JPH11207718A - Manufacture of concrete article for retainable formwork - Google Patents
Manufacture of concrete article for retainable formworkInfo
- Publication number
- JPH11207718A JPH11207718A JP10025088A JP2508898A JPH11207718A JP H11207718 A JPH11207718 A JP H11207718A JP 10025088 A JP10025088 A JP 10025088A JP 2508898 A JP2508898 A JP 2508898A JP H11207718 A JPH11207718 A JP H11207718A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- inner mold
- concrete
- mold
- inner frame
- formwork
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
- Foundations (AREA)
- Retaining Walls (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明はコンクリ−ト製の擁
壁，砂防ダム，橋脚等を施工する際に、そのものがコン
クリ−トの流し込み後に、コンクリ−トの表面に壁板と
して残存するタイプの残存型枠用コンクリ−ト製品の製
法に関し、特にはコンクリ−トで一定面積のプレ−ト状
に形成すると共にその内部に網状体を埋設させ、且つ四
角状に枠組した溝形材を網状体に固着させると共に断面
コの字状の略半分が裏面から露出し突出させた残存型枠
用コンクリ−ト製品の製法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a type in which a concrete retaining wall, a sabo dam, a bridge pier, etc. remain as a wall plate on the surface of the concrete after the concrete is poured. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for producing a concrete product for a remaining formwork, particularly to forming a plate having a certain area with a concrete, burying a net-like body therein, and forming a square frame-like channel member into a net-like shape. The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a concrete product for a remaining formwork which is fixed to a body and substantially half of a U-shape in cross section is exposed and projected from the back surface.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、コンクリ−ト製の擁壁を施工する
際に、施工の容易さ，表面仕上の美しさ，環境との調和
などから、擁壁の表面側に取付ける壁材として、残存型
枠用コンクリ−ト製品が使用される場合が多い。この残
存型枠用コンクリ−ト製品の製法の工程としては、図５
に示すように先ず、底板の周囲四面に、側板を多数の締
結金具で取付けて組立てるイ)型枠組立工程を行う。また
型枠内に、網状体と溝形材が一体化された埋込金具を底
板から浮かせて多数の固定金具で保持するロ)埋込金具取
付工程を行う。次に多数の締結金具と固定金具及び埋込
金具が取付けられた型枠をテ−ブル振動機の上に載置す
るハ)載置工程を行い、その後、型枠内に流動性のコンク
リ−トを流し込み、そのコンクリ−トに振動を加えるニ)
材料充填工程を行う。充填後、多数の締結金具と固定金
具が取付けられたままの型枠をテ−ブル振動機の上から
取出すホ)搬出工程を行い、コンクリ−トが固化した後に
多数の締結金具と固定金具を解除させると共に側板と底
板を解体するヘ)型枠解体工程を行って製品が完成するの
である。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, when a concrete retaining wall is constructed, it remains as a wall material to be attached to the surface side of the retaining wall due to its ease of construction, beautiful surface finish, and harmony with the environment. Formwork concrete products are often used. The steps of the method of producing the concrete product for the remaining formwork are shown in FIG.
As shown in (1), first, the side plates are attached to the four surfaces around the bottom plate with a large number of fasteners and assembled. Further, an embedded metal fitting mounting step is carried out in which the embedded metal in which the net-like body and the channel material are integrated is floated from the bottom plate and held by a large number of fixed metal fittings in the formwork. Next, a mold on which a large number of fastening fittings, fixing fittings, and embedded fittings are mounted is placed on a table vibrator. C) A placing step is performed. Pour the vibrator into the concrete.
