JPH1063261A - Electronic stringed instrument - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To express a difference in sound production corresponding the a playing by discriminating whether pick playing or hand playing. SOLUTION: A pitch detecting section 12 detects the depressed fret positions of a finger plate part. A first sound production trigger detecting section 13 forms the playing information indicating the string numbers of the played strings and the state of the playing. A second sound production trigger detecting section 14 forms the displacement information of a pick having a piezoelectric sensor. A CPU 11 sets pitch data by the depressed fret positions, sets touch data by the playing information and discriminates whether the playing is by the pick or not by the displacement information. When the CPU judges that the playing is by the pick, the CPU transmits the timbre data of the pick playing to a musical tone generating section 17. When the CPU judges that the playing is not by the pick, the CPU transmits the timbre data of the hand playing to the musical tone generating section 17.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electronic string instrument such as an electronic guitar and an electronic bass.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, electronic guitars that have become widespread do not have actual strings strung on a fingerboard portion, but have a plurality of strings strung only at a portion where a bullet string is manipulated. In the vicinity of the string, a sounding trigger detecting unit which is a sensor for detecting the presence or absence of a string is provided. Then, the peak value of the vibration of the string is used as touch data. On the other hand, the fingerboard section is provided with a pitch detection section composed of switches arranged in a matrix with the number of strings and the number of frets corresponding to each string and each fret position. The pitch data is designated by pressing.

[0003]

However, in such a conventional electronic guitar, the peak value of the vibration of the string is used as the touch data, so that it is possible to discriminate whether the vibration of the string is caused by picking or manual playing. It is difficult to do so, and the sound processing has been performed with the same tone. For this reason, there was a problem that a difference in pronunciation between pick performance and manual performance could not be expressed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to determine whether a musical performance is a pick performance or a manual performance, so that a difference in pronunciation depending on the performance can be expressed.

[0004]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention detects a plurality of strings provided on at least a string portion of a body having a string portion and a fingerboard portion including a plurality of frets, and detects that each string vibrates. First detecting means for generating bullet string information, and detecting the contact of the pick with a string or other object, and generating second displacement information in accordance with the displacement of the pick due to the contact;
Control means for inputting the string information and the displacement information, determining whether or not the pick has hit the string according to the string information based on the displacement information, and performing sound generation processing according to the determination result. It has become.

According to the present invention, when a string struck is determined by the string information from the first detecting means, and when the string is determined to be picked by the displacement information from the second detecting means. The sound processing is performed using the tone data of the pick performance. On the other hand, when a string struck by the string is determined based on the string information from the first detecting means, and when the string is not due to picking based on the displacement information from the second detecting means,
Performs sound generation processing based on the tone color data of the playing performance.

[0006]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, an electronic guitar will be described as an example of an electronic stringed musical instrument, and a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
A fourth embodiment will be described. In the electronic guitar according to the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a fingerboard 2 is attached to a main body 1, and an end 3 of the fingerboard 2 on the main body 1 side and a tail provided at the center of the main body 1. Six strings 5 are stretched between the pieces 4. On the surface of the fingerboard 2, 15 frets having fret numbers F1 to F15 are formed. Six linear members 6 resembling an actual string are formed of an elastic material on the fingerboard portion 2, and have a structure that bends by pressing in the same manner as an actual string. Further, inside the fingerboard portion 2 on the lower side of the linear member 6, 6 corresponding to each string and each fret are provided.
A pitch detecting section comprising 90 switches in a matrix of × 15 is provided. A speaker 7 is mounted inside the main body 1, and a volume control unit (volume) 8 for setting a volume from the speaker 7 is provided on an operation surface of the main body 1.

On the operation surface of the main body 1, there are provided an operator 9 using matrix scanning for inputting settings of tone color, automatic accompaniment, and the like, and a dedicated piezoelectric pick 10 for a string. . The piezoelectric pick 10 has a piezoelectric film 10a embedded therein and is connected to a circuit block provided inside the main body 1 by a lead wire 10b. The piezoelectric film 10a has a pyroelectric effect. When a person has only the piezoelectric pick 10, it responds to infrared rays having a wavelength near the body temperature and has a low voltage but a periodic low frequency waveform. Output the components. Therefore, it is possible to determine that the player has the pick 10 by extracting the periodic low-frequency waveform component.

