JPH1193096A - Fluorescent fibrous material, paper for preventing forgery by using the same and printed matter for preventing forgery - Google Patents
Fluorescent fibrous material, paper for preventing forgery by using the same and printed matter for preventing forgeryInfo
- Publication number
- JPH1193096A JPH1193096A JP9272258A JP27225897A JPH1193096A JP H1193096 A JPH1193096 A JP H1193096A JP 9272258 A JP9272258 A JP 9272258A JP 27225897 A JP27225897 A JP 27225897A JP H1193096 A JPH1193096 A JP H1193096A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fibrous material
- fluorescent
- paper
- particles
- fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Paper (AREA)
- Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、蛍光発色する繊維
状物、及びこれを使用した偽造防止用紙、及び偽造防止
印刷物に関する。詳しくは、紫外線の照射で蛍光発色す
る水不溶性の粒子を高速気流中衝撃法により繊維状物表
面に固着した蛍光発色する繊維状物、及びこれを用紙中
に含む偽造防止用紙、及びこの偽造防止用紙に印刷を施
した偽造防止印刷物に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fibrous material which emits fluorescent light, a forgery-preventing paper using the fibrous material, and a forgery-proof printed material. Specifically, a fibrous material that emits fluorescence by fixing water-insoluble particles that emit fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light to the surface of the fibrous material by a high-speed airflow impact method, a forgery prevention paper containing the fibrous material in a paper, and a forgery prevention The present invention relates to a forgery-prevention printed matter printed on paper.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】紫外線の照射で発色する物質を、用紙に
含む偽造防止用紙は種々提案されている。この偽造防止
用紙は、紫外線を用紙に照射することで用紙に含まれた
蛍光発色する物質が可視光領域の特定波長の光を発し、
用紙が偽造されたものであるか否かを判定できる特徴を
有している。2. Description of the Related Art Various anti-counterfeit papers have been proposed which contain a material which develops a color upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. This anti-counterfeit paper, when irradiating ultraviolet light to the paper, the fluorescent material contained in the paper emits light of a specific wavelength in the visible light region,
It has the characteristic that it can be determined whether or not the paper is forged.
【０００３】例えば、特開昭５８−５４０９９号や、特
公昭５６−１６３２８号には、紙中に、蛍光染色した繊
維を蛍光染色を施していない繊維と配合して抄造するこ
とを特徴とする偽造防止用紙の製造方法が提案されてい
る。また、特開平６−１２８８０７号等には、酸化物系
の蛍光顔料を紡糸時に添加した蛍光発色性繊維が提案さ
れている。[0003] For example, JP-A-58-54099 and JP-B-56-16328 are characterized in that, in paper, a fluorescent-stained fiber is blended with a fiber which has not been subjected to fluorescent dyeing to form a paper. A method for producing forgery prevention paper has been proposed. JP-A-6-128807 and the like have proposed a fluorescent coloring fiber to which an oxide fluorescent pigment is added during spinning.
【０００４】本発明者らは、これらの提案について検討
した結果、種々の問題点があることが判った。前記特開
昭５８−５４０９９号や、特公昭５６−１６３２８号に
提案されているような蛍光染料を使用した場合は、紫外
線の照射により発色する強度が弱く、発色する色相の種
類に限りがあり、また耐光性が悪く用紙保存中に色相が
変化したり、退色するという大きな問題点がある。The present inventors have studied these proposals and found that there are various problems. When fluorescent dyes such as those proposed in JP-A-58-54099 and JP-B-56-16328 are used, the intensity of color development by irradiation with ultraviolet light is weak, and the types of hues to be developed are limited. Further, there is a serious problem that the light resistance is poor and the hue changes or the color fades during storage of the paper.
【０００５】特開平６−１２８８０７号に提案されてい
るような、蛍光染料、或いは蛍光顔料等を合成繊維を紡
糸する際に添加し蛍光発色繊維を製造する方法は繊維中
に蛍光染料や蛍光顔料が含まれるため、上記問題点を解
決できるが、使用できる合成繊維や蛍光剤の種類に制限
があり、また製造に複雑な装置を必要とし、製造量を多
くしないと経済的に引き合わないという問題点がある。A method of producing a fluorescent coloring fiber by adding a fluorescent dye or a fluorescent pigment when spinning a synthetic fiber, as proposed in JP-A-6-128807, is known. Can solve the above-mentioned problems, but there are limitations on the types of synthetic fibers and fluorescent agents that can be used, and there is a problem that a complicated apparatus is required for production, and the production cannot be economically compensated unless the production amount is increased. There is a point.
【０００６】蛍光顔料を、定着剤を使用して繊維に定着
する場合は、蛍光染料を使用した場合の耐光性が悪いと
いう問題は解消できるが、蛍光顔料の繊維に対する定着
歩留まりが悪く、また、これらの繊維をスラリーに添加
して用紙を抄造する場合、蛍光顔料が繊維状物から離脱
しやすいという問題点がある。When a fluorescent pigment is fixed to a fiber using a fixing agent, the problem of poor light fastness when a fluorescent dye is used can be solved, but the fixing yield of the fluorescent pigment to the fiber is poor, and When paper is made by adding these fibers to the slurry, there is a problem that the fluorescent pigment is easily separated from the fibrous material.
【０００７】蛍光発色する繊維状物が上記問題点を有し
ているので、これを用紙に含んだ偽造防止用紙、及びこ
れを使用して製造した偽造防止印刷物は、当然上記した
問題点を有していることとなる。[0007] Since the fibrous material that emits fluorescent light has the above-mentioned problems, the forgery-preventing paper containing the fibrous material in the paper and the forgery-preventive printed matter manufactured using the same naturally have the above-mentioned problems. You are doing.
