JPH1151186A - Piston ring and its manufacture - Google Patents
Piston ring and its manufactureInfo
- Publication number
- JPH1151186A JPH1151186A JP22189097A JP22189097A JPH1151186A JP H1151186 A JPH1151186 A JP H1151186A JP 22189097 A JP22189097 A JP 22189097A JP 22189097 A JP22189097 A JP 22189097A JP H1151186 A JPH1151186 A JP H1151186A
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- Prior art keywords
- plating
- piston ring
- hardness
- solid
- test
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- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
- Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、初期なじみ性に優
れた内燃機関用ピストンリングに関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a piston ring for an internal combustion engine having excellent initial conformability.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】近年、エンジンの高出力化、高回転化、
長寿命化および排ガス規制の対応に伴って、ピストンリ
ングの使用環境がますます苛酷になっているため、ピス
トンリングの外周摺動面には、非常に硬い窒化層や硬質
Ｃｒめっき、あるいはＰＶＤ皮膜等が形成される例が多
くなっている。これにより、ピストンリングの摩耗特性
は格段に向上し、特にエンジンの長寿命化を実現してい
る。2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, high output and high speed engines have been developed.
As the service environment of piston rings becomes more severe with the extension of service life and compliance with exhaust gas regulations, very hard nitrided layers, hard Cr plating, or PVD coatings are applied to the outer peripheral sliding surface of piston rings. And the like are increasing. As a result, the wear characteristics of the piston ring are remarkably improved, and particularly, the life of the engine is extended.
【０００３】しかしながら、窒化層や硬質Ｃｒめっき、
あるいはＰＶＤ皮膜は、運転初期の状態では、初期なじ
み性が悪く、初期の潤滑油消費量の悪化をもたらす。However, a nitride layer, hard Cr plating,
Alternatively, the PVD coating has poor initial conformability in an initial operation state, resulting in an initial deterioration in lubricating oil consumption.
【０００４】これに対して、Ｃｒめっきの最外周表面を
毛羽状にしたり（特公昭３３−５８１５号）、微小亀裂
のあるＣｒめっきを施したり（特公昭５１−４６２１９
号）、あるいは細かいチャンネル形ポーラスと粗いチャ
ンネル形ポーラス又は粗いピンポイント形ポーラスが共
存する層を表面に有するＣｒめっきを設ける（特開昭２
−３０４２６６号）などが提案されている。On the other hand, the outermost peripheral surface of Cr plating is made fluffy (Japanese Patent Publication No. 33-5815), or Cr plating with microcracks is applied (Japanese Patent Publication No. 51-46219).
Or a Cr plating having on its surface a layer in which a fine channel type porous and a coarse channel type porous or a coarse pinpoint type porous coexist.
-304266) has been proposed.
【０００５】一方、内燃機関のシリンダにおいて、内周
面に被覆するＣｒめっきの硬度をＨＶ７００〜８００と
することも提案されている（特開平８−２０８８９
号）。On the other hand, in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, it has also been proposed that the hardness of the Cr plating coated on the inner peripheral surface is HV700 to 800 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 8-20889).
issue).
【０００６】[0006]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、最外周
表面を毛羽状にしたものは摩滅が早すぎて効果が得られ
ず、上記亀裂やポーラスを有するものは外周当たり面が
狭い場合は欠けの問題があり、さらには亀裂やポーラス
を起点としてピストンリングの疲労破壊を招く原因とな
る。However, in the case where the outermost peripheral surface is made fluffy, the effect is not obtained because the surface of the outermost surface is worn out too quickly, and in the case where the outermost surface is narrow, the surface having a crack or a porous surface has a problem. In addition, the cracks and the porous portions may cause fatigue fracture of the piston ring.
【０００７】また、シリンダの内周面に被覆する硬度Ｈ
Ｖ７００〜８００のＣｒめっきは、めっき浴温度が６１
〜６５℃であり、この温度で処理されたＣｒめっきは耐
スカッフ性が低い欠点を有している。Further, the hardness H covering the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder is
The plating bath temperature is 61 for Cr plating of V700-800.