As shown in FIG. 2, the circuit block of the electronic guitar is a circuit having a CPU 11 as a control means as a core. The input port of the CPU 11 includes an operator 9, a pitch detector 12, a first sounding trigger detector (first detector) 1.
3. The second sounding trigger detecting section (second detecting means) 14 is connected. By the matrix scanning of the CPU 11,
The operation element 9 inputs the tone color setting data,
Inputs the pressed fret position. The first sounding trigger detection unit 13 includes a reflection type photosensor provided immediately below a columnar reflector (not shown) wound around each string 5, an A / D conversion circuit (neither is shown), or the like. The vibration of each string 5 is detected and input to the CPU 11 as touch data.

The second sounding trigger detecting section 14 comprises a piezoelectric film 10a of the piezoelectric pick 10, an A / D conversion circuit (not shown) and the like, and the piezoelectric pick 10 comes in contact with an object such as the string 5 and the main body 1. Then, displacement information corresponding to the displacement due to the contact is input to the CPU 11 as event data. Although not shown in the figure, the second sounding trigger detecting unit 14 is provided to remove the low-frequency waveform component of the piezoelectric pick 10 and other noise components including DC and low-frequency background noise. , A DC component removing circuit and a low-pass filter circuit. Further, a level conversion circuit for adjusting the voltage of the signal waveform generated from the piezoelectric film 10a to the input level of the A / D conversion circuit is provided.

The bus of the CPU 11 has a ROM 15, an RA
M16, a tone generator 17, and a digital filter 18 are connected. The digital filter 18 is connected to a tone generator 17 and a D / A converter 19. Further, the speaker 7 is connected to the D / A conversion circuit 19 via the AMP 20, and the volume control unit 8 is connected to the AMP 20.

The ROM 15 stores an operation program of the CPU 11, and also stores tone waveform data of a reference tone color, tone parameters, parameters of the digital filter 18, and the like. The RAM 16 temporarily stores event data and touch data input to the CPU 11, data and parameters read from the ROM 15 for tone processing, and the like. The tone generator 17 outputs digital sound data based on the input tone waveform data. The digital filter 18 performs a filtering process on the digital acoustic data input from the musical sound generation unit 17 based on the parameters given from the CPU 11,
Input to the D / A conversion circuit 19. D / A conversion circuit 19
Converts the digital audio data into an analog audio signal and supplies the analog audio signal to the speaker 7 via the AMP 20. The volume control unit 8 controls the volume output from the speaker 7 by changing the amplification factor of the AMP 20 according to the operation.

Next, the waveform of the output (pick output) of the piezoelectric film 10a when the string 5 is struck by the piezoelectric pick 10 will be described. The signal output from the piezoelectric film 10a indicates a displacement state that is a differential value (rate of change) of the amount of deflection (displacement) of the piezoelectric pick 10. When the string 5 is struck by the piezoelectric pick 10, a signal waveform as shown in FIG.
0a. When the piezoelectric pick 10 comes in contact with the string 5 at the point A and presses the string 5, the differential value of the amount of deflection increases, reaches the maximum peak value W1 at the point B after the period T1, and thereafter gradually becomes the differential value of the amount of deflection. Becomes smaller, the string 5 is hit at the point C after the period T2, and the piezoelectric pick 10 is separated from the string 5. As a result, the piezoelectric pick 10 flexes instantaneously in the opposite direction to the direction of T1 and T2 at the point C, so that the peak value W2 becomes the maximum at the point D immediately after leaving the string 5, and thereafter sharply thereafter. The differential value of the deflection amount decreases and converges to “0” (stationary state). When the piezoelectric pick 10 hits the string 5 which is already vibrating (producing), the piezoelectric pick 10 slightly vibrates when it touches the string 5, so that FIG.
As shown in FIG. 7, a characteristic noise sound waveform N appears at the beginning of the signal waveform.