A material filling step is performed. After filling, remove the formwork with many fasteners and fixings attached from the table vibrator. E) Carry out process, and after the concrete is solidified, remove the many fasteners and fasteners. F) dismantling the side plate and bottom plate and performing the mold dismantling process to complete the product.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら前記型枠
の側板には、流動性のコンクリ−トに振動を加える際に
コンクリ−トが締結箇所から流れ出ぬように多数の締結
金具と固定金具が取付けられているため、板厚の厚い金
属材で強固に製作されて、型枠全体の重量が大きく、型
枠組立工程，型枠の載置工程，搬出工程の作業に手間が
掛ると共に型枠の製作費が高くなっていた。またコンク
リ−トの流し込み後の型枠解体は、コンクリ−トの固化
に時間が掛り、一般には１日に１回〜２回程度しか行え
ず、同一機種の型枠の数量が多く必要であったが、同一
機種のものを多く揃えることは採算性上難しく、生産性
を向上させることが困難である等の問題点があった。
尚、前記型枠組立工程に於いて、内型枠と、その内型枠
を内部に収納して材料充填工程時に周囲が補強される製
造型枠本体とに分離出来るものはなく、且つ１つの製造
型枠本体に多数の内型枠を用いる方法も従来にはなかっ
た。However, a large number of fasteners and fixing brackets are attached to the side plate of the formwork so that the concrete does not flow out of the fastening portion when vibration is applied to the fluid concrete. As a result, it is made of a thick metal material, and the weight of the entire mold is large. Production costs were high. In addition, dismantling of the mold after pouring the concrete takes time for solidification of the concrete, and generally can be performed only once or twice a day, and a large number of molds of the same model is required. However, there are problems in that it is difficult to obtain many models of the same model in terms of profitability, and it is difficult to improve productivity.
In the mold assembling process, there is no mold that can be separated into an inner mold and a production mold main body in which the inner mold is housed and the periphery thereof is reinforced during the material filling step. There has not been a method of using a large number of inner molds for a production mold body.
【０００４】本発明は１つの製造型枠本体から内型枠を
取出すことが出来るものであり、その内型枠を多数用意
することによって、実際に作業する内型枠の重量が軽量
化し、各工程が容易に行えると共に型枠製作費が削減で
き、且つ生産性が向上して製品のコストダウンが可能と
なる残存型枠用コンクリ−ト製品の製法を提供すること
を目的とする。According to the present invention, an inner mold can be taken out from one production mold body. By preparing a large number of such inner molds, the weight of the inner mold actually used can be reduced, and It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a concrete product for a residual formwork, which can easily perform the steps, reduce the formwork manufacturing cost, and improve the productivity to reduce the cost of the product.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記問題点を解決するた
めに本発明は成されたものであり、つまり製造型枠本体
に、組立した内型枠を収納し、該内型枠を製造型枠本体
に固定すると共に埋込金具を内型枠の内部で浮かせて保
持させ、次いで内型枠内にコンクリ−トを流し込み、そ
のコンクリ−トに振動を加えた後、直ちに内型枠を製造
型枠本体から搬出し、コンクリ−トが固化した後に内型
枠を解体して製品が完成される製法と成す。この時、内
型枠の下方から押上げて搬出させると良い。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems. That is, an assembled inner form is housed in a production form main body, and the inner form is manufactured by a production mold. It is fixed to the frame body and the embedded metal fittings are floated and held inside the inner mold. Then, the concrete is poured into the inner mold, and after vibrating the concrete, the inner mold is manufactured immediately. After the concrete is solidified, the inner mold is disassembled and the product is completed. At this time, it is preferable to push up from below the inner mold frame and carry it out.