６５65 ° C., and Cr plating treated at this temperature has a drawback of low scuff resistance.
【０００８】本発明の目的は、初期なじみ性、耐スカッ
フ性、さらには耐疲労性に優れたピストンリングを提供
することにある。An object of the present invention is to provide a piston ring which is excellent in initial conformability, scuff resistance, and fatigue resistance.
【０００９】[0009]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、外周摺動面に
耐摩耗層を形成し、その上にＣｒめっきを被覆したピス
トンリングにおいて、前記Ｃｒめっきが、めっき浴温度
４０℃以下でめっき処理されたソリッドＣｒめっきで、
硬度がＨＶ４００〜７５０の範囲にあることを特徴とす
る。According to the present invention, there is provided a piston ring in which a wear-resistant layer is formed on an outer peripheral sliding surface and a Cr plating is coated thereon, wherein the Cr plating is plated at a plating bath temperature of 40 ° C. or less. With treated solid Cr plating,
The hardness is in the range of HV400 to 750.
【００１０】ソリッドＣｒめっきの硬度がＨＶ７５０を
越えると初期なじみ性が低下し、ＨＶ４００未満では摩
耗速度が大きすぎるため、初期なじみの充分な時間が得
られない。また、めっき硬度が上記範囲内にあっても、
高いめっき浴温度でめっき処理されたものは耐スカッフ
性が低下するため、めっき浴温度は４０℃以下とする。When the hardness of the solid Cr plating exceeds HV750, the initial conformability decreases, and when the hardness is less than HV400, the abrasion speed is too high, and a sufficient time for the initial conformity cannot be obtained. Also, even if the plating hardness is within the above range,
Since plating resistance at a high plating bath temperature is degraded in the scuff resistance, the plating bath temperature is set to 40 ° C. or lower.
【００１１】上記Ｃｒめっきの厚さは、なじみ代として
下限が２μｍ、上限は摩滅した際に合い口が必要以上に
拡大するとブローバイの増加の原因となることから１５
μｍ以下とする。より好ましい範囲は５〜１０μｍであ
る。The lower limit of the thickness of the above-mentioned Cr plating is 2 μm as a break-in allowance, and the upper limit is to increase the blow-by when the abutment becomes unnecessarily large when worn out.
μm or less. A more preferred range is 5 to 10 μm.
【００１２】前記耐摩耗層としてはＨＶ９００以上の硬
度を有する窒化層やＨＶ８００以上の硬度を有するＣｒ
めっきが使用される。As the wear-resistant layer, a nitride layer having a hardness of HV900 or more or a Cr layer having a hardness of HV800 or more may be used.
Plating is used.
【００１３】[0013]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の一実施形態を図１
（ａ）に基づいて説明する。DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS One embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG.
Description will be made based on (a).
【００１４】ピストンリング１の全表面にＨＶ９００以
上の硬度を有するガス窒化層２が形成されており、外周
摺動面のガス窒化層２上にソリッドＣｒめっき３が被覆
されている。ソリッドＣｒめっき３の硬度はＨＶ４００
〜７５０、厚さは２〜１５μｍの範囲にある。A gas nitride layer 2 having a hardness of HV900 or more is formed on the entire surface of the piston ring 1, and a solid Cr plating 3 is coated on the gas nitride layer 2 on the outer peripheral sliding surface. Hardness of solid Cr plating 3 is HV400
７750, thickness in the range of 2-15 μm.
【００１５】ソリッドＣｒめっき３のＣｒめっき浴組成
とめっき条件を下記に示す。 めっき浴組成 ＣｒＯ3 ２５０ｇ／ｌ Ｈ2 ＳＯ4 １ｇ／ｌ Ｈ2 ＳｉＦ6 ５ｇ／ｌ めっき条件 電流密度 ６０Ａ／ｄｍ2 めっき浴温度 ２０〜３０℃The Cr plating bath composition and plating conditions of the solid Cr plating 3 are shown below. Plating bath composition CrO 3 250 g / l H 2 SO 4 1 g / l H 2 SiF 6 5 g / l Plating conditions Current density 60 A / dm 2 Plating bath temperature 20-30 ° C.