The two signal waveforms shown in FIG. 5 are obtained by picking down the strings with the same picking strength, but the signal waveform a is obtained when the string 5 is played slowly, and the signal waveform b is a case where the string 5 is quickly played.
As is apparent from this figure, T1 + T2 of the quickly played signal waveform b is T1 + T2 of the slowly played signal waveform a.
Shorter. Also, when the player plays quickly, the differential value (rate of change) of the amount of deflection is large, so that the value of W1 of the signal waveform b is larger than that of the signal waveform a. In addition, since both strings are struck with the same picking strength, the value of W2 is substantially the same.

A signal waveform representing the differential value of the amount of deflection of the piezoelectric pick 10 is input to the CPU 11 from the second sounding trigger unit 14 as displacement information. The CPU 11 fetches the displacement information and obtains three parameters, T1 + T2, W1 / T
1 and the presence or absence of N are analyzed. That is, in taking in the data from the second sounding trigger unit 14, the measurement of time and the measurement of the differential value of the amount of deflection are started from the point A, and the point at which the directionality of the differential value of the amount of deflection is inverted is set as the point B. ,
The time T1 and the differential value W1 of the deflection amount are stored in the RAM 16. Further, the point at which the differential value of the amount of deflection changes abruptly is defined as point C, and the time T2 from point B to that time is defined as R
Store it in AM16.

On the other hand, when the string 5 is struck, the signal waveform shown in FIG. 6 is output from the reflection type photo sensor of the first sounding trigger detecting section 13. When the CPU 11 captures the signal waveform converted into digital data from the first sounding trigger detection unit 13, the CPU 11 changes the signal waveform to a predetermined range (-α to +
When it is determined that α) exceeds the predetermined number of times continuously, the touch data of the string number is stored in the RAM 16. At this time,
Since a predetermined time is required until the CPU 11 determines that the number of times exceeds the predetermined number, the event data from the piezoelectric pick 10 is determined earlier than the touch data from the string 5. When the touch data is stored in the RAM 16, the pitch detector 1
The pressed fret position (fret number) of the string 5 input from 2 is also stored in the RAM 16. And RAM
The pitch data determined by the string number and fret number stored in 16 and the touch data from the first sounding trigger detecting unit 13 are output to the musical tone generating unit 17 to start sounding. When the vibrating string 5 is struck, there is no corresponding pitch, so the pitch data of the noise timbre is transmitted to the tone generator 1.
7 to start sounding.

At the start of the sound generation, the CPU 11
A predetermined parameter is output to the data digital filter 18 based on the correlation between T1 + T2 and W1 stored in the AM 16. For example, a parameter is output such that the smaller T1 + T2 is, the harder the tone is, and the larger the value of W1 / T1 is, the harder the tone is output. When the strings are continuously struck, the piezoelectric pick 10 comes into contact with the vibrating strings 5, and the waveform N of the noise sound shown in FIG.
Since the sounding trigger unit 13 detects, the predetermined filter parameter of the chattering sound effect is output to the digital filter 18 for the musical tone waveform being released at this time.

As described above, according to the first embodiment,
The signal waveform at the time of the string output from the piezoelectric film 10a provided in the piezoelectric pick 10 is captured and analyzed, and the differential value and the displacement of the displacement of the piezoelectric pick 10 when the string 5 and the piezoelectric pick 10 come into contact with each other are obtained. According to the measurement result of the time when the predetermined value is reached, the envelope waveform of the hard tone, the soft tone, and the tone of the chattering sound effect can be reproduced, and the tone unique to the pick performance in the live guitar can be obtained.

In the first embodiment, the first sounding trigger detecting unit 13 detects which of the six strings 5 is hit, but the tip of the piezoelectric pick 10 and the strings 5 are connected by conductors. By configuring, the piezoelectric pick 10 and the string 5
May be detected. In this case,
A cylindrical reflector wound around each string 5 constituting the first sounding trigger detector 13, a reflective photosensor provided immediately below the reflector, an A / D conversion circuit, and the like become unnecessary.
Since the structure of the string detecting means is simplified, the cost of the product can be reduced.

