JPH1060178A - Process for preparing vulcanizable elastomeric compounds from granular elastomer blends and elastomeric articles manufactured therefrom - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To produce vulcanizable elastomeric compounds from elastomer blends. SOLUTION: This process comprises combining two or more granular elastomers wherein each elastomer is composed of particles having a mean particle diameter of about 5mm or small to form a granular purblind, optionally adding additives such as a filler, an oil, a processing aid and a decomposition inhibitor; and kneading the purblind and optionally used additives and at least one vulcanizer to produce a vulcanizable elastomeric compound.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to a method for producing vulcanizable elastomeric compounds from elastomer blends. The invention further relates to vulcanized elastomeric articles made from the elastomeric compound made by the method.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Various components of a pneumatic tire (for example,
In blends of elastomeric compounds used in carcasses, belts, treads, inner liners, sidewalls, beads), blends of two or more elastomers are often used rather than a single elastomer. The primary reason for using an elastomer blend is to achieve an optimal performance profile for a particular tire component. A well-known example is the use of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) / polybutadiene rubber (BR) blends in passenger car tire treads. This gives the tread a combination of good wet skid resistance from SBR and good abrasion resistance from BR, which could not be obtained using either elastomer alone. Another example is
It is a blending of natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) in a tire sidewall. EPDM is resistant to erosion by atmospheric ozone and NR is compatible with elastomers used in other tire components (eg, tire carcass) in addition to tear and flex crack resistance.

[0003] Whatever the reason for using a blend of elastomers in a tire component, the performance of the component in use generally depends on the inter-dispersion of the elastomer.
It will be seen to increase as the degree of dispersion increases. By interdispersity is meant the ratio of the total interfacial area between the elastomers of the blend to the total volume of the elastomer.

[0004] Unfortunately, because conventional elastomers are supplied in solid bales, it is not possible, if not impossible, to achieve high interdispersion when producing kneaded compounds from blends of conventional elastomers. ,
Have difficulty. These veils have a small surface to volume ratio,
That is, the kneading process starts with a small degree of mutual dispersion. Thus, generating a large total interfacial area between the elastomers in the blend requires an inordinately large amount of kneading operation. It is difficult to perform this amount of work within a relatively short period of the typical kneading cycle for the elastomer without degrading the elastomer with stress or heat, thereby negating the advantage of high interdispersion. .

[0005]

Thus, a vulcanizable elastomeric compound kneaded from a blend of two or more elastomers such that the elastomers are blended to a high degree of interdispersity without substantial degradation in a short time. There is a continuing need for methods by which compounds can be manufactured.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a vulcanizable elastomeric compound from a blend of two or more elastomers such that the elastomer is blended to a high degree of interdispersity without substantial degradation in a short time. And a method for producing the same. The method comprises the steps of: (a) combining two or more particulate elastomers, each elastomer comprising particles having an average diameter of about 5 mm or less, into a particulate purblind; (b) optionally adding (C) adding at least one vulcanizing agent; and (d) kneading to produce a vulcanizable elastomeric compound.

[0007] The invention further provides a vulcanized elastomeric article made from the vulcanizable elastomeric compound made by the method.

[0008] In addition, (i) molding the vulcanizable elastomeric compound produced as described above into a shaped elastomeric body; (ii) converting the shaped elastomeric body to a highly Fabricating the assembly by contacting it with another shaped elastomeric body that largely comprises unsaturated rubber; and (iii) moving the assembly across the interface between the shaped elastomeric bodies. And vulcanizing under conditions that cause substantial cross-linking. Preferred highly unsaturated rubbers for use in the interfacial curing method are natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene,
Poly (butadiene-styrene), poly (isoprene-styrene), polypentanamer, polychloroprene, poly (isoprene-acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene-acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene-isoprene), poly (butadiene-isoprene-styrene), and Choose from the group consisting of these mixtures.