【００１６】図１（ｂ）は本発明の別の実施形態を示
す。FIG. 1B shows another embodiment of the present invention.
【００１７】本実施形態はピストンリング１の外周摺動
面にＨＶ８００以上の硬度を有する硬質Ｃｒめっき４が
形成されており、その硬質Ｃｒめっき４上にソリッドＣ
ｒめっき３が被覆されている。ソリッドＣｒめっき３は
上記実施形態で記載したものと同じである。In this embodiment, a hard Cr plating 4 having a hardness of HV800 or more is formed on the outer peripheral sliding surface of the piston ring 1, and a solid C plating is formed on the hard Cr plating 4.
r plating 3 is coated. The solid Cr plating 3 is the same as that described in the above embodiment.
【００１８】以下、本発明の効果を確認する試験結果を
説明する。Hereinafter, test results for confirming the effects of the present invention will be described.
【００１９】往復動摩擦試験機を使用して摩耗試験とス
カッフ試験を行った。A wear test and a scuff test were performed using a reciprocating friction tester.
【００２０】１．摩耗試験 （１）往復動摩擦試験機 図２に往復動摩擦試験機の構成を示す。ピン状の上試験
片１０は固定ブロック１１により保持され、上方から油
圧シリンダ１２により下向きの荷重が加えられて、下試
験片１３に押接される。矩形の平盤形状の下試験片１３
は可動ブロック１４により保持され、クランク機構１５
により往復動させられる。１６はロードセルである。1. Wear test (1) Reciprocating friction tester Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the reciprocating friction tester. The pin-shaped upper test piece 10 is held by a fixed block 11, and a downward load is applied from above by a hydraulic cylinder 12 to be pressed against a lower test piece 13. Lower test piece 13 with rectangular flat plate shape
Is held by the movable block 14 and the crank mechanism 15
To reciprocate. Reference numeral 16 denotes a load cell.
【００２１】（２）試験片 上試験片１０：１７Ｃｒマルテンサイト系ステンレス鋼
からなる直径８ｍｍ×長さ２５ｍｍの丸棒の一端にＲ１
８ｍｍの球面加工を施し、その球面上にガス窒化層（硬
度ＨＶ１１００）を形成し、そのガス窒化層上に表１に
示すＣｒめっきを施した。 下試験片１３：長さ７０ｍｍ×幅１７ｍｍ×高さ１４ｍ
ｍの平板で材質は鋳鉄材（ＦＣ２５０）(2) Specimen Upper specimen 10: One end of a round bar of 8 mm in diameter × 25 mm in length made of 17 Cr martensitic stainless steel was attached to one end.
An 8 mm spherical surface was formed, a gas nitride layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the spherical surface, and Cr plating shown in Table 1 was applied to the gas nitride layer. Lower specimen 13: length 70 mm x width 17 mm x height 14 m
m flat plate made of cast iron (FC250)
【００２２】 比較例２〜４のチャンネル形ポーラスＣｒめっきは、め
っき工程後、ソリッドＣｒめっきに逆電処理を施し、表
面をポーラス化した。[0022] In the channel-type porous Cr plating of Comparative Examples 2 to 4, after the plating step, the surface was made porous by applying a reverse voltage treatment to the solid Cr plating.