【０００６】[0006]
【発明の実施の形態】図１は本発明製法で用いる実施形
態の型枠の要部構造を示す図であり、この図番について
説明する。（１）はテ−ブル振動機（５）の上面に取付
けられた製造型枠本体であり、該製造型枠本体（１）は
上方広がりの開口を有した箱体に形成されている。
（２）は製造型枠本体（１）に収納して固定され、且つ
組立られた着脱自在な底板（2a）及び４枚の側板（2b）
とから成る内型枠であり、前記底板（2a）の下部には格
子状の補強リブを設けたものを用いると良い。尚、前記
内型枠（２）は軽量化されると共に多数用意されてい
る。（３）は内型枠（２）の側板（2b）を上方から押え
て固定するための側板押え具であり、該側板押え具
（３）は製造型枠本体（１）に取付けられている。
（４）は内型枠（２）内に埋込金具（８）を底板（2a）
から浮かせて保持させるための溝形材支持具であり、該
溝形材支持具（４）は製造型枠本体（１）に取付けられ
ている。この構造は溝形材（82）の開口部に挿入して支
持するものである。（６）はテ−ブル振動機（５）の下
方に具備した押出装置であり、該押出装置（６）は内型
枠（２）を製造型枠本体（１）から搬出する際に、内型
枠（２）の底板（2a）が押上げられる。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 is a view showing the structure of a main part of a formwork according to an embodiment used in the manufacturing method of the present invention. (1) is a manufacturing form main body attached to the upper surface of the table vibrator (5), and the manufacturing form main body (1) is formed in a box having an opening extending upward.
(2) is a detachable bottom plate (2a) and four side plates (2b) which are housed and fixed in the production form body (1) and are assembled.
It is preferable to use an inner mold having a lattice-shaped reinforcing rib provided below the bottom plate (2a). The inner mold (2) is reduced in weight and provided in a large number. (3) is a side plate presser for pressing and fixing the side plate (2b) of the inner formwork (2) from above, and the side plate presser (3) is attached to the production formwork body (1). .
(4) Bottom plate (2a) with embedded metal fitting (8) in inner mold (2)
A channel support for floating and holding the channel support, and the channel support (4) is attached to the production form body (1). This structure is inserted into and supported by the opening of the channel (82). (6) is an extruding device provided below the table vibrator (5). The extruding device (6) is used when the inner mold (2) is carried out from the production mold body (1). The bottom plate (2a) of the mold (2) is pushed up.
【０００７】（７）は一定の厚さと面積でコンクリ−ト
固化させたプレ−ト状のコンクリ−ト製品であり、該コ
ンクリ−ト製品（７）の表面には化粧仕上を施した化粧
部（7a）を有し、且つその側面にはコ−キング剤などで
シ−ルするための溝（7b）を形成している（図３参
照）。（８）はコンクリ−ト製品（７）の内部に埋設し
た埋込金具であり、該埋込金具（８）は金属製の網状体
（81）と溝形材（82）が一体化されており、前記網状体
（81）は全部埋設されるが、断面コの字状の軽溝形鋼を
４本用いて四角状に配列すると共にそれを溶接で枠組し
た溝形材（82）は、その断面コの字状の略半分が埋設さ
れている。尚、前記埋込金具（８）を埋設した残存型枠
用コンクリ−ト製品（７）としては、本発明者が特願平
９−２６０８３号，２６０８４号，１１４３１１号，２
３７６６７号で提案したものを製造すると良い（図３，
図４参照）。[0007] (7) is a plate-shaped concrete product solidified in concrete with a certain thickness and area, and the surface of the concrete product (7) is provided with a decorative part having a decorative finish. (7a), and a groove (7b) for sealing with a caulking agent or the like is formed on the side surface (see FIG. 3). (8) is an embedding fitting buried inside the concrete product (7). The embedding fitting (8) is formed by integrating a metal net (81) and a channel member (82). The net-like body (81) is entirely buried, but a groove-shaped member (82) in which four light-grooves having a U-shaped cross section are arranged in a square shape and welded to form a square, Approximately half of the U-shaped cross section is buried. As the concrete product (7) for the remaining formwork in which the embedding fitting (8) is embedded, the present inventor has filed Japanese Patent Application Nos. 9-26083, 26084, 114311, and 2.
It is advisable to manufacture the one proposed in No. 37667 (FIG. 3,
(See FIG. 4).
