrachloride, phosphorus pentachloride, boron heptadide, boron chloride, and boron bromide. include.

Ionizable salts used with Lewis acids include lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium sulfide, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, potassium fluoride, potassium chloride, and potassium bromide.

It will be clear to those skilled in the art that the salt formed by the Lewis acid and the inorganic ionizable salt can be used as such, or alternatively, each component can be added separately to the solvent and prepared in situ. Salts or product ions can be formed. An example of such a double salt is one formed by combining aluminum chloride and lithium chloride to generate lithium aluminum tetrachloride.

Organic solvents that can be used with organic halides in the present invention include the following classes of compounds: trialkyl diborate, trimethyl borate, (CH3
0) 3B (liquid range, -29.3~67°C) Alkyl silicate: e.g., tetramethyl silicate, (C
H30) 481, (boiling point, 121°C) Nitroalkane diside, nitromethane, C) (3N02(
(liquid range, -17 to 100°C, 8°C) Alkylnitrile: e.g., acetonitrile, H3CN (liquid range, -45 to 81.6°C) Dialkylamide: e.g., dimethylformamide P.

HCON(CH3)2 (liquid range, -60,48~149℃) (liquid range, -
16-202℃) Tetraalkylurea: e.g., tetramethylurea, (CH3
)2N-Co-N(CH3)2 (liquid range, -1,2~
166°C) Monocarunic acid esters: e.g., ethyl acetate (liquid range,
-83,6 to 77.06°C) Orthoesters: Examples, trimethyl orthoformate, HC(OCH3)3 (boiling point, 103°C) (g-form range, -42 to 206°C) Two examples of dialkyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, QC(OCH3)2 (Liquid range, 2-90°C) Two alkylene carbonates, propylene carbonate, (Liquid range, -
48-242°C) Monoethers: e.g., diethyl ether (liquid range, -116-34.5°C) Bori ethers: e.g., 1.1- and 1.2-dimethoxyethane (liquid range, -113,2-34.5°C, respectively) 64.5°C, and 64.5°C) Cyclic ethers: e.g., tetrahydrofuran (liquid range, -
05-157℃), 1,3-dioquinrane (liquid range,
-95 to 78°C) Nitroaromatics: e.g., nitrobenzene (liquid range, 5.7
~210.8°C) Aromatic Cal I7 acid halides, e.g., benzoyl chloride (liquid range, 0 to 197°C), benzoyl bromide (liquid range, -24 to 218°C) aromatic sulfonic acid halides, e.g. Benzene sulfonyl chloride (liquid range, 14.5-251°C) Aromatic phosphonic acid dihalide dichloride, benzenephosphonyl dichloride (boiling point, 258°C) Aliphatic phosphonic acid dihalide, e.g., methylphosphonyl dichloride (boiling point, 162°C) °C) Aromatic thiophosphonic acid dino halides: e.g., benzenethiophosphonyl dichloride (boiling point, 124°C in 5 steps) Cyclic sulfones: e.g., sulfolane, alkylsulfonic acid halides: e.g., methanesulfonyl chloride P (boiling point , 161°C) Alkylsulfonic acid halide: Example, acetyl chloride (liquid range, -112 to 50.9°C)
, acetyl bromide (liquid range, -96 to 76°C), tJi
Gropionyl (liquid range, -94~H1''C) saturated?
J Sukon: e.g., tetrahydrothiophene (liquid range, -%
~121'C): 3-Methyl-2-oxazolidone (melting point, 15.9°C) Dialkylsulfamic acid halide: e.g., dimethylsulfamylchloride P (boiling point, closed °C)
, 1611m) Alkyl halosulfonate diside, ethyl chlorosulfonate, (boiling point, 151°C) Unsaturated arylocyclic carboxylic acid halide: e.g., 2-70yl chloride (liquid range, -2 to 173°C) 5 -Two examples of unsaturated heterocycles, 3.5-dimethylisoxazole (boiling point, 140'C), 1-methylpyrrole (boiling point,
114°C), 2.4-/methylthiazole (boiling point, 14
4℃), furan (liquid range, -85,65 to 31.36
°C) ester and/or halide of dibasic carzenic acid, ethyloxalyl chloride (boiling point, 135 °C)
°C) Mixtures of alkylsulfonic acid halides and carzenic acid halides: e.g., chlorosulfonylacetyl chloride (boiling point, 10°C)
at an old °C) dialkyl sulfoxide side, dimethyl sulfoxide (
Liquid range, 1884-189°C) dialkyl sulfate, dimethyl sulfate (liquid range, -31,7
5 to 188.5°C) Dialkyl sulfide: Example, dimethyl sulfide (boiling point, 126°C) Alkylene sulfite, ethylene glycol sulfide (liquid range, -11 to 173°C) Among the above,
Co-solvents that may be preferred include: nitrobenzene-nitropropane; tetrahydro7rane; 1,3-dioquinrane; 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone; propylene carbonate;
r-butyrolactone; sulfolane; ethylene glycol sulfide; dimethyl sulfide: acetyl chloride and benzoyl chloride. These preferred co-solvents 1)
Among them, the most preferred is nitroprobant acetyl chloride. This is because they are chemically the most inert to battery components, have a long liquid axis, and allow for extremely effective use of seikimonotono in the cargo. It is.