[0009]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,534.
No. 5,304,588; No. 5,317,03
No. 6,453,471 teach the production of elastomeric polymers in the gas phase in a fluidized bed reactor. The elastomers produced by these processes are particulate with an average diameter of up to about 5 mm or less, and each elastomer is preferably composed of particles having an average diameter of about 2 mm or less, with an average diameter of 1 mm Most preferably, it is composed of particles having less than or equal to. These elastomeric polymers are usually polymerized at or above the sticking or softening temperature of the polymer. Examples of particulate elastomers that can be made in a gas phase process that can be blended according to the invention are:

IR (polyisoprene) BR (polybutadiene) SBR (butadiene polymer obtained by copolymerizing styrene) ABS (polymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene) Nitrile (butadiene polymer obtained by copolymerizing acrylonitrile) butyl (isoprene EPR (Ethylene polymer copolymerized with propylene) EPDM (Ethylene polymer copolymerized with propylene and a diene such as hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene or ethylidene norbornene) Ethylene and carbon atom A copolymer of an alpha olefin having 3 to 12 carbon atoms; a terpolymer of ethylene, an alpha olefin having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and a diene (preferably non-conjugated); Prene) Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) Copolymer of ethylene and vinyltrimethoxysilane Copolymer of ethylene and one or more of acrylonitrile, maleate, vinyl acetate, acrylate and methacrylate, etc. Butadiene and isoprene Terpolymers of styrene, butadiene, and isoprene. Chlorobutyl (chlorinated copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene). Bromobutyl (brominated copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene) and brominated copolymer of isobutylene and paramethylstyrene.

Of these, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, poly (styrene-butadiene) rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) are preferred. The composition of the elastomer blend is such that no single elastomer makes up more than 99% of the total weight of the elastomer. Even more preferably, a single elastomer does not make up more than 95% of the total weight of the elastomer.

It is further understood that if the elastomers blended in accordance with the method of the present invention differ in some manner in substantially their molecular structure, they need not be chemically identified. For example, they can be the same polymer of two substantially different molecular weight grades or can contain substantially different amounts of the respective comonomers that make up the elastomer.

In a preferred method of practicing the invention, the particulate elastomer is first combined in a particulate parblin blind. The particulate parblin may optionally contain, in addition to the elastomer, any or all of the other ingredients or additives. Any of the conventional methods for physically blending particulate solids, such as, for example, tumbling or stirring, can be used to make the parblin India. Next, the perbrand India is kneaded with the remaining ingredients to produce a vulcanizable elastomeric compound. The kneading can be performed in a batch process using a conventional device such as a Banbury mixer, a roll mill, or the like. Alternatively, kneading is
For example, it can be performed in a continuous process using a twin screw extruder.

Although less preferred for practicing the invention,
A method still within the scope of the invention is to perform substantially granular pre-blending inside the kneading apparatus before significant kneading takes place. For example, in the first part of the Banbury mixing cycle, after separately loading the particulate elastomer into the mixing chamber, but before lowering the ram, the action of the rotor substantially reduces the particulate preblending of the elastomer and any other compounding ingredients present. Will be done Then, kneading will start when the ram is lowered.

It is understood that the present invention contemplates that the kneading process can take place in successive stages, and that any of the different ingredients from the elastomer may be added at any stage. A common example is to knead all components except the vulcanizing agent and accelerator in the first stage, cool the first stage compound, add the vulcanizing agent and accelerator, and then compound in the second kneading stage. Complete. This is done to avoid premature vulcanization caused by kneading at high temperatures in the presence of vulcanizing agents and accelerators.

Fillers for use as additives in the invention include: carbon black; silicates of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and mixtures thereof; carbonates of calcium, magnesium and mixtures thereof; silicon, Oxides of calcium, zinc, iron, titanium, and aluminum; sulfates of calcium, barium, and lead; aluminum trihydrate; magnesium hydroxide; phenol-formaldehyde, polystyrene, and poly (alpha-methyl) styrene resins, natural fibers , Synthetic fiber, etc.

Plasticizers used as additives in the invention include: ASTM D2226 petroleum oils, such as aromatic, naphthenic and paraffinic oils; polyalkylbenzene oils; alkyl and alkoxyalkyl oleates and stearate. Organic acid monoesters; organic acid diesters such as dialkyl, dialkoxyalkyl, and alkylaryl phthalates, terephthalate, sebacate, adipate, and glutarate; glycol diesters, such as tri-, tetra-, and polyethylene glycol dialkanoates; Alkyl trimellitates; trialkyl, trialkoxyalkyl, alkyldiaryl, and triaryl phosphates; chlorinated paraffin oils; cumarone-indene resins; Vegetable oils and esters such as oil, rapeseed oil, and soybean oil and their epoxidized derivatives; and the like.