【０００８】図２は本発明製法の工程を示す図であり、
これに基づいて説明する。予め１つの製造型枠本体
（１）をテ−ブル振動機（５）の上面に取付けておく。
尚、側板押え具（３）と溝形材支持具（４）は製造型枠
本体（１）に取付けられている。先ず底板（2a）の周囲
四面に、４枚の側板（2b）を取付けて内型枠（２）が組
立てられるイ)内型枠組立工程を行う。組立てられた内型
枠（２）は製造型枠本体（１）に収納し、該内型枠
（２）の側板（2b）を側板押え具（３）で上方から押え
て内型枠（２）が製造型枠本体（１）に固定されるロ)内
型枠収納固定工程を行う。そして内型枠（２）の中に一
体化した埋込金具（８）を入れると共にその溝形材（8
2）の開口部に挿入して溝形材支持具（４）で支持さ
せ、且つ網状体（81）を底板（2a）から浮かせて保持さ
せるハ)埋込金具取付工程が行われる。次いで内型枠
（２）内にコンクリ−トを流し込み、そのコンクリ−ト
に振動を加えるニ)材料充填工程を行う。この時、振動を
加えることにより内型枠（２）内部に巣が出来ぬように
均質化するのである。材料充填後、直ちにテ−ブル振動
機（５）の下方に具備した押出装置（６）が作動して内
型枠（２）の底板（2a）を押上げ、内型枠（２）が製造
型枠本体（１）上面よりも高く持ち上げられると、フォ
−クリフトで内型枠（２）を所定の場所に搬出するホ)内
型枠搬出工程が行われるのである。この内型枠（２）内
部のコンクリ−トが固化した後に内型枠（２）を解体す
るヘ)内型枠解体工程が完了して製品は完成するのであ
る。FIG. 2 is a view showing the steps of the production method of the present invention.
Description will be made based on this. One production form body (1) is previously mounted on the upper surface of the table vibrator (5).
The side plate retainer (3) and the channel member support (4) are attached to the production form body (1). First, four side plates (2b) are attached to four surfaces around the bottom plate (2a) to assemble the inner mold (2). The assembled inner form (2) is housed in the production form body (1), and the side plate (2b) of the inner form (2) is pressed from above by the side plate presser (3) to thereby form the inner form (2). B) is fixed to the production form body (1). Then, the integrated embedding fitting (8) is put into the inner mold (2), and the channel member (8
(2) An embedding fitting mounting step is performed in which it is inserted into the opening and supported by the channel support (4), and the net (81) is floated from the bottom plate (2a) and held. Next, concrete is poured into the inner mold (2), and a vibration is applied to the concrete. At this time, by applying vibration, homogenization is performed so that nests are not formed inside the inner mold (2). Immediately after filling the material, the extruding device (6) provided below the table vibrator (5) is operated to push up the bottom plate (2a) of the inner mold (2), thereby producing the inner mold (2). When the inner form (2) is lifted higher than the upper surface of the form body (1), the inner form (2) is carried out to a predetermined place by a forklift. After the concrete inside the inner mold (2) is solidified, the inner mold (2) is dismantled.) The inner mold dismantling process is completed, and the product is completed.
【０００９】この時、内型枠（２）には側板押え具
（３）や溝形材支持具（４）がイ)内型枠組立工程では不
要であるため、内型枠組立作業が簡略化でき、且つ従来
のような重量の大きなものと異なり内型枠（２）は軽量
化される。この内型枠（２）が軽量化すると、内型枠
（２）のロ)収納固定工程，ホ)搬出工程，ヘ)解体工程が容
易となって短時間で行えるものとなる。また内型枠
（２）の製作費が削減されて多数用意することが出来る
ため、次から次へと内型枠（２）へのニ)材料充填工程が
行え、従来のテ−ブル振動機（５）の稼動率よりも遥か
に向上し、連続的に製品が製造でき、作業性は極めて良
くなる。しかも内型枠（２）のみを交換するだけで、各
種類のコンクリ−ト製品（７）を製造することが出来る
ので、型枠設備投資が大幅に削減可能となる。At this time, since the inner frame (2) does not need the side plate holder (3) and the channel member support (4) in the inner frame assembling process, the inner frame assembling operation is simplified. The inner mold (2) can be reduced in weight, unlike the conventional heavy one. When the weight of the inner mold (2) is reduced, the steps (b) storing and fixing, (e) carrying out, and (f) dismantling of the inner mold (2) are facilitated and can be performed in a short time. In addition, since the manufacturing cost of the inner mold (2) can be reduced and a large number can be prepared, the process of filling the inner mold (2) into the material can be performed one after another. The operation rate is much higher than that of (5), products can be manufactured continuously, and workability is extremely improved. In addition, since each type of concrete product (7) can be manufactured only by replacing the inner mold (2), investment in the mold equipment can be greatly reduced.