【００２３】（３）試験条件 ５ｋｇ×３００ｃｐｍ×６０ｍｉｎ 潤滑油：１０Ｗ(3) Test conditions 5 kg × 300 cpm × 60 min Lubricating oil: 10 W
【００２４】（４）試験結果 図３（ａ）に示す。図３（ａ）の試験結果から、比較例
１の硬質Ｃｒめっきと、硬質Ｃｒめっきと同程度の硬度
を有している比較例２のチャンネル形ポーラスＣｒめっ
きは、耐摩耗性が高すぎて初期なじみ性が劣ることがわ
かる。一方、実施例のソリッドＣｒめっきと同程度の硬
度とした比較例３，４のチャンネル形ポーラスＣｒめっ
きは、摩耗速度が早すぎる。これらに対して、実施例の
ソリッドＣｒめっきと同程度の硬度を有している比較例
５のソリッドＣｒめっきと実施例のソリッドＣｒめっき
は、硬質Ｃｒめっきの２〜５倍の摩耗速度を有してお
り、初期なじみ性の点で良好な結果を示している。(4) Test Results FIG. 3A shows the results. From the test results shown in FIG. 3A, the hard Cr plating of Comparative Example 1 and the channel type porous Cr plating of Comparative Example 2 having the same hardness as the hard Cr plating have too high abrasion resistance. It can be seen that the initial conformability is poor. On the other hand, the wear rates of the channel-type porous Cr platings of Comparative Examples 3 and 4 having the same hardness as the solid Cr plating of the example are too fast. On the other hand, the solid chromium plating of Comparative Example 5 and the solid chromium plating of the example having the same hardness as the solid chromium plating of the example have a wear rate two to five times that of the hard chromium plating. And good results in terms of initial conformability.
【００２５】２．スカッフ試験 （１）往復動摩擦試験機上記摩耗試験で説明したものと
同じである。2. Scuff test (1) Reciprocating friction tester Same as that described in the wear test.
【００２６】（２）試験片 上記摩耗試験で説明したものと同じである。(2) Specimen The same as that described in the wear test.
【００２７】（３）試験条件 速度：１００ｃｐｍ 荷重：初期２ｋｇから２ｋｇ／ｍｉｎずつステップアッ
プ 潤滑油：軽油相当粘度軸受油一塗り(3) Test conditions Speed: 100 cpm Load: Step up 2 kg / min from the initial 2 kg Lubricating oil: Light oil equivalent viscosity bearing oil
【００２８】（４）試験結果 図３（ｂ）に示す。図３（ｂ）の試験結果から、比較例
２〜４のチャンネル形ポーラスＣｒめっきおよび実施例
のソリッドＣｒめっきは硬質Ｃｒめっき以上の耐スカッ
フ性を有していることがわかる。しかしながら、比較例
５のソリッドＣｒめっき（めっき浴温度８０℃）は耐ス
カッフ性が低いことがわかる。すなわち、実施例のソリ
ッドＣｒめっきと同程度の硬度を有していても、めっき
浴温度が高いと、耐スカッフ性は低下することがわか
る。(4) Test Results FIG. 3B shows the results. From the test results shown in FIG. 3B, it can be seen that the channel-type porous Cr platings of Comparative Examples 2 to 4 and the solid Cr platings of the examples have more scuff resistance than hard Cr plating. However, it can be seen that the solid Cr plating of Comparative Example 5 (plating bath temperature 80 ° C.) has low scuff resistance. That is, even if the plating bath temperature is high, the scuff resistance is reduced even if it has the same hardness as the solid Cr plating of the example.
【００２９】次に、実機試験を行った結果を説明する。Next, the results of the actual machine test will be described.
【００３０】（１）供試ピストンリング 比較例１：表面にガス窒化層（硬度ＨＶ１１００）を形
成し、外周摺動面のガス窒化層上に表１の比較例１に示
す硬質Ｃｒめっきを被覆した。 比較例６：表面にガス窒化層（硬度ＨＶ１１００）を形
成した。 実施例１：表面にガス窒化層（硬度ＨＶ１１００）を形
成し、外周摺動面のガス窒化層上に表１の実施例１に示
すソリッドＣｒめっきを被覆した。(1) Test Piston Ring Comparative Example 1: A gas nitride layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the surface, and the hard nitride plating shown in Comparative Example 1 of Table 1 was coated on the gas nitride layer on the outer peripheral sliding surface. did. Comparative Example 6: A gas nitride layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the surface. Example 1 A gas nitrided layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the surface, and a solid Cr plating shown in Example 1 of Table 1 was coated on the gas nitrided layer on the outer peripheral sliding surface.