Additives for use in the invention include: hindered phenols, bisphenols, and thiobisphenols; substituted hydroquinones; tris (alkylphenyl) phosphites; dialkylthiodipropionates; phenylnaphthylamines; Diphenylamine; dialkyl, alkylaryl, and diaryl substituted p-phenylenediamines; monomeric and polymeric dihydroquinolines; 2- (4-hydroxy-3,5-tert-butylaniline) -4,6-bis (octylthio ) -1,3,5-triazine, hexahydro-1,3,5-tris-β- (3,5-di-t-
Butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl-s-
Triazine, 2,4,6-tris (n-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamino) -1,3,5-
Triazine, tris- (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-
(Hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate, nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate, 2-mercaptotolylimidazole and its zinc salt, petroleum wax, and the like.

Other optional additives for use in the invention include the following: activators (metal oxides such as zinc oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cadmium oxide, and lead oxide; stearic acid, lauric acid) And fatty acids such as behenic acid and palmitic acid and their zinc, copper, cadmium and lead salts; di-, tri- and polyethylene glycols; and triethanolamine); accelerators (bis-benzothiazole and thiol) Sulfenamides such as benzothiazole, including carbamylsulfenamide, thiazole, dithiocarbamate, dithiophosphate, thiuram, guanidine, xanthan, thiourea, and mixtures thereof; tackifiers (rosin and rosin acid, hydrocarbons) Resin, aromatic indene resin, phenolic methyl Ndona resins, phenolic thermosetting resins, resorcinol - formaldehyde resins, and alkyl phenol formaldehyde resins such as octylphenol-formaldehyde resin); homogeneous agents, peptizers, pigments, flame retardants, fungicides, etc. The total amount of optional components can range from about 40 to 800 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the elastomer in the composition.

Vulcanizing agents for use in the invention include the following: elemental sulfur, 4,4'-dithiodimorpholino, thiuramdi- and polysulfides, sulfur-containing compounds such as alkylphenol disulfide, and 2-morpholino-dithiobenzothiazole. Compounds: di-t-butyl peroxide, t-cumyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di- (t-butylperoxy) hexane, di- (t-butylperoxyisopropyl) benzene, t-butylperoxybenzoate and 1,1-di- (t-butylperoxy) -3,3,3
Peroxides such as 5-trimethylcyclohexane;
Metal oxides such as zinc, magnesium and lead oxides; dinitroso compounds such as p-quinone dioxime and p, p'-dibenzoylquinone dioxime; and phenol-formaldehyde containing hydroxymethyl or halomethyl functions resin. The suitability of any of these vulcanizing agents for use in the invention will be largely governed by the choice of elastomer, as is well known to those skilled in the compounding arts. For the preferred elastomers of the invention, sulfur containing compounds and peroxides are the preferred vulcanizing agents, with sulfur containing compounds being most preferred. Mixtures of these vulcanizing agents can be used, but it is understood that this is usually not preferred. The amount of vulcanizing agent can range from about 1 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of elastomer in the composition.

The vulcanization temperatures and times used are typical. Temperature about 250 ° to about 400 ° F (121 to 20
4 [deg.] C) and times from about 1 to about 60 minutes.

The invention relates to EPDM and one or more highly unsaturated diene elastomers (eg, BR, SB
R, and IR) are particularly useful in the manufacture of tire sidewalls including blends with R). An advantage of the granular preblended elastomer over the conventional baled elastomer in the process of the invention is that the granular preblended elastomer already enters a fairly highly interdispersed energy intensive kneading process. .
As a result, significantly less kneading is required to achieve the high degree of interdispersion desired for optimal performance than when the elastomer enters the kneading process in conventional bale form. In this manner, the gaseous particulate pre-blended elastomer can be mixed to a higher degree of elastomer interdispersion in less time and with less polymer degradation than conventional baled elastomers. This advantage of the granular pre-blended elastomer may allow for mixing of the tire compound in a single-stage batch or even in a continuous process. Tire compounds using conventional baled elastomers must be mixed in two stages with cooling between stages due to the heat generated during dispersion of the elastomer and filler.