Hereinafter, the second to fourth embodiments of the present invention will be described in order. Since the external view and block diagram of the electronic guitar are the same as those of the first embodiment, they will be described with reference to FIGS. I do. First, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. The piezoelectric pick 10 when picking the string 5 is bent and deformed as shown in FIG. 5A during a down stroke (picking down), and is deformed as shown in FIG. 5B during an up stroke (picking up). As shown, it is deformed by bending, and the direction of deformation differs depending on the direction of the stroke. That is, in the case of an upstroke, a signal waveform is obtained by inverting a signal waveform of a downstroke. As a result, the signal waveform input from the second sounding trigger detection unit 14 to the CPU 11 also differs depending on the direction of the stroke. By analyzing this signal waveform, it is determined whether the stroke is a downstroke or an upstroke. Can be.

FIG. 8 shows a signal waveform when the same string 5 continuously shifts from a down stroke to an up stroke. Since the string 5 is vibrating in the downstroke, as shown in the figure, the waveform N of the noise sound is generated at the beginning of the upstroke. The CPU 11 analyzes this signal waveform, determines the parameters of the timbre from the directionality of W2, determines the parameters of the effect of the pick performance from the amplitude of W2, and outputs the determined parameter data to the digital filter 18. .

As described above, according to the second embodiment,
Since the picking direction when the string 5 and the piezoelectric pick 10 come into contact with each other is determined and used as a parameter of a musical tone, the picking performance can be made closer to the picking performance of a live guitar having a different tone depending on the picking direction.

Next, a third embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 9 is a flowchart executed by the CPU 11 based on the signal waveforms input from the first sounding trigger detecting unit 13 and the second sounding trigger detecting unit 14. In this flowchart, the following English characters are defined. w2event is determined to be a pulse-like waveform generated when the piezoelectric pick 10 hits the string 5 or hits the guitar body or something, and the effective W
2 represents event data that becomes “1” when it is recognized that the data is No. 2. Therefore, when w2event is “0”, there is no event data. st
rtouchnum is set when touch data is newly generated, and represents the string number (0 to 5) of the string 5 where the touch data has been generated. stroutouchnum is "FF"
Is invalid, there is no target string number, and no sound generation processing is performed.

Strouch [strtouchunu
[m] is the touch data of the string having the string number represented by strtouchouchnum, and is taken in from the first sounding trigger detection unit 13. strumber [stroutuc
[hnum] is the pitch data of the string having the string number of strtouchouchnum, and is taken in from the pitch detection unit 12.
w2count is cleared to “0” when a new w2event occurs, is incremented by a timer interrupt in the CPU 11 at fixed time intervals, and is set to “F2count”.
The counter saturates at "F". That is, w2cou
nt represents the elapsed time from the occurrence of the event. w2val
ue is not the touch data from the string 5, but the W2 touch data determined based on the waveform output from the piezoelectric pick 10. w2OVER is a preset w
Since the touch data w2value from the piezoelectric pick 10 is determined earlier than the touch data from the string 5 in the processing in the CPU 11 until the touch data from the string 5 is generated. Is the maximum waiting time.

In FIG. 9, it is determined whether or not w2event is "0" (step S1). If w2event is "0", that is, if no event data is input from the second sounding trigger detection unit 14, this flow is performed. finish. w2eve
If nt is not “0”, it means that event data has been input, and strto which is the number of the string that was struck is
It is determined whether or not uchnum is "FF" (step S2). If it is any one of "0" to "5" instead of "FF", it means that the piezoelectric pick 10 has struck the string of that string number, and strtouch [strtouchchn].
um] is set as new touch data to be subjected to sound generation processing (step S3). Also, strumber [strto
[Uchnum] is set as new pitch data to be subjected to sound generation processing (step S4). Then, since the data to be subjected to the sound generation processing has been determined, the data is rewritten to a value of “FF” so as to invalidate the strutouchnum. Next, a tone generation command is transmitted to the tone generator 17 based on the touch data and the pitch data (step S9). Thereafter, w2event is set to “0” (step S10), and this flow ends.