【０００８】[0008]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、これらの問
題点を解決することを課題とする。即ち、紫外線の照射
による発色強度が強く、耐光性に優れ、蛍光発色する繊
維状物を製造する際の蛍光剤の歩留まりが良く、用紙製
造中に繊維状物から蛍光剤が離脱することが無く、簡単
な装置で小ロットでも製造でき、抄紙時の歩留まりもよ
い蛍光発色する繊維状物を得ること、及びこれを使用し
た偽造防止用紙、及びこの用紙を使用した偽造防止印刷
物を得ることを課題とする。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to solve these problems. That is, the coloring intensity by irradiation of ultraviolet rays is strong, the light resistance is excellent, the yield of the fluorescent agent when producing a fibrous material that emits fluorescence is good, and the fluorescent agent is not separated from the fibrous material during paper production. It is an object of the present invention to obtain a fibrous material which can be manufactured even in a small lot with a simple device and has a good yield at the time of paper making, and has a good yield, and a forgery prevention paper using the same and a forgery prevention printed material using the paper. And
【０００９】[0009]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の第一の発明は、
平均粒径が０．１〜１００μｍの紫外線の照射で蛍光発
色する水不溶性の粒子（以下蛍光粒子という）を、高速
気流中衝撃法により重量平均繊維長が５ｍｍ以下の繊維
状物表面に固着したことを特徴とする蛍光発色する繊維
状物である。Means for Solving the Problems The first invention of the present invention is:
Water-insoluble particles (hereinafter referred to as “fluorescent particles”) that emit fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet rays having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 μm are fixed to the surface of a fibrous material having a weight average fiber length of 5 mm or less by a high-speed airflow impact method. It is a fibrous material that emits fluorescence.
【００１０】また、第二の発明は、こうして得られた蛍
光発色する繊維状物を用紙中に含むことを特徴とする偽
造防止用紙である。[0010] A second invention is a forgery prevention paper characterized in that the paper thus obtained contains the fibrous material which emits fluorescence.
【００１１】また、第三の発明は、こうして得られた偽
造防止用紙の表面に印刷を施したことを特徴とする偽造
防止印刷物である。[0011] A third invention is a forgery-prevention printed matter characterized by printing on the surface of the forgery-prevention paper thus obtained.
【００１２】[0012]
【発明の実施の形態】以下本発明を詳しく説明する。本
発明で使用する高速気流中衝撃法とは、２種類以上の材
料を高速の気流中で互いに衝突させて衝撃を与え材料の
改質を行う方法を意味し、これを実現する装置は、例え
ば特開平５−１６８８９５号、日本接着学会誌（Ｖｏ
ｌ．３３、Ｎｏ．５（１９９７）２６頁〜）などに開示
されている。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below in detail. The high-speed airflow impact method used in the present invention means a method in which two or more kinds of materials collide with each other in a high-speed airflow to give an impact, thereby reforming the material. JP-A-5-168895, Journal of the Adhesion Society of Japan (Vo
l. 33, no. 5 (1997) pp. 26-).
【００１３】この高速気流中衝撃法は粉体の改質方法と
して検討されたことはあったが、本発明のように蛍光発
色する繊維状物を得ることに検討されたことは全く無か
った。本発明者らは、この方法の特異な作用に注目し
て、繊維状物に蛍光粒子を固着することを試みた結果、
特定の条件下で本発明の課題を解決できることを見い出
したものである。Although this high-speed air impact method has been studied as a method for modifying powder, it has never been studied to obtain a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light as in the present invention. The present inventors have focused on the unique action of this method, and as a result of trying to fix fluorescent particles to a fibrous material,
It has been found that the subject of the present invention can be solved under specific conditions.
【００１４】以下、本発明を図面に基づいて説明する。
図１及び図２は、前記特開平５−１６８８９５号公報に
開示されたもので、図１は、高速気流衝撃装置の一例を
その前後装置と共に系統的に示した概念的な説明図を、
図２は、図１の装置の側面断面図を示す。Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are disclosed in the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-168895. FIG. 1 is a conceptual explanatory diagram systematically showing an example of a high-speed airflow impact device together with its front and rear devices.
FIG. 2 shows a side sectional view of the device of FIG.
【００１５】この装置は、衝撃室８内に、衝撃ピン５を
周設した回転盤４及び衝突リング７を配置した粉体衝撃
装置の前カバー２の開口部から、固体粒子と小さな他の
固体粒子とから構成される固体粒子群を投入し、衝撃室
８を通過させることにより、衝撃式打撃作用を与える場
合において、衝撃ピン５の回転によって発生した気流と
共に、衝突リング７の一部に開口する排出口９より粉体
群の全量を排出して、粉体粒子群を過熱された気流から
分離した後、再び粉体粒子群のみを衝撃室８内に投入す
るようにして外粉体粒子群に前記衝撃式打撃作用を繰り
返し与えることにより、前記固体粒子の表面に前記固体
粒子よりも小さな他の固体粒子を付着させながら、また
は付着させた後、該他の固体粒子を埋設または固着させ
る装置である。In this device, solid particles and other small solid particles are introduced into an impact chamber 8 through an opening of a front cover 2 of a powder impact device in which a rotating disk 4 around which impact pins 5 are provided and an impact ring 7 are arranged. In the case where a group of solid particles composed of particles and the like are introduced and passed through the shock chamber 8, an impact-type striking action is given. After discharging the entire amount of the powder group from the discharge port 9 to separate the powder particles from the superheated airflow, only the powder particles are again introduced into the impact chamber 8 so that the outer powder particles are introduced. By repeatedly applying the impact-type impact action to the group, while attaching or after attaching other solid particles smaller than the solid particles to the surface of the solid particles, the other solid particles are embedded or fixed. Device.