The specially formulated vulcanizable elastomeric compound prepared according to the process of the present invention is extruded through a die to produce elastomeric articles such as strip stock for pneumatic tire treads, sidewalls, and bead filler members. Or can be used to produce sheet stock for an air-retaining inner liner. Other specially formulated vulcanizable elastomeric compounds prepared according to the process of the present invention can be rolled into a textile or steel cord fabric to produce cord reinforced sheet stock for tire carcass and peripheral belt members. it can.

The "green" or unvulcanized tire is then mounted on the surface of the cylindrical drum, with various members (except for the surrounding belt and tread), allowing the assembly to expand radially and axially. To produce a toroidal shape, and then fabricated by placing the belt and tread members at locations around the circumference of the toroid. Finally, the green tire is sealed by high pressure steam and vulcanized by inflation against the inner surface of the heated aluminum mold. At the beginning of the vulcanization process, if the various elastomeric compounds are still soft and fluid, the pressure of the tire against the inner surface of the mold will cause the final precise shape, tread pattern, sidewall letters, And decorative markings. Later, in the vulcanization process, when a heat-activated cross-linking reaction takes place in the various elastomeric compounds, so that the mold is finally opened, the compound is essentially in an optimal degree for the purpose intended for cross-linking. Have received

The vulcanizable elastomeric compound produced by the process can be shaped and vulcanized into an elastomeric article or body. The elastomeric body can be easily cured. Thus, the present invention includes a process of interfacially curing shaped elastomeric bodies in mutual contact. The process is
(I) molding the vulcanizable elastomeric compound into a shaped elastomeric body; (ii) transforming the shaped elastomeric body into another shaped body that contains a majority of the highly unsaturated rubber. Assembling into contact with the elastomeric body to produce an assembly; and (ii)
i) vulcanizing the assembly under conditions that cause substantial crosslinking across the interface between the shaped elastomeric bodies.

The highly unsaturated rubber used is natural rubber,
Polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly (butadiene-
Styrene), poly (isoprene-styrene), polypentanamer, polychloroprene, poly (isoprene-acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene-acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene-isoprene), poly (butadiene-isoprene-styrene), and mixtures thereof. You can choose from a group. The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0027]

EXAMPLES Compositions A-E (Table I), in 75 cm ³ electrically heated-type internal mixer with Banbury type rotors was mixed with 70% fill factor.
Mixing was performed in two stages. In the first stage, all components except sulfur and TBBS are charged to a 100 ° C.
Mix for 5 minutes at RPM. The stock was drained from the mixer and cooled. In the second stage, the chilled stock was reloaded into a 70 ° C. mixer and 50 RP with sulfur and TBBS.
M for 2 minutes. After the second stage, the composition was further homogenized by passing it through a 90 ° C. roll mill.

[0028]

[Table 1]

Composition A (comparative) represents a conventional tire sidewall composition based on a blend of natural rubber (NR) and BR. Compositions B, C, and D are laboratory sidewall compositions based on a blend of granular BR and particulate EPDM. Granular BR and EPDM
Was manufactured by a gas phase process. The BR had a Mooney viscosity of about 40 (ML1 + 4 at 100 ° C.) and a cis 1,4 content of about 97%. It is also 63
phr N650 carbon black as an anti-agglomeration agent. EPDM has a Mooney viscosity of about 80 (12
ML at 5 ° C. + 4), and had an ethylene content of 70% by weight and an ENB content of 6% by weight. It also contained 14 phr of N650 carbon black as an anti-agglomerating agent. (Note: The carbon black supplied as an anti-agglomerating agent for the particulate elastomer was counted as part of the total 50 phr black in the formulation.) The only difference between Composition B and Composition C was Composition B Used a granular preblended elastomer, while composition C was individually premassed.
ed) The same elastomer was used (to simulate a conventional bale configuration). Composition D is the same as composition B except for the addition of oil. Composition E (comparative)
Is a "conventional" counterpart to composition D, in that composition E has essentially the same formulation as composition D, but utilizes a conventional, commercial, baled elastomer in place of the particulate elastomer. Represents The conventional BR in composition E (and also in composition A) had about the same Mooney viscosity and cis 1,4 content as the granular BR. However, the conventional EPDM in composition E has a much higher Mooney viscosity (approximately 300) and an ENB content (9.5) compared to granular EPDM.
Wt%). This conventional EPDM is 100
Supplied as phr oil extended product; from this, the 40 phr oil in the formulation for Composition E all came from extender oil.