【００１０】[0010]
【発明の効果】本発明はこのように構成させたことによ
り、下記に記載する効果を有する。The present invention having the above-described structure has the following effects.
【００１１】請求項１のように先ず製造型枠本体（１）
に、組立した着脱自在な底板（2a）及び複数の側板（2
b）とから成る内型枠（２）を収納し、該内型枠（２）
を製造型枠本体（１）に固定し、内型枠（２）内に網状
体（81）と溝形材（82）が一体化された埋込金具（８）
を底板（2a）から浮かせて保持させ、次いで内型枠
（２）内にコンクリ−トを流し込み、そのコンクリ−ト
に振動を加えた後、直ちに内型枠（２）を製造型枠本体
（１）から搬出し、コンクリ−トが固化した後に内型枠
（２）を解体して製品が完成される製法とすることによ
り、１つの製造型枠本体（１）から内型枠（２）を取出
すことができ、その内型枠（２）を多数用意することに
よって、生産性が向上出来るので製品のコストダウンが
可能となる。また実際に作業する内型枠（２）には、従
来の如き多数の締結金具や固定金具が取付けられていな
いと共に従来ほど強固に製作しなくとも良くなったの
で、内型枠（２）の重量が軽量化し、内型枠（２）の組
立，設置，搬出，解体の作業などが簡単に素早く行え、
しかも内型枠（２）の製作費が削減されて多数製作出来
るものとなった。更に製品の機種を切換える際は、内型
枠（２）のみを変更するだけで対応出来るため、切換え
がスム−ズに行えると共に型枠設備投資が大幅に削減出
来るものとなる。First, a production form body (1) is provided.
The detachable bottom plate (2a) and a plurality of side plates (2
b) containing the inner mold (2) comprising:
Is fixed to the production form body (1), and an embedded metal fitting (8) in which a net (81) and a channel member (82) are integrated in an inner form (2).
Is floated from the bottom plate (2a) and held, then the concrete is poured into the inner mold (2), and after vibrating the concrete, the inner mold (2) is immediately put into the production mold body ( 1), the inner mold (2) is dismantled after the concrete is solidified, and the product is completed. By preparing a large number of inner molds (2), the productivity can be improved and the cost of the product can be reduced. Further, since the inner mold (2) to be actually worked is not equipped with a large number of fasteners and fixing brackets as in the related art, and it is not necessary to manufacture the inner mold (2) as strongly as in the prior art. The weight is reduced, and the work of assembling, installing, carrying out, and dismantling the inner formwork (2) can be performed easily and quickly.
In addition, the manufacturing cost of the inner mold (2) has been reduced and many can be manufactured. Further, when the model of the product is switched, it can be dealt with only by changing the inner mold (2), so that the switching can be performed smoothly and the investment in the mold equipment can be greatly reduced.
【００１２】請求項２のように内型枠（２）を製造型枠
本体（１）から搬出する際に、内型枠（２）の底板（2
a）の下方から押上げて、製造型枠本体（１）上面より
も内型枠（２）を高く持ち上げることにより、フォ−ク
リフトを利用して搬出が行えるので、搬出が早く且つ簡
単にでき、製品の生産効率が向上し易くなる。When the inner mold (2) is carried out of the manufacturing mold body (1), the bottom plate (2) of the inner mold (2) is removed.