【００３１】（２）試験条件 φ８１ｍｍ直列４気筒ガソリンエンジンを使用し、６０
００ｒｐｍ×全負荷の条件で、初期の潤滑油消費量試験
を行った。(2) Test conditions Using a φ81 mm inline 4-cylinder gasoline engine,
An initial lubricating oil consumption test was performed under the conditions of 00 rpm × full load.
【００３２】（３）試験結果 図４に示す。図４の試験結果から、実施例のソリッドＣ
ｒめっきは窒化層や硬質Ｃｒめっきよりも初期の潤滑油
消費量が少なく、初期なじみ性が優れていることがわか
る。(3) Test Results FIG. 4 shows the results. From the test results of FIG.
It can be seen that the r-plating consumes less initial lubricating oil than the nitrided layer and the hard Cr plating, and is excellent in initial conformability.
【００３３】次に、疲労試験を行った結果を説明する。Next, the results of the fatigue test will be described.
【００３４】（１）供試ピストンリング（径：φ８１ｍ
ｍ） 比較例３：表面にガス窒化層（硬度ＨＶ１１００）を形
成し、外周摺動面のガス窒化層上に表１の比較例３に示
すチャンネル形ポーラスＣｒめっきを被覆した。 実施例１：表面にガス窒化層（硬度ＨＶ１１００）を形
成し、外周摺動面のガス窒化層上に表１の実施例１に示
すソリッドＣｒめっきを被覆した。(1) Sample piston ring (diameter: 81 m
m) Comparative Example 3: A gas nitrided layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the surface, and a channel type porous Cr plating shown in Comparative Example 3 in Table 1 was coated on the gas nitrided layer on the outer peripheral sliding surface. Example 1 A gas nitrided layer (hardness HV1100) was formed on the surface, and a solid Cr plating shown in Example 1 of Table 1 was coated on the gas nitrided layer on the outer peripheral sliding surface.
【００３５】（２）試験条件 疲労試験機により、大気中でピストンリングの合い口の
開閉を繰り返す。 振幅：３ｍｍ 速度：１８００ｃｐｍ(2) Test Conditions The opening and closing of the opening of the piston ring is repeated in the atmosphere by a fatigue tester. Amplitude: 3 mm Speed: 1800 cpm
【００３６】（３）試験結果 図５に示す。図５の試験結果から、実施例のソリッドＣ
ｒめっきは疲労強度が優れていることがわかる。(3) Test Results FIG. 5 shows the results. From the test results shown in FIG.
It can be seen that r plating has excellent fatigue strength.
【００３７】[0037]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように本発明のピストンリ
ングによれば、耐摩耗性に優れ、かつ、初期なじみ性と
耐スカッフ性が優れているとともに、耐疲労性も優れて
いる。As described above, according to the piston ring of the present invention, the wear resistance, the initial conformability and the scuff resistance are excellent, and the fatigue resistance is also excellent.
【図１】（ａ）は本発明の一実施形態を示す縦断面図、
（ｂ）は本発明の別の実施形態を示す縦断面図である。FIG. 1A is a longitudinal sectional view showing an embodiment of the present invention,
(B) is a longitudinal sectional view showing another embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】往復動摩擦試験機の構成を示す図である。FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of a reciprocating friction tester.
【図３】（ａ）は摩耗試験結果を示すグラフ、（ｂ）は
スカッフ試験結果を示すグラフである。3A is a graph showing a wear test result, and FIG. 3B is a graph showing a scuff test result.
【図４】実機試験結果を示すグラフである。FIG. 4 is a graph showing actual machine test results.
【図５】疲労試験結果を示すグラフである。FIG. 5 is a graph showing the results of a fatigue test.