The five mixed compositions were press-cured at 160 ° C. into 0.8 mm thick sheets. The press cycle time was obtained by adding the mold delay time to the time to peak modulus in MDR cure at 160 ° C. The cured sheet was evaluated for tear strength at 60 ° C. and crack growth.

The tear strength test was performed according to ASTM Die C
It was a modification of the Tear Test. Standard ASTM
Die C specimens were used, but the initial grip separation was reduced to 6.3 mm and the grip deformation speed was 0.5 m.
m / sec. These changes were made to adapt the test equipment. The crack growth test was of a special design. From the cured sheet, two 14
A rectangular 9 mm × 9 mm test piece was cut. Next, 1mm
Leather cuts were made in both long edges of each specimen (a total of four cuts). The cut specimens were mounted side-by-side in a tensile grip of a dynamic mechanical tester equipped with a temperature controlled chamber, with the leather cuts perpendicular to the tensile direction. When the temperature is balanced at 60 ° C,
Grip separation was increased just to offset the force generated by specimen clamping and thermal expansion. This grip separation at zero force was defined as the initial gauge length.
It was typically between 5.8 and 6.1 mm.

The crack growth test consisted of imposing a 5% static tensile stress on the specimen and applying a further 15% periodic pulsed stress on top of the static stress. The stress pulse had a half sine wave, a half width of 20 ms, and a period of 10 ms. After a total of 9.8 x 104 stress pulses, the specimens were removed from the tester and the length of crack growth from each of the four laser cuts was measured using a microscope equipped with a weighing stage. The average of the four measurements was defined as crack growth.

Table II shows the results. Composition B, made from a granular elastomeric perforated blind, has a higher tear strength and lower (ie, better) crack growth compared to Composition C (same formulation, but polymer was pre-massed). Please keep in mind. It is believed that the superior performance of Composition B over Composition C is due to the closer interdispersity of the elastomers in compositions made from the granular elastomeric perforated blind. The advantage afforded by the granular preblending is that the composition B
(BR / EPDM granular per blind) is significant enough to make the tear strength and crack growth nearly as good as the conventional NR / BR sidewall compound (Composition A).

[0034]

[Table 2]

[0035] The addition of oil to the composition typically improves crack growth but typically reduces tear strength. Comparing Composition D (40 phr oil) with Composition B (10 phr oil) illustrates this effect. It is approximately intermediate in oil content between composition B and composition D (ie,
About 25 phr oil) Granular pre-blend BR / EPD
Note that the M compound has about the same tear strength and crack growth as BR / EPDM compositions made with conventional veiled elastomers (Composition E). However, this granular pre-blended composition has a much lower Mooney viscosity (better processability) and oil content (less oil transfer to other tire components) than conventional compositions. This is further evidence of the benefits of particulate elastomer pre-blending in the manufacture of tire compounds.

──────────────────────────────────────────────────続 き Continued on the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁶ Identification number Agency reference number FI Technical display location C08L 101: 00) (C08L 23/16 101: 00)

Claims (10)