【００１６】高速気流衝撃法は、ある臨界以上の応力が
固体に加わるとき、その作用点近くに局所的な原紙・分
子の配列の乱れが生じ、物性が変化するメカノケミカル
現象を利用した粒子設計法の一つである。物性の変化
は、従来は衝撃により部分的に温度の上昇するホットス
ポットによる熱的な現象によって生じると考えられてい
たが、現在は衝撃などの応力による短寿命の高エネルギ
ーフォノンの励起によると考えられている。そのエネル
ギーの一部が非弾性変形によって構造不整として残留し
固体内に蓄積され、それによる物性の変化がメカノケミ
カル現象として観察される。このようなメカノケミカル
現象から、興味ある粒子付着を生じさせていると考えら
れている。In the high-velocity airflow impact method, when a stress exceeding a certain criticality is applied to a solid, a local disorder of the arrangement of base paper and molecules is generated near the point of application of the solid, and particle design is performed using a mechanochemical phenomenon in which physical properties change. It is one of the laws. Conventionally, changes in physical properties were thought to be caused by thermal phenomena caused by hot spots that partially rise in temperature due to impact, but are now thought to be due to excitation of short-lived high-energy phonons due to stress such as impact. Have been. A part of the energy remains as a structural irregularity due to inelastic deformation and accumulates in the solid, and a change in physical properties due to this is observed as a mechanochemical phenomenon. From such a mechanochemical phenomenon, it is thought that interesting particle adhesion is caused.
【００１７】本発明者らは、この装置を使用して繊維状
物と蛍光剤を用いて蛍光繊維を製造することを試みた。
繊維状物は粉体と異なり形状が大きく、また繊維の形状
であるので複雑に絡み合い、この装置内で繰り返し蛍光
剤の衝撃を受けることが困難である予想されたが、検討
の結果、特定の条件下で容易に繊維状物も処理でき、本
発明の目的を達成できることを見い出した。また、この
方法は数ｇの少量から数百ｋｇの多量に至る処理量の装
置を自由に設計設置でき、受注ロットの大小に制限され
ることがなく対応できるという特徴がある。The present inventors have attempted to produce a fluorescent fiber using a fibrous material and a fluorescent agent using this apparatus.
The fibrous material, unlike powder, has a large shape and is intricately entangled because of the shape of the fiber, and it was expected that it would be difficult to receive the impact of the fluorescent agent repeatedly in this device. It has been found that a fibrous material can be easily treated under the conditions and the object of the present invention can be achieved. Further, this method is characterized in that a device having a processing amount ranging from a small amount of several g to a large amount of several hundred kg can be freely designed and installed, and can be dealt with without being limited by the size of the ordered lot.
【００１８】本発明で使用する繊維状物は、重量平均繊
維長が５ｍｍ以下であれば、天然、合成、半合成を問わ
ず、あらゆる繊維状物を使用できる。例えば天然の繊維
状物としては、針葉樹、広葉樹などから製造した木材パ
ルプ繊維や、コウゾ、三椏、麻、コットン、ケナフなど
の非木材繊維などのセルロース繊維を使用できる。ま
た、たんぱく繊維である羊毛、絹、コラーゲンなども使
用できる。化学繊維としては再生繊維、半合成繊維、合
成繊維などが使用できる。具体的には、再生繊維として
はレーヨン、キュプラ、テンセル、キチン、キトサン、
デンプン、アルギン酸などである。半合成繊維として
は、アセテート、トリアセテートなど、合成繊維として
は、ナイロン、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリシアン化
ビニリデン、ビニロン、ポリウレタン、ポリ塩化ビニ
ル、ビニリデン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどで
ある。また、ポリオレフィン樹脂を使ってフラッシュ法
で製造した合成パルプも使用できる。本発明では、これ
らの繊維状物の１種類、又は２種類以上を使用する。As the fibrous material used in the present invention, any fibrous material, natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic, can be used as long as the weight average fiber length is 5 mm or less. For example, as a natural fibrous material, wood pulp fibers produced from conifers, hardwoods and the like, and cellulose fibers such as non-wood fibers such as mulberry, mitsumata, hemp, cotton, and kenaf can be used. In addition, protein fibers such as wool, silk, and collagen can also be used. Recycled fibers, semi-synthetic fibers, synthetic fibers and the like can be used as the chemical fibers. Specifically, the recycled fibers include rayon, cupra, tencel, chitin, chitosan,
Starch, alginic acid and the like. Semi-synthetic fibers include acetate and triacetate. Synthetic fibers include nylon, polyester, acryl, polyvinylidene cyanide, vinylon, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, vinylidene, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Also, synthetic pulp produced by a flash method using a polyolefin resin can be used. In the present invention, one or more of these fibrous materials are used.
【００１９】本発明使用できる繊維状物は、単繊維の状
態だけでなく、撚糸状のもの、複数本の繊維が絡まった
フロック状のものも含まれ、またフィルムを細く短冊状
に切って繊維状としたものも含まれる。The fibrous material that can be used in the present invention includes not only a single fiber, but also a twisted fiber, a floc-like fiber in which a plurality of fibers are entangled, and a film obtained by cutting a film into thin strips. Also included is the shape.
【００２０】後に詳しく述べるが、本発明の繊維状物を
スラリーに添加して常法に従って偽造防止用紙を製造す
る場合、蛍光発色する繊維状物は、用紙を構成する主成
分である木材繊維と強固に結合するほうが好ましい。As will be described in detail later, when the fibrous material of the present invention is added to a slurry to produce anti-counterfeit paper according to a conventional method, the fibrous material that emits fluorescent light is mixed with the wood fiber, which is the main component of the paper. It is preferred that the bond be strong.
【００２１】セルロース繊維や再生セルロース繊維は繊
維同士が水素結合で結合されるので本発明では好適に使
用できる。また熱水溶解温度が５０〜１００℃のビニロ
ン繊維も抄紙機の乾燥ゾーンでその一部が溶解又は膨潤
し、乾燥後にセルロース繊維と強固に接着するので本発
明で好適に使用できる。Cellulose fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers can be suitably used in the present invention since the fibers are bonded by hydrogen bonds. Vinylon fibers having a hot water dissolution temperature of 50 to 100 ° C. can be suitably used in the present invention because a part thereof dissolves or swells in a drying zone of a paper machine and firmly adheres to cellulose fibers after drying.