Also within the scope of the present invention, inorganic solvents such as inorganic oxyhalides or halides can be used together with organic halides. These oxyhalides and halides can not only act as electrolyte solvents in non-aqueous batteries, but can also function as active agents, thereby increasing the amount of primary activity in this type of battery. Add the total t of substance.

The negative electrode materials used in the present invention are generally consumable metals and include aluminum, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and alkali gold-14 or alkaline earth metal alloys with each other or with other metals. As used in the present specification and claims, the term "Okinawa 1 alloy" includes mixtures, id% compounds such as lithium-magnesium, and intermetallic compounds such as lithium and monoaluminide.

Preferred negative electrode materials are alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium, and alkali metals such as calcium. A preferred negative electrode material is lithium.

When selecting a particular organohalide for a particular cell according to the present invention, the presence of other cell components and the stability of the organohalide at the operating temperature of the cell must also be considered. That is, the organic halide must be selected to be stable in the presence of other battery components and electrochemically reducible within the battery system.

Additionally, if it is desired to make the electrolyte solution more viscous or convert it into a gel, Colloid P
Gelling agents such as silica can be added.

The present invention will be explained below with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1 Contains lithium negative electrode and 0.5 M LiAlCl4 in a 1:20 molar ratio f) POCl3 : CH3PC12
2,4111t consisting of (methyldichlorophosphine)
0.00000, including a positive electrode-electrolytic plate of 0.0000000000 and a porous carbon positive electrode current collector.
An experimental cylindrical battery with a diameter of 475 inches and a height of 1.65 inches was fabricated. This battery f: 1 through 250 ohm load
0.70 Ampere Hours (AH) at an average discharge voltage of approximately 2.62 rt with continuous discharge to zero cutoff
was discharged.

Example 2 An experimental battery was constructed as in Example 1, except that methyldichlorophosphine was obtained from another company. This battery was discharged to 1-root cutoff 7 in the same manner as in Example 1.
0.78AH at an average discharge voltage of approximately 2.0/lt
was discharged.

Example 3 Two experimental cells were fabricated as in Example 2, except that in each cell the molar ratio of POC13 to CH3PC12 was made as shown in Table 2. Each cell was discharged through a total 250 ohm load to a 1/root cutoff and its discharge capacity, tt, is shown in Table 2.

Table 2 12: 10.49 2 141 0.67 Example 4 Lithium negative electrode and 2:1 molar ratio containing 0.5 M LiAlCl4 (1) CH3PC12: CH3CO
An experimental battery similar to that in Example 1 was manufactured using C1 positive electrode-electrolyte 2.41 and a porous carbon positive electrode current collector. The experimental battery was continuously discharged through a gold 250 ohm load to a 1/root cutoff, discharging 0.21 AH.

Example 5 A similar procedure as in Example 1 was carried out using a lithium anode, 2.4 moles of cH3POC12:cH3Pc12 cathode-electrolyte in a 1:2 molar ratio containing 0.5 M LiAlCl4, and a porous carbon cathode current collector. An experimental battery was made. The cell was continuously discharged through a 250 ohm load to a 1 volt cutoff, discharging 0.36 AH.