By lifting the inner formwork (2) higher than the upper surface of the production formwork body (1) by pushing it up from below, the carryout can be carried out using a forklift, so that carryout can be made quickly and easily. In addition, the production efficiency of the product is easily improved.
【図１】本実施形態で用いる型枠の要部構造を示す断面
図である。FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a main structure of a mold used in the present embodiment.
【図２】本発明の製法の工程を示す説明図である。FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing the steps of the production method of the present invention.
【図３】本実施形態のコンクリ−ト製品の要部構造を示
す断面図である。FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing a main part structure of the concrete product according to the embodiment.
【図４】本実施形態のコンクリ−ト製品の埋込金具を示
す斜視図である。FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing an embedding metal fitting of the concrete product of the present embodiment.
【図５】従来の製法の工程を示す説明図である。FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing steps of a conventional manufacturing method.
１ 製造型枠本体 ２ 内型枠 2a 底板 2b 側板 ８ 埋込金具 81 網状体 82 溝形材 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Manufacturing form main body 2 Inner form 2a Bottom plate 2b Side plate 8 Embedded metal fittings 81 Reticulated body 82 Channel material
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 ＦＩ Ｅ０４Ｂ 2/86 Ｅ０４Ｃ 2/06 Ｅ０４Ｃ 2/06 Ｅ０４Ｂ 2/86 ６０１Ｃ ──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on front page (51) Int.Cl. 6 Identification code FI E04B 2/86 E04C 2/06 E04C 2/06 E04B 2/86 601C
Claims (2)
な底板（2a）及び複数の側板（2b）とから成る内型枠
（２）を収納し、該内型枠（２）を前記製造型枠本体
（１）に固定し、前記内型枠（２）内に網状体（81）と
溝形材（82）が一体化された埋込金具（８）を前記底板
（2a）から浮かせて保持させ、次いで前記内型枠（２）
内に流動性のコンクリ−トを流し込み、そのコンクリ−
トに振動を加えた後、直ちに前記内型枠（２）を前記製
造型枠本体（１）から搬出し、前記コンクリ−トが固化
した後に前記内型枠（２）を解体したことを特徴とする
残存型枠用コンクリ−ト製品の製法。An inner mold (2) composed of a detachable bottom plate (2a) and a plurality of side plates (2b) assembled to a production mold body (1) is housed, and the inner mold (2) is removed. An embedding metal fitting (8) in which a net (81) and a channel (82) are integrated in the inner mold (2) is fixed to the production form body (1) and the bottom plate (2a). From the inner mold (2)
Pour fluid concrete into the
Immediately after the vibration is applied to the mold, the inner mold (2) is carried out of the manufacturing mold body (1), and after the concrete is solidified, the inner mold (2) is disassembled. Method for producing a concrete product for a residual formwork.
（１）から搬出する際に、前記内型枠（２）の前記底板
（2a）の下方から押上げて搬出させる請求項１記載の残
存型枠用コンクリ−ト製品の製法。2. When the inner mold (2) is carried out from the production form body (1), the inner mold (2) is pushed up from below the bottom plate (2a) of the inner mold (2) and carried out. 2. A method for producing a concrete product for a residual form according to 1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP02508898A JP3683698B2 (en) | 1998-01-22 | 1998-01-22 | Manufacturing method of residual formwork concrete products |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP02508898A JP3683698B2 (en) | 1998-01-22 | 1998-01-22 | Manufacturing method of residual formwork concrete products |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH11207718A true JPH11207718A (en) | 1999-08-03 |
| JP3683698B2 JP3683698B2 (en) | 2005-08-17 |
Family
ID=12156176
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP02508898A Expired - Fee Related JP3683698B2 (en) | 1998-01-22 | 1998-01-22 | Manufacturing method of residual formwork concrete products |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3683698B2 (en) |
-
1998
- 1998-01-22 JP JP02508898A patent/JP3683698B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3683698B2 (en) | 2005-08-17 |
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