【００２２】本発明で単繊維状の蛍光発色する繊維状物
を得たい場合は、その重量平均繊維長が０．１〜５ｍ
ｍ、軸比が５〜３００であることが好ましい。重量平均
繊維長が５ｍｍより長くなると装置で処理する時に、繊
維が完全に絡み合ってしまい、目的を達成できないから
である。また、重量平均繊維長が０．１ｍｍ未満では単
繊維状の蛍光発色する繊維状物が得られず、拡大して見
た場合繊維状というより粉体の形状に近くなってしまう
からである。ここで規定している重量平均繊維長とは、
繊維の長さをｌ、重量をｗとしＮ本の繊維の全長をＬ
（＝Σｌ）とすれば、Σ（ｌｗ）／Σｗで得られる値で
ある。In the present invention, when it is desired to obtain a monofilamentous fibrous material which emits fluorescence, the weight average fiber length is 0.1 to 5 m.
m and the axial ratio are preferably 5 to 300. If the weight-average fiber length is longer than 5 mm, the fibers will be completely entangled when processed by the apparatus, and the object cannot be achieved. On the other hand, if the weight average fiber length is less than 0.1 mm, a single-fibrous fibrous material that emits fluorescent light cannot be obtained, and when viewed in an enlarged manner, the shape becomes closer to a powdery shape than a fibrous shape. The weight average fiber length defined here is
The length of the fiber is 1 and the weight is w, and the total length of N fibers is L
If (= Σl), it is a value obtained by Σ (lw) / Σw.
【００２３】また、軸比は、５〜３００であることが好
ましい。軸比が５未満であると、やはり、単繊維状の蛍
光発色する繊維状物が得られず、拡大して見た場合繊維
状というより粉体の形状に近くなってしまうからであ
る。また、軸比が３００を越えると繊維が絡み合い易く
なる。ここで規定している軸比とは繊維の長軸の長さを
短軸の長さで割った値である。一般的な繊維は短軸の長
さが繊維の直径になり、長軸の長さが繊維長になる。こ
れら値は、繊維を光学顕微鏡や電子顕微鏡で観察して写
真に撮った後、倍率を確認して実際に測定した長さであ
る。The axial ratio is preferably from 5 to 300. If the axial ratio is less than 5, a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light in the form of a single fiber cannot be obtained, and when viewed in an enlarged manner, it is closer to a powdery shape than a fibrous shape. On the other hand, if the axial ratio exceeds 300, the fibers tend to be entangled. The axial ratio defined here is a value obtained by dividing the length of the major axis of the fiber by the length of the minor axis. In a general fiber, the length of the short axis is the diameter of the fiber, and the length of the long axis is the fiber length. These values are the lengths actually measured by observing the magnification of the fiber after observing the fiber with an optical microscope or an electron microscope and taking photographs.
【００２４】次に蛍光粒子について説明する。本発明で
使用する蛍光粒子は、水に不溶性であることが必要であ
る。水に溶解性があると後の抄紙工程で蛍光剤が水に溶
出してしまい本発明の目的を達成できなくなるからであ
る。Next, the fluorescent particles will be described. The fluorescent particles used in the present invention need to be insoluble in water. If water is soluble, the fluorescent agent is eluted in water in the subsequent papermaking process, and the object of the present invention cannot be achieved.
【００２５】本発明では、無機あるいは有機の蛍光粒子
を使用することができる。有機の蛍光粒子としては具体
的にはポリ塩化ビニル樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、ポリメタ
クリル酸エステル樹脂、ユリア樹脂、メラミン樹脂等の
樹脂にフルオレッセイン、エオシン、ローダミン６Ｇ、
ローダミンＢ、ベーシックイエローＨＧ等の染料を均一
に溶解させ粉砕させたもの等を挙げることが出来る。こ
こで染料が水に溶解性があっても樹脂中に含まれた状態
で粒子になっていると、粒子から染料の溶出が起こらな
くなるので本発明に利用できる。In the present invention, inorganic or organic fluorescent particles can be used. Specific examples of organic fluorescent particles include polyvinyl chloride resin, alkyd resin, polymethacrylate resin, urea resin, melamine resin, and other resins such as fluorescein, eosin, rhodamine 6G,
Dyes such as rhodamine B and basic yellow HG are uniformly dissolved and pulverized. Here, even if the dye is soluble in water, if the particles are contained in the resin and become particles, the dye will not be eluted from the particles and can be used in the present invention.
【００２６】また、無機の蛍光粒子としては具体的に
は、銅、銀、マンガン等で活性化した硫化亜鉛、マンガ
ン等で活性化したケイ酸亜鉛、銀、銅等で活性化した硫
化亜鉛カドミウム、ビスマス等で活性化した硫化カルシ
ウム、サマリウム、セリウム等で活性化した硫化ストロ
ンチウム、鉛等で活性化したタングステン酸カルシウ
ム、ユーロピウム等で活性化したＳｒ（ＰＯ4）3Ｃｌ、
マンガン等で活性化したＺｎ2ＧｅＯ2、ユーロピウム等
で活性化したＹ2Ｏ2Ｓ、ユーロピウム等で活性化したＹ
2Ｏ3等を挙げることが出来る。またこれらにアントラキ
ノン系やアセトフェノン系等の増感剤を併用することも
適宜行うことが出来る。Specific examples of the inorganic fluorescent particles include zinc sulfide activated by copper, silver, manganese, etc .; zinc silicate activated by manganese, etc .; zinc cadmium sulfide activated by silver, copper, etc. , Calcium sulfide activated with bismuth, etc., strontium sulfide activated with samarium, cerium, etc., calcium tungstate activated with lead, etc., Sr (PO 4 ) 3 Cl activated with europium, etc.
Zn 2 GeO 2 activated with manganese, etc., Y 2 O 2 S activated with europium, etc., Y activated with europium, etc.
2 O 3 and the like can be mentioned. A sensitizer such as anthraquinone or acetophenone may be used in combination with these.