Example 6 A lithium negative electrode and a positive electrode-electrolyte 2.4% as shown in Table 3 in a 1:1 molar ratio containing 0.5 M LiAlCl4,
Several additional batteries were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 using a porous carbon positive electrode current collector. 2 of these batteries each
The time required to discharge through a 50 ohm load and reach II sill tot-off is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 C2H5POCl3' 250 2 , 1
56CH30POCl3 250 1, 9
35(C6H5)2 POCl3 250
1.9 12C6H5POCl3 250
2.6 30 Example 7 Lithium negative electrode and 0.5 M LiAlCl4 respectively
Containing 1:2 molar ratio (') POCl3:
a positive electrode-electrolyte consisting of CH3PC12, 2.4 tnl;
Two experimental cells were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 using a porous carbon cathode current collector. One battery is immediately 25
It was discharged through a 0 ohm load to a 1 volt cutoff, discharging 0.64 AH. The second battery was stored at room temperature for about a day and then discharged through a 250 ohm load to a one-zert cutoff, discharging 0.54 AH.

Example 8 Three batteries were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1. One cell was discharged through a 75 ohm load and discharged 0.57 AHt to 1 volt cutoff. The second battery is discharged through a 250 ohm load and K until 1 Zelt cutoff.
0079 AHL discharged. The third battery was discharged through a 500 ohm load and discharged 0.78 AH.

The present invention is not limited to the above description, and may be modified as desired within the scope of the spirit thereof.

Applicant's agent Kiyoshi Inomata

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. A negative electrode, a positive electrode current collector, and a positive electrode-electrolyte solution containing an ionized solute dissolved in a solvent; A non-aqueous electrochemical cell containing an organic halide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group WA and Group VA and having an atomic number of 14 or 14 or more. 2. The organic halide is represented by the following general formula, RmZX. Here, R is a saturated alkyl group having a length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an unsaturated alkyl group having a length of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbon atoms (saturated group), or 2 to 6 carbon atoms ( an alkyl group having a chain length of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having a carbon chain length of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms;
N-substituted alkoxy group, unsaturated alkoxy group having a carbon #l chain length of 2 to 6 carbon atoms (1 # substituent or apite substituent),
an organic radical of a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylthio group having a carbon chain length of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylthio group, where 2 is , an element in group IA or VA of the periodic table, provided that this element has a valence of 4 if it is in group #IA or a valence of 3 if it is in group VA.
valence or pentavalent, where X is a halogen, and n is a valence of 1 to 3 for a tetravalent element 2, 1 or 2 for a trivalent element 2, or 1 to 2 for a pentavalent element 2. 4, and here n is m+n element 2.
The non-aqueous battery according to claim 1, having a valence equal to the valence of . 3. Organic halides are represented by the following general formula: Claim 1: A bifunctional organic group having a long length, both ends of which are bonded to element 2 to form a multicyclic compound, where m = 1 and n = valence of Z -2. non-aqueous batteries. 4. Organic halides are represented by the following general formula: However, this element is in the PI
For group A, it is tetravalent, or for group VA, it is trivalent or pentavalent, where X and Y are halogens, and here R' is a chemical compound that is linked to both of the bridged perilla from 2' to z'. a difunctional organic group with a chain length of 1 to 6 atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon, carbon and oxygen, and carbon and sulfur, in which m and n each represent the element Z.
5. The non-aqueous battery of claim 1, in which the organic halide is selected from the following group: CH3PC12; C2H5PC12 ;CH30PC
12; C6)T5PC12; (C6H5)2PC1i
(CtT20)2PC1; Cl2P(CH2)2P
C12; (CH3)281C12i (C2H5)2S
IC12i (CH3)5iC13; (CH3)25I
Br2; (CH3)25bC13; C4H95n
Ct3; C6H55nC13i C6H55nBr3
; CT (3SnC13 and CH35nBr3 6, Claims 1, 2, 3, and 4 in which a solvent other than the organic halide is present in the tangent-1 solute)
Non-aqueous batteries according to No. 5 or No. 5M. 7. Solvent is POC13, CH3POCl2, CH3C0
7. The non-aqueous pond of claim 6 selected from the group consisting of Cl and Nitrozolo A. 8. The nonaqueous battery according to claim 1, wherein the organic halide is CH3PCI2. 9. The non-aqueous battery according to claim 6, wherein the organic halide is CH3PC12 and the solvent is POC13. 10. The non-aqueous battery according to claim 1, wherein the organic halide is C2H5PC12. 11. The nonaqueous battery according to claim 8g5, wherein the organic halide is CH30PC12. 12, Organic halide is C6H3PC12 Special 2
The non-aqueous battery of item 5, the range of f[lll1. 13. The solute is a Lewis acid and an inorganic ionizable term @
It's salt! +f The nonaqueous battery according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4. 14. Claim 1, wherein the negative electrode is selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, calcium, and potassium.
No. 2, No. 3 or No. 41 non-aqueous batteries.