１ ピストンリング ２ ガス窒化層 ３ ソリッドＣｒめっき ４ 硬質Ｃｒめっき １０ 上試験片 １１ 固定ブロック １２ 油圧シリンダ １３ 下試験片 １４ 可動ブロック １５ クランク機構 １６ ロードセル DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Piston ring 2 Gas nitride layer 3 Solid Cr plating 4 Hard Cr plating 10 Upper test piece 11 Fixed block 12 Hydraulic cylinder 13 Lower test piece 14 Movable block 15 Crank mechanism 16 Load cell
Claims (5)
にＣｒめっきを被覆したピストンリングにおいて、 前記Ｃｒめっきが、めっき浴温度４０℃以下でめっき処
理されたソリッドＣｒめっきで、硬度がＨＶ４００〜７
５０の範囲にあることを特徴とするピストンリング。1. A piston ring having a wear-resistant layer formed on an outer peripheral sliding surface and coated with Cr plating thereon, wherein the Cr plating is a solid Cr plating plated at a plating bath temperature of 40 ° C. or less, Hardness is HV400-7
A piston ring in the range of 50.
囲にあることを特徴とする請求項１記載のピストンリン
グ。2. The piston ring according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the Cr plating is in a range of 2 to 15 μm.
とする請求項１または２記載のピストンリング。3. The piston ring according to claim 1, wherein the wear-resistant layer is a nitride layer.
有するＣｒめっきであることを特徴とする請求項１また
は２記載のピストンリング。4. The piston ring according to claim 1, wherein the wear-resistant layer is a Cr plating having a hardness of HV 800 or more.
にＣｒめっきを被覆したピストンリングの製造方法にお
いて、 前記Ｃｒめっきが４０℃以下のめっき浴温度でめっき処
理されることを特徴とするピストンリングの製造方法。5. A method for manufacturing a piston ring in which a wear-resistant layer is formed on an outer peripheral sliding surface and a Cr plating is coated thereon, wherein the Cr plating is plated at a plating bath temperature of 40 ° C. or less. Characteristic method of manufacturing a piston ring.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22189097A JP4097047B2 (en) | 1997-08-04 | 1997-08-04 | piston ring |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22189097A JP4097047B2 (en) | 1997-08-04 | 1997-08-04 | piston ring |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH1151186A true JPH1151186A (en) | 1999-02-23 |
| JP4097047B2 JP4097047B2 (en) | 2008-06-04 |
Family
ID=16773788
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22189097A Expired - Fee Related JP4097047B2 (en) | 1997-08-04 | 1997-08-04 | piston ring |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4097047B2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103046096A (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2013-04-17 | 四川凌峰航空液压机械有限公司 | Thickened hard chromium plating technique for deep holes |
| KR102012726B1 (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-08-21 | 주식회사 에이엔씨코리아 | Hexavalent Chrome Plating Solution And Crack Free Pulse-Reverse Electroplating Method Using of The Same |
| KR102012731B1 (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-08-21 | 주식회사 에이엔씨코리아 | Hexavalent Chrome Plating Solution And Crack Free Pulse Electroplating Method Using of The Same |
-
1997
- 1997-08-04 JP JP22189097A patent/JP4097047B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103046096A (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2013-04-17 | 四川凌峰航空液压机械有限公司 | Thickened hard chromium plating technique for deep holes |
| CN103046096B (en) * | 2012-12-17 | 2016-03-30 | 四川凌峰航空液压机械有限公司 | Deep hole thickeies chromed hardened processing method |
| KR102012726B1 (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-08-21 | 주식회사 에이엔씨코리아 | Hexavalent Chrome Plating Solution And Crack Free Pulse-Reverse Electroplating Method Using of The Same |
| KR102012731B1 (en) * | 2018-12-06 | 2019-08-21 | 주식회사 에이엔씨코리아 | Hexavalent Chrome Plating Solution And Crack Free Pulse Electroplating Method Using of The Same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4097047B2 (en) | 2008-06-04 |
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