【００２７】本発明で使用する蛍光粒子は、平均粒径が
０．１〜１００μｍであることが必要である。平均粒径
が、０．１μｍ未満では粒子が小さすぎ、軽くなりすぎ
るため装置中で舞ってしまい、その結果機械的衝撃を受
けにくくなり繊維状物表面への粒子の効率的固着化がで
きなくなってしまい、また、平均粒径が１００μｍを越
えると繊維状物表面に付着する粒子の数が少なくなり繊
維表面積に対する粒子の被覆率が低くなり効率的でなく
なるからである。本発明では、粒子の平均粒径は沈降式
粒度分布測定装置（商品名「ミクロン・フォート・サイ
ザーＭＰＳ−Ｚ」、（株）セイシン企業製造）で測定し
た値である。The fluorescent particles used in the present invention need to have an average particle size of 0.1 to 100 μm. If the average particle size is less than 0.1 μm, the particles are too small and too light to fly in the apparatus, and as a result, are less susceptible to mechanical impact, making it impossible to efficiently fix the particles to the surface of the fibrous material. On the other hand, if the average particle diameter exceeds 100 μm, the number of particles adhering to the surface of the fibrous material will decrease, and the coverage of the particles with respect to the fiber surface area will decrease, resulting in inefficiency. In the present invention, the average particle size of the particles is a value measured by a sedimentation type particle size distribution measuring device (trade name “Micron Fort Sizer MPS-Z”, manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.).
【００２８】これらの蛍光発色する粒子は、昼光若しく
は蛍光灯や白熱電球等の室内光（以下本発明では普通光
と呼ぶ）のもとでは色相を有さないか若しくは淡い色相
を有するものが好ましい。これらの蛍光繊維が用紙に含
まれていても、普通光のもとでは含まれていることが判
らず、それだけ偽造防止能が高まるからである。無機系
の蛍光顔料は耐光性に優れ本発明では好適に使用され
る。その中でも普通光では白色か淡い色相のものが特に
好ましい。例を挙げるとユーロピウムで活性化したＹ2
Ｏ2Ｓは、普通光のもとでは白色であるが紫外線を照射
することで赤色に発色する。またマンガンで活性化した
Ｚｎ2ＧｅＯ2は、普通光のもとでは白色であるが紫外線
を照射することで緑色に発色する。またマンガンで活性
化した硫化亜鉛は、普通光のもとでは淡い赤色であるが
紫外線を照射することで橙色に発色する。These fluorescent particles have no hue or have a faint hue under daylight or indoor light such as a fluorescent lamp or an incandescent lamp (hereinafter referred to as ordinary light in the present invention). preferable. This is because even if these fluorescent fibers are included in the paper, it is not known that they are included under ordinary light, and the anti-counterfeiting ability is increased accordingly. Inorganic fluorescent pigments have excellent light resistance and are preferably used in the present invention. Among them, those having a white or pale hue under ordinary light are particularly preferable. For example, europium-activated Y 2
O 2 S is white under ordinary light, but develops red when irradiated with ultraviolet light. In addition, Zn 2 GeO 2 activated with manganese is white under ordinary light, but develops green when irradiated with ultraviolet light. Zinc sulfide activated with manganese is pale red under ordinary light, but develops orange when irradiated with ultraviolet light.
【００２９】本発明では、紫外線の照射で蛍光発色する
水不溶性の粒子が、紫外線の照射で異なった色相で蛍光
発色する２種類以上の粒子であることが好ましい。１種
類の蛍光粒子を用いた場合と比較して、種々の色相を自
在に得ることが出来ること、顕微鏡的な観察等で２種類
以上の蛍光粒子を使用していることを特定でき、それだ
け偽造防止効果を高めることができるからである。In the present invention, it is preferable that the water-insoluble particles that emit fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light are two or more types of particles that emit fluorescence with different hues when irradiated with ultraviolet light. Compared to the case of using one kind of fluorescent particles, it is possible to freely obtain various hues, and it is possible to specify that two or more kinds of fluorescent particles are used by microscopic observation, etc. This is because the prevention effect can be enhanced.
【００３０】また、本発明では、本発明の目的を阻害し
ない範囲で、蛍光粒子と繊維状物の他に添加剤、例えば
白色顔料、着色顔料、プラスチック粉体、等を添加でき
る。特に、蛍光粒子と繊維状物の固着強度が弱い場合
は、強度を向上する目的でプラスチック粉体を併用する
ことが効果がある。In the present invention, in addition to the fluorescent particles and the fibrous material, additives such as a white pigment, a color pigment, and a plastic powder can be added in a range not to impair the object of the present invention. In particular, when the fixing strength between the fluorescent particles and the fibrous material is low, it is effective to use a plastic powder in combination for the purpose of improving the strength.
【００３１】以下、本発明の蛍光発色する繊維状物の製
造例を述べる。製造例１ 紫外線の照射で緑色に発色する蛍光発色繊維の製造の一
例 重量平均繊維長が２．８ｍｍであり、軸比が５０〜２０
０程度の針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ１００ｇと、蛍光顔
料（平均粒子径３．０μｍのＭｎ活性化Ｚｎ2ＧｅＯ2粒
子）１００ｇを高速気流中衝撃処理装置（商品名「ハイ
ブリタイザー」、（株）奈良機械製作所製造）に投入
し、５分間処理することによってパルプ繊維の表面へ蛍
光顔料を固着させた蛍光発色繊維を得た。この繊維は可
視光のもとでは無色であるが紫外線の照射（ブラックラ
イトの照射）で赤色に発色した。Hereinafter, a production example of the fibrous material which emits fluorescence of the present invention will be described. Production Example 1 One example of production of a fluorescent coloring fiber that emits green color when irradiated with ultraviolet light.