[Claims] 1. A combination of two or more of (a) each elastomer comprising a particulate elastomer composed of particles having an average diameter of 5 mm or less; (b) optionally adding additives; (c) at least Add a kind of vulcanizing agent;
And (d) kneading to produce a vulcanizable elastomeric compound, wherein the combination of step (a) is performed by pre-blending or co-feeding the elastomer. 2. Each of the following elastomers: polyisoprene; polybutadiene; a polymer of butadiene copolymerized with styrene; a polymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene; a polymer of butadiene copolymerized with acrylonitrile; A polymer of ethylene copolymerized with propylene; a polymer of ethylene copolymerized with propylene and a diene; polychloroprene; polydimethylsiloxane; a copolymer of ethylene and an alpha olefin having 3 to 12 carbon atoms; And carbon atom 3
A terpolymer of an alpha olefin having -12 and a diene; a copolymer of ethylene and vinyltrimethoxysilane; and one or more of ethylene and acrylonitrile, maleate, vinyl acetate, acrylate and methacrylate. Copolymer of butadiene and isoprene; terpolymer of styrene, butadiene and isoprene; chlorobutyl (chlorinated copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene); bromobutyl (brominated copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene); and isobutylene and para The method of claim 1 wherein the vulcanizing agent is selected from the group consisting of brominated copolymers with methylstyrene and the vulcanizing agent is selected from the group consisting of sulfur containing compounds, peroxides, metal oxides, dinitso compounds, and mixtures thereof. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the elastomer is polymerized in the gas phase in the presence of an inert particulate material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, silica, clay, talc, and mixtures thereof. 4. An elastomer comprising ethylene-propylene-
Dienes, ethylene -C ₄ -C ₁₂ alpha olefin - diene, polybutadiene, poly (styrene - butadiene), and claim 3 selected from the group consisting of polyisoprene
the method of. 5. Additives which can be optionally added are fillers, plasticizers, antioxidants, antiozonants, activators, accelerators, tackifiers, homogenizers, peptizers, pigments,
Selected from the group consisting of flame retardants and fungicides; filler as carbon black; silicates of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and mixtures thereof; carbonates of calcium, magnesium and mixtures thereof; silicon, calcium, zinc Oxides of iron, titanium, and aluminum; sulfates of calcium, barium, and lead; aluminum 3
Hydrate; magnesium hydroxide; phenol-formaldehyde, polystyrene, and poly (alpha-methyl) styrene resin, natural fiber, synthetic fiber, and a mixture thereof; petroleum plasticizer; polyalkylbenzene oil; organic acid Monoesters; organic acid diesters; glycol diesters; trialkyl trimellitates; trialkyl, trialkoxyalkyl, alkyldiaryl, and triaryl phosphates; chlorinated paraffin oils; cumarone-indene resins; Antioxidants and antiozonants selected from the group consisting of epoxidized derivatives; and mixtures thereof; hindered phenols, bisphenols, and thiobisphenols; substituted hydroquinones; Rukirufeniru) phosphite;
Dialkylthiodipropionate; phenylnaphthylamine; substituted diphenylamines; dialkyl, alkylaryl, and diaryl substituted p-phenylenediamines; monomeric and polymeric dihydroquinolines; 2- (4-hydroxy-3,5-t- (Butylaniline) -4,6-bis (octylthio) -1,3,5-triazine; hexahydro-1,3,5-tris-B-
(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)
Propionyl-s-triazine; 2,4,6-tris (n-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamino) -1,3,5-triazine; tris- (3,5-triazine
Di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) isocyanurate; nickel dibutyl dithiocarbamate; 2-mercaptotolylimidazole and its zinc salt; petroleum wax; and mixtures thereof; Fatty acids and their metal salts;
Selected from the group consisting of di-, tri-, and polyethylene glycols; triethanolamine; and mixtures thereof; Rosin and rosin acids, hydrocarbon resins, aromatic indene resins, phenolic methylene donor resins, phenolic thermosetting resins, resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, alkylphenol formaldehyde resins, and the like. The method of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: 6. An elastomeric article made by shaping and vulcanizing an elastomeric compound made according to claim 1. 7. Tire sidewall made by shaping and vulcanizing an elastomeric compound made according to claim 1. 8. (i) molding the vulcanizable elastomeric compound produced in claim 1 into a shaped elastomeric body; (ii) transforming the shaped elastomeric body into a highly unsaturated one. Producing an assembly by contacting it with another shaped elastomeric body comprising a rubber of the assembly; and (iii) combining the assembly with:
Interfacing the shaped elastomeric bodies in contact with one another, including vulcanizing under conditions that cause substantial cross-linking across the interface between the shaped elastomeric bodies.
How to cure. 9. The highly unsaturated rubber is made from natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly (butadiene-styrene), poly (isoprene-styrene), polypentanamer, polychloroprene, poly (isoprene-acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene- 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method is selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile), poly (butadiene-isoprene), poly (butadiene-isoprene-styrene), and mixtures thereof. 10. A tire made according to the method of claim 8.