In step S2, strouch
If num is “FF”, it is determined whether the value of w2count exceeds the value of the maximum waiting time w2OVER (step S6). If not, w
This flow is once ended without setting 2event to “0”, and each time w2event is entered.
Is “1” in step S2
The value of chnum is determined. Then, when the value of strouchouchnum is no longer "FF" within the maximum waiting time, the process proceeds to step S3. In step S6, if the value of w2count exceeds the value of w2OVER, touch data from the string 5 cannot be generated.
It is determined that the piezoelectric pick 10 has hit the body of the guitar body 1 or the like. In this case, w2value is set as touch data (step S7), and data of the handclap sound is read from the ROM 15 and set as pitch data (step S8). Then, based on the touch data and the pitch data, a tone generation command is transmitted to the tone generator 17 (step S9). Thereafter, w2event is set to “0” (step S10), and this flow ends.

As described above, according to the third embodiment,
When the signal waveform of the sound generation trigger from the piezoelectric pick 10 is input from the second sound generation trigger detection unit 14, the presence or absence of the signal waveform of the sound generation trigger from the string 5 is determined. A distortion pulse caused by hitting the body of the guitar body 1 or the like can be detected, and a handclap sound can be generated in that case. Further, in this case, it is not necessary to provide a pad or the like for generating a hand clap sound on the guitar body 1.

In the third embodiment, step S
In step 6, when the value of w2count exceeds the value of w2OVER, the handclap sound is emitted. However, instead of the handclap sound, a blank portion of the melody line in the automatic accompaniment is modified. A trigger of a control signal for performing a fill-in effect, a break for temporarily stopping a melody or rhythm movement, or the like may be output.

Next, a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. FIG. 10 is also a flowchart executed by the CPU 11 based on the signal waveforms input from the first sounding trigger detecting unit 13 and the second sounding trigger detecting unit 14, as in FIG. The definition of English characters having the same names as in FIG. 9 is the same as in the third embodiment. In FIG. 10, first, stroutuc representing a string number (0 to 5)
It is determined whether hnum is "FF", that is, invalid (step S11). If hnum is "FF", this flow is terminated. If the strtouchum is not "FF", it is determined whether w2event is "0" (step S12). If w2event is not "0", that is, if event data is input from the piezoelectric pick 10, the data of TONE1 (pick performance waveform) read from the ROM 15 is set to the tone data represented by the tone number (step). S13). Then, w2 value which is the W2 touch data determined based on the signal waveform output from the piezoelectric pick 10
Is read as the address search variable of FILTERABLE (filter data table) in the ROM 15 (step S14). Thereafter, w2event is set to “0” (Step S)
15).

Next, based on the set timbre data, control of timbre setting is performed for the tone generator 17 (step S16), and the read filter data is transmitted to the digital filter 18, which corresponds to an attack portion. Initial data is set (step S17). Next, strouch which is fetched from the first sounding trigger detection unit 13
[Strtouchnum] is set to the touch data (step S18), and strnumber [strtouchnum] taken in from the pitch detection unit 12 is set to the pitch data (step S19). Then, based on the touch data and the pitch data, a tone generation command is transmitted to the tone generator 17 (step S20), and this flow is terminated.

On the other hand, in step S11, strto
If w2event is “0” and there is no event data from the piezoelectric pick 10 in step S12 even though uchnum is not “FF” but is valid,
Judgment is performed by the hand string. In this case, the timbre data represented by the timbre number is stored in the T
ONE2 (hand-playing performance waveform) data is set (step S21). Then, the data NOP for invalidating the filter data is read from the ROM 15 (step S2).
2).

Next, based on the set timbre data, the timbre generation unit 17 is controlled for timbre setting (step S16), and the read filter data is transmitted to the digital filter 18 to correspond to an attack portion. Initial data is set (step S17). Next, strt
Touch [strtouchnum] is set to the touch data (step S18), and strummber [st
rtouchnum] is set to the pitch data (step S19). Then, based on the touch data and the pitch data, a tone generation command is transmitted to the tone generator 17 (step S20), and this flow is terminated.