Example Weight average fiber length is 2.8 mm, axial ratio is 50-20
About 100 g of softwood bleached kraft pulp of about 0 and 100 g of a fluorescent pigment (Mn-activated Zn 2 GeO 2 particles having an average particle diameter of 3.0 μm) in a high-speed airflow impact treatment device (trade name “Hybritizer”, Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.) (Manufactured by Seisakusho Co., Ltd.), and treated for 5 minutes to obtain a fluorescent coloring fiber having a fluorescent pigment fixed to the surface of the pulp fiber. This fiber was colorless under visible light, but developed red when irradiated with ultraviolet light (irradiated with black light).
【００３２】製造例２ 紫外線の照射で赤色に発色する蛍光発色繊維の製造の一
例 重量平均繊維長が４ｍｍであり、軸比が２００の熱水溶
解温度が８０℃のビニロン繊維１００ｇと、蛍光顔料
（平均粒子径２．２μｍのＥｕ活性化Ｙ2Ｏ2Ｓ粒子）１
００ｇを前記高速気流中衝撃処理装置に投入し、５分間
処理することによってレーヨン繊維の表面へ蛍光顔料固
着させた蛍光発色繊維を得た。この繊維は可視光のもと
では無色であるが紫外線の照射（ブラックライトの照
射）で赤色に発色した。 Production Example 2 One example of production of a fluorescent fiber which emits red light upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
Example 100 g of vinylon fiber having a weight average fiber length of 4 mm, an axial ratio of 200 and a hot water dissolution temperature of 80 ° C., and a fluorescent pigment (Eu-activated Y 2 O 2 S particles having an average particle diameter of 2.2 μm) 1
00g was charged into the high-speed airflow impact treatment apparatus and treated for 5 minutes to obtain a fluorescent coloring fiber in which a fluorescent pigment was fixed to the surface of the rayon fiber. This fiber was colorless under visible light, but developed red when irradiated with ultraviolet light (irradiated with black light).
【００３３】製造例３ 紫外線の照射でオレンジ色に発色する蛍光発色繊維の製
造の一例 重量平均繊維長が２．８ｍｍであり、軸比が５０〜２０
０程度の針葉樹漂白クラフトパルプ１００ｇと、蛍光顔
料（平均粒子径２．５μｍのＭｎ活性化ＺｎＳ粒子）１
００ｇを前記高速気流中衝撃処理装置に投入し、５分間
処理することによってパルプ繊維の表面へ蛍光顔料を固
着させた蛍光発色繊維を得た。この繊維は可視光のもと
では無色であるが紫外線（ブラックライトの照射）の照
射でオレンジ色に発色した。 Production Example 3 Production of a fluorescent coloring fiber which develops an orange color upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays
The weight average fiber length is 2.8 mm and the axial ratio is 50 to 20.
100 g of softwood bleached kraft pulp of about 0 and fluorescent pigment (Mn-activated ZnS particles having an average particle diameter of 2.5 μm) 1
00 g was put into the high-speed airflow impact treatment apparatus and treated for 5 minutes to obtain a fluorescent coloring fiber having a fluorescent pigment fixed to the surface of the pulp fiber. The fiber was colorless under visible light, but developed orange upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (irradiation with black light).
【００３４】製造例４ 紫外線の照射で青色に発色する蛍光発色繊維の製造の一
例 重量平均繊維長が４ｍｍであり、軸比が２００程度のレ
ーヨン繊維１００ｇと、蛍光顔料（平均粒子径０．８μ
ｍのＥｕ活性化Ｓｔ5（ＰＯ4）3Ｃｌ粒子）１００ｇを
前記高速気流中衝撃処理装置に投入し、５分間処理する
ことによってレーヨン繊維の表面へ蛍光顔料固着させた
蛍光発色繊維を得た。この繊維は可視光のもとでは無色
であるが紫外線の照射（ブラックライトの照射）で青色
に発色した。 Production Example 4 One example of production of a fluorescent fiber which emits blue light upon irradiation with ultraviolet rays.
Example 100 g of rayon fiber having a weight average fiber length of 4 mm and an axial ratio of about 200, and a fluorescent pigment (average particle diameter 0.8 μm)
100 g of Eu-activated St 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl particles) were put into the high-speed airflow impact treatment apparatus, and treated for 5 minutes to obtain a fluorescent coloring fiber having a fluorescent pigment fixed to the surface of rayon fiber. . This fiber was colorless under visible light, but developed blue upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (irradiation with black light).
【００３５】このようにして製造した蛍光発色繊維を電
子顕微鏡で１０００倍程度に拡大して観察してみると、
繊維の表面に蛍光粒子が固着している様子が観察され
た。製造例１で得られた蛍光発色繊維状物の電子顕微鏡
の観察結果（写真）を図３に示す。図３で判るように蛍
光粒子は繊維の内部にまで進入して固着しているので、
後で述べるように偽造防止用紙の抄造に際してスラリー
に添加しても、蛍光粒子が繊維から脱落することはほと
んどないという特徴を有している。When the thus-produced fluorescent coloring fiber is observed with an electron microscope at a magnification of about 1000 times,
It was observed that the fluorescent particles were fixed on the surface of the fiber. The observation result (photograph) of the fluorescent coloring fibrous material obtained in Production Example 1 by an electron microscope is shown in FIG. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the fluorescent particles have penetrated into the interior of the fiber and are fixed.
As will be described later, even when added to the slurry at the time of papermaking of the forgery prevention paper, the fluorescent particles hardly fall off from the fiber.
【００３６】次に偽造防止用紙の製造について、例を挙
げて説明する。針葉樹晒クラフトパルプ（ＮＢＫＰ）、
広葉樹晒クラフトパルプ（ＬＢＫＰ）、針葉樹晒サルフ
ァイトパルプ（ＮＢＳＰ）、サーモメカニカルパルプ
（ＴＭＰ）等の製紙用パルプを主体としこれに乾燥紙力
増強剤、湿潤紙力増強剤、サイズ剤、定着剤、歩留り向
上剤、濾水性向上剤、消泡剤、染料、着色顔料などを適
宜併用した紙料を調製しこれに前述したような方法で製
造した蛍光発色する繊維状物を添加し、通常フリーネス
５５０〜２５０ｍｌＣ．Ｓ．Ｆ．で長網抄紙機や円網抄
紙機等の公知の抄紙機を使用して抄紙する。あるいは長
網抄紙機へのスラリーの流送途中で蛍光発色する繊維状
物を添加し抄紙する。あるいは円網抄紙機のバット中に
蛍光発色する繊維状物を流送し抄紙する。多槽型円網抄
紙機の場合は抄合わせにより用紙を製造できるので、任
意の紙層に蛍光発色する繊維状物を添加出来る。あるい
は、従来種々提案されているように、蛍光発色する繊維
状物をストライプ状に添加したり、ノズルを使用して間
欠的にワイヤ上の紙匹に噴射してもよい。この際、抄紙
途上で紙面に澱粉、ポリビニルアルコール、各種表面サ
イズ等をサイズプレス装置等で塗工することも可能であ
る。さらに必要に応じ、マシンカレンダー処理やスーパ
ーカレンダー処理を施し、表面平滑性を向上させること
も適宜行われる。Next, the manufacture of forgery prevention paper will be described with reference to examples. Softwood bleached kraft pulp (NBKP),
Mainly papermaking pulp such as hardwood bleached kraft pulp (LBKP), softwood bleached sulphite pulp (NBSP), and thermomechanical pulp (TMP). , A paper stock prepared by appropriately using a retention improver, a drainage improver, an antifoaming agent, a dye, a coloring pigment, etc., and adding a fibrous material that emits fluorescence produced by the above-described method to the normal freeness. 550-250 ml C.I. S. F. Using a well-known paper machine such as a fourdrinier paper machine or a round paper machine. Alternatively, papermaking is performed by adding a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light during the flow of the slurry to the fourdrinier paper machine. Alternatively, a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light is fed into a vat of a round paper machine to make paper. In the case of a multi-tank type circular web paper machine, paper can be produced by papermaking, so that a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light can be added to an arbitrary paper layer. Alternatively, as has been conventionally proposed, a fibrous material that emits fluorescent light may be added in the form of a stripe, or may be intermittently sprayed onto a paper web on a wire using a nozzle. At this time, it is also possible to apply starch, polyvinyl alcohol, various surface sizes and the like to the paper surface during the paper making by a size press device or the like. Further, if necessary, a machine calendering treatment or a super calendering treatment is performed to appropriately improve the surface smoothness.
【００３７】[0037]
１．本発明で得られる蛍光発色する繊維状物は、発色強
度が強く、耐光性に優れ、蛍光発色する繊維状物を製造す
る際の蛍光粒子の歩留まりも高く製造できる。 ２．この繊維状物を使用して偽造防止用紙を製造すれ
ば、用紙製造中に繊維状物から蛍光粒子が離脱すること
が無く抄紙できる。 ３．このようにして製造した偽造防止用紙に所定の印刷
を施し、偽造防止印刷物を得ることができ、例えば、商
品券、株券、紙幣、身分証明書、各種チケット類、パス
ポート等、偽造防止を要求される分野に利用できる。 ４．また、前記蛍光繊維の特徴を利用して、不織布の製
造時に添加したり、撚糸製造時等に添加することで、フ
ァッション性に特徴を持たせた不織布や織物を製造でき
る。1. The fibrous material that emits fluorescence according to the present invention has a high coloring intensity, is excellent in light resistance, and can be produced with a high yield of fluorescent particles when producing a fibrous material that emits fluorescence. 2. If a forgery prevention paper is manufactured using this fibrous material, papermaking can be performed without the fluorescent particles being detached from the fibrous material during paper manufacture. 3. The anti-counterfeit paper manufactured in this way is subjected to predetermined printing to obtain anti-counterfeit printed matter.For example, gift certificates, stock certificates, banknotes, identification cards, various tickets, passports, etc. Can be used in various fields. 4. Further, by utilizing the characteristics of the fluorescent fiber, it can be added at the time of manufacturing a nonwoven fabric or added at the time of manufacturing a twisted yarn, so that a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric having a characteristic in fashion can be manufactured.
【図１】 高速気流衝撃装置の一例をその前後装置と共
に系統的に示した概念的な説明図である。FIG. 1 is a conceptual explanatory diagram systematically showing an example of a high-speed airflow impact device together with its front and rear devices.
【図２】 図１の装置の側面断面図を示す。粉体処理装
置の一例をその前後装置と共に系統的に示した概念的な
説明図である。FIG. 2 shows a side sectional view of the device of FIG. FIG. 2 is a conceptual explanatory diagram systematically showing an example of a powder processing apparatus together with its front and rear devices.
【図３】 製造例１の電子顕微鏡の観察結果（写真）で
ある。3 is an electron microscope observation result (photograph) of Production Example 1. FIG.
１ ケーシング ２ 前カバー ３ 後カバー ４ 回転盤 ５ 衝撃ピン ６ 回転軸 ７ 衝突リング ８ 衝撃室 ９ 排出口 １０ 投入口 １１ 排出管 １２ 固気分離装置 １３ 投入管 １４ 原料供給用のシュート １５ 原料ホッパー １６ 開閉弁 １７ 切替弁 １８ 切替制御装置 １９ 循環回路 ２０ 捕集器 ２１ 排風管 ２２ 吸引ブロワー ２３ 送風管 ２４ エアフィルター ２５ 調節弁 ２６ 原料計量フィーダー ２７ プレプロセッサー ２８ ジャケット ２９ ジャケット ３０ ジャケット REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 casing 2 front cover 3 rear cover 4 turntable 5 impact pin 6 rotation shaft 7 collision ring 8 impact chamber 9 discharge port 10 input port 11 discharge pipe 12 solid-gas separation device 13 input pipe 14 raw material supply chute 15 raw material hopper 16 On-off valve 17 Switching valve 18 Switching controller 19 Circulation circuit 20 Collector 21 Exhaust tube 22 Suction blower 23 Blower tube 24 Air filter 25 Control valve 26 Raw material measuring feeder 27 Preprocessor 28 Jacket 29 Jacket 30 Jacket
Claims (7)
の照射で蛍光発色する水不溶性の粒子を、高速気流中衝
撃法により重量平均繊維長が５ｍｍ以下の繊維状物表面
に固着したことを特徴とする蛍光発色する繊維状物。1. Water-insoluble particles, which emit fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet rays having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 100 μm, are fixed to the surface of a fibrous material having a weight average fiber length of 5 mm or less by a high-speed air current impact method. A fibrous material that emits fluorescence.