As described above, according to the fourth embodiment, when the string operation is performed on the string 5, the piezoelectric pick 10
By detecting the presence / absence of event data from the player, it is determined whether to sound with a tone of pick performance or tone of hand-playing performance. Therefore, it is possible to produce a tone with a tone characteristic of a pick performance and a tone of a hand performance on a live guitar.

In the fourth embodiment, when the event data from the piezoelectric pick 10 cannot be obtained, the tone is generated by the timbre of the hand-playing performance. Alternatively, it may be determined whether or not to add the sound. For example, in the case of a solo performance, if there is no event data, the melody line is sounded by a normal pick without a piezoelectric sensor, and if there is event data, the backing (chord stroke) music data Is performed.

[0034]

According to the present invention, the struck string is discriminated based on the string information from the first detecting means, and it is determined from the displacement information from the second detecting means that the string is due to picking. If it is determined, the tone generation processing is performed using the tone color data of the pick performance. On the other hand, when the string that has been struck is determined based on the string information from the first detecting means, and when it is determined that the string is not due to picking based on the displacement information from the second detecting means, the timbre data of the hand-playing performance is determined. To perform sound generation processing. Therefore, it is possible to determine whether the performance is a pick performance or a manual performance, and express a difference in pronunciation according to the performance.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a plan view showing the appearance of an electronic guitar according to each embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an electronic guitar system according to each embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an output waveform of a piezoelectric pick.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an output waveform of a piezoelectric pick when a vibrating string is contacted.

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an output waveform of a piezoelectric pick due to a difference in picking strength.

FIG. 6 is an output waveform diagram of a photodiode of a first trigger detection unit that has detected a string vibration.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing a state of deformation of the piezoelectric pick in contact with a string.

FIG. 8 is an output waveform diagram of a piezoelectric pick that has shifted from a down stroke to an up stroke.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the operation of the CPU according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 shows a CPU showing the operation of the fourth embodiment of the present invention;
Flowchart.

[Explanation of symbols]

 11 CPU 12 Pitch detecting section 13 First sounding trigger detecting section 14 Second sounding trigger detecting section 17 Musical sound generating section

Claims (9)

[Claims] 1. A plurality of strings provided on at least the string portions of a main body having a finger string portion including a string portion and a plurality of frets, and string information is generated by detecting that each string vibrates. First
Detecting means, a second detecting means for detecting contact between the string or other object and the pick and generating displacement information according to a displacement state of the pick due to the contact, and detecting the bullet string information and the displacement information. Control means for determining whether or not the pick has struck the string according to the string information based on the displacement information, and performing sound generation processing in accordance with the result of the determination. Electronic stringed instrument. 2. The control means analyzes the time from when the pick comes into contact with the string until the string is released and the rate of change of the displacement based on the displacement information, and generates the sound with tone color data according to the analysis result. The electronic stringed musical instrument according to claim 1, wherein processing is performed. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the control means performs the sound generation process using timbre data including a unique noise sound when it is determined from the displacement information that the pick has touched the vibrating string. An electronic stringed musical instrument according to claim 1. 4. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit determines a stroke direction of a string according to the string information based on the displacement information.
The electronic stringed musical instrument according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the sound generation processing is performed using timbre data according to the determination result. 5. The control unit according to claim 1, wherein, when the string information is not input even though the displacement information is input, the sound generation processing is performed using the tone color data of the special sound. The electronic stringed musical instrument according to claim 1, wherein: 6. The electronic stringed musical instrument according to claim 5, wherein the special sound is a sound simulating a striking sound generated when a part of the main body other than the string is hit with the pick. 7. The electronic stringed musical instrument according to claim 5, wherein the special sound is a trigger signal indicating a start and an end of effect sound generation in automatic accompaniment. 8. The string is formed of a conductor to which a predetermined potential is applied and the potential is changed by contact of the pick, and the first detecting means applies the string to the string instead of detecting the vibration of the string. The electronic stringed musical instrument according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the string information is generated by detecting a change in the applied potential. 9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said control means performs said tone generation processing with tone data of a hand-playing performance when said displacement information has not been input despite inputting said string information. 2. The electronic stringed instrument according to 1.