性の粒子が、紫外線の照射で異なった色相で蛍光発色す
る２種類以上の粒子であることを特徴とする請求項１記
載の蛍光発色する繊維状物。2. The fluorescence-emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the water-insoluble particles that emit fluorescence when irradiated with ultraviolet light are two or more types of particles that emit fluorescence with different hues when irradiated with ultraviolet light. Fibrous material.
は再生セルロース繊維状物であることを特徴とする請求
項１記載の蛍光発色する繊維状物。3. The fibrous material that emits fluorescent light according to claim 1, wherein the fibrous material is a cellulose fibrous material or a regenerated cellulose fibrous material.
℃のビニロン繊維状物であることを特徴とする請求項１
記載の蛍光発色する繊維状物。4. The fibrous material has a hot water dissolving temperature of 50 to 100.
2. A vinylon fibrous material at a temperature of .degree.
The fibrous material which emits fluorescence according to the above.
繊維長が０．１〜５ｍｍ、軸比が５〜３００であること
を特徴とする請求項１〜４のいずれか１項記載の蛍光発
色する繊維状物。5. The fibrous material is a single fiber, the weight average fiber length of which is 0.1 to 5 mm, and the axial ratio is 5 to 300. Fluorescent colored fibrous material.
物を用紙中に含むことを特徴とする偽造防止用紙。6. A forgery-prevention paper comprising the fibrous material which emits fluorescence according to claim 1 in the paper.
刷を施したことを特徴とする偽造防止印刷物。7. An anti-counterfeit printed matter obtained by printing on the surface of the anti-counterfeit paper according to claim 6.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27225897A JP3295623B2 (en) | 1997-09-18 | 1997-09-18 | Fluorescent coloring fibrous material, and anti-counterfeit paper and anti-counterfeit printed matter using the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27225897A JP3295623B2 (en) | 1997-09-18 | 1997-09-18 | Fluorescent coloring fibrous material, and anti-counterfeit paper and anti-counterfeit printed matter using the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH1193096A true JPH1193096A (en) | 1999-04-06 |
| JP3295623B2 JP3295623B2 (en) | 2002-06-24 |
Family
ID=17511350
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27225897A Expired - Fee Related JP3295623B2 (en) | 1997-09-18 | 1997-09-18 | Fluorescent coloring fibrous material, and anti-counterfeit paper and anti-counterfeit printed matter using the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3295623B2 (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003006258A1 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2003-01-23 | Tokyo Gas Company Limited | Discrimination mark |
| JP2009001926A (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2009-01-08 | Kalbas:Kk | Anti-counterfeit sheet and method for producing anti-counterfeit sheet |
| WO2009028393A1 (en) * | 2007-08-27 | 2009-03-05 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol resin moldings and process for production thereof |
| RU2536215C2 (en) * | 2013-04-04 | 2014-12-20 | Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Гознак" (Фгуп "Гознак") | Method of production of security paper, security paper and valuable document |
| JP2016074991A (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-05-12 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Colored glassine paper |
| KR20160083197A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-12 | 한국조폐공사 | A security fiber with strong affinity to security paper and a method for producing same, and security paper comprising the same |
| WO2020189375A1 (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2020-09-24 | 特種東海製紙株式会社 | Sheet and production thereof |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55122100A (en) * | 1979-03-09 | 1980-09-19 | Nippon Shigiyou Kk | Method of producing forgery preventive paper |
| JPH1181127A (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 1999-03-26 | Tokushu Paper Mfg Co Ltd | Production of composite fiber and sheet using the fiber |
-
1997
- 1997-09-18 JP JP27225897A patent/JP3295623B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55122100A (en) * | 1979-03-09 | 1980-09-19 | Nippon Shigiyou Kk | Method of producing forgery preventive paper |
| JPH1181127A (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 1999-03-26 | Tokushu Paper Mfg Co Ltd | Production of composite fiber and sheet using the fiber |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003006258A1 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2003-01-23 | Tokyo Gas Company Limited | Discrimination mark |
| JP2003025775A (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2003-01-29 | Tokyo Gas Co Ltd | Identification mark |
| JP2009001926A (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2009-01-08 | Kalbas:Kk | Anti-counterfeit sheet and method for producing anti-counterfeit sheet |
| WO2009028393A1 (en) * | 2007-08-27 | 2009-03-05 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Fluorescent polyvinyl alcohol resin moldings and process for production thereof |
| JPWO2009028393A1 (en) * | 2007-08-27 | 2010-12-02 | 株式会社クラレ | Fluorescent color developing polyvinyl alcohol-based resin molding and method for producing the same |
| RU2536215C2 (en) * | 2013-04-04 | 2014-12-20 | Федеральное Государственное Унитарное Предприятие "Гознак" (Фгуп "Гознак") | Method of production of security paper, security paper and valuable document |
| JP2016074991A (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2016-05-12 | 日本製紙株式会社 | Colored glassine paper |
| KR20160083197A (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2016-07-12 | 한국조폐공사 | A security fiber with strong affinity to security paper and a method for producing same, and security paper comprising the same |
| WO2020189375A1 (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2020-09-24 | 特種東海製紙株式会社 | Sheet and production thereof |
| JPWO2020189375A1 (en) * | 2019-03-20 | 2020-09-24 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3295623B2 (en) | 2002-06-24 |
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