JPH10227018A - Rail joint structure of guardrail - Google Patents
Rail joint structure of guardrailInfo
- Publication number
- JPH10227018A JPH10227018A JP3032697A JP3032697A JPH10227018A JP H10227018 A JPH10227018 A JP H10227018A JP 3032697 A JP3032697 A JP 3032697A JP 3032697 A JP3032697 A JP 3032697A JP H10227018 A JPH10227018 A JP H10227018A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- rail
- pair
- support
- rails
- support plates
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、防護柵のレール連
結部構造に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a structure for connecting rails of a protective fence.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来、歩道縁部等に安全のため防護柵を
設置しており、その際には、地面上に複数の支柱を間隔
を開けて立設し、同支柱に形成したレール取付部にレー
ルを直接固着することにより、隣接する支柱間にレール
を横架して防護柵を形成していた。2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a protective fence has been installed at the side of a sidewalk or the like for safety. In this case, a plurality of pillars are erected at intervals on the ground, and a rail mounting formed on the pillar is used. By directly fixing the rail to the part, the rail was suspended between the adjacent columns to form a protective fence.
【0003】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところが、上記従来の
防護柵にあっては、支柱に形成したレール取付部にレー
ルを直接固着しており、しかも、レール取付部が防護柵
の設置場所の傾斜に対応できる構造となっていなかった
ため、坂道やカーブ等に防護柵を設置する際に、レール
の端部を変形させてレール取付部に固着しなければなら
ず、防護柵の設置作業に時間と労力を要するとともに、
設置された防護柵は景観を損ねるものであった。However, in the above-mentioned conventional protective fence, the rail is directly fixed to the rail mounting portion formed on the support, and the rail mounting portion is inclined at the installation position of the protective fence. When installing protective fences on hills and curves, the rail ends must be deformed and fixed to the rail mounting part, and it takes time to install the protective fence. It takes effort,
The guard fences that were installed would damage the landscape.
【0004】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】そこで、本発明は、所定
の間隔を保持した前後一対の支柱板間に前後ボス部を上
下回動自在に架設し、同前後ボス部に左右レールをレー
ル枢着部を介して水平回動自在に連結することとした。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, the present invention provides a front and rear boss portion which is vertically rotatably mounted between a pair of front and rear support plates at a predetermined distance, and the left and right rails are mounted on the front and rear boss portions. The connection is made so as to be horizontally rotatable via the attachment portion.
【0005】また、前後一対の支柱板の上方にキャップ
を冠着し、支柱板とキャップとにより区画される空間を
連結空間とし、同連結空間内に前後ボス部及びレール枢
着部を収納することとした。A cap is mounted above a pair of front and rear support plates, and a space defined by the support plate and the cap is defined as a connection space, and the front and rear boss portions and the rail pivoting portions are accommodated in the connection space. I decided that.
【0006】[0006]
【発明の実施の形態】本発明に係るレール連結部構造
は、支柱を所定の間隔を保持した前後一対の支柱板より
構成し、同前後一対の支柱板間に円筒形状の連結体支持
軸を架設し、連結体支持軸に左右のレールを連結体を介
して枢着したものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In a rail connecting portion structure according to the present invention, a supporting column is constituted by a pair of front and rear supporting plates at a predetermined distance, and a cylindrical connecting member supporting shaft is provided between the pair of front and rear supporting plates. It is constructed such that left and right rails are pivotally connected to a connecting body support shaft via a connecting body.
【0007】連結体は、円筒形状のボス部と、同ボス部
の軸心方向に直交させて形成した円筒形状のレール枢着
部とを一体的に形成している。[0007] The connecting body is formed integrally with a cylindrical boss portion and a cylindrical rail pivot portion formed perpendicular to the axial direction of the boss portion.
【0008】また、連結体は、連結体支持軸にボス部を
上下方向に回動自在に遊嵌するとともに、レール枢着部
に連結パイプを左右方向に回動自在に枢着しており、同
連結パイプに円筒形状のレールを嵌合している。The connecting body has a boss portion rotatably and vertically rotatably fitted on the connecting body support shaft, and a connecting pipe rotatably and horizontally rotatably mounted on the rail pivoting portion. A cylindrical rail is fitted to the connecting pipe.
【0009】支柱板は、平板形状に形成しており、地面
上に前後一対の支柱板を対向状態にして立設し、しか
も、支柱板の先端にキャップを冠着し、支柱板とキャッ
プとにより区画される空間内にボス部及びレール枢着部
を収納している。The support plate is formed in a flat plate shape, and a pair of front and rear support plates are erected on the ground so as to face each other, and a cap is mounted on the tip of the support plate. The boss portion and the rail pivoting portion are housed in a space defined by.
【0010】このようにして、支柱に連結体を上下方向
に回動自在に取付けるとともに、同連結体にレールを左
右方向に回動自在に取付けることにより、支柱にレール
を上下方向及び左右方向に回動自在に連結したものであ
る。In this manner, the connecting body is attached to the column so as to be rotatable in the vertical direction, and the rail is mounted to the connecting body so as to be rotatable in the left and right direction. It is connected rotatably.
【0011】従って、支柱の左右側のレールの上下方向
の回動角度を異ならせることにより、支柱を鉛直上方に
向けた状態(地面に対しては傾斜させた状態)で、坂道
等に防護柵を設置することができ、また、支柱の左右側
のレールの左右方向の回動角度を異ならせることによ
り、支柱を立設する歩道縁部の傾斜に沿わせた状態で、
カーブ等に防護柵を設置することができるものである。Therefore, by changing the vertical rotation angles of the rails on the left and right sides of the column, the protective fence can be provided on a slope or the like in a state where the column is vertically upward (in a state where the column is inclined with respect to the ground). In addition, by making the left and right rails on the left and right sides of the column different in the turning angle in the left and right direction, in a state along the inclination of the sidewalk edge where the column is erected,
Protective fences can be installed on curves and the like.
【0012】[0012]
【実施例】以下に、本発明の実施例について図面を参照
しながら説明する。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
【0013】図1は、本発明に係るレール連結部構造を
具備する防護柵の設置状態を示す図であり、防護柵B
は、地面G上の歩道縁部等に間隔を開けて複数の支柱7
を立設し、隣接する支柱7,7 間に2本のレール11を上下
に間隔を開けて架設しており、支柱7とレール11とは、
レール連結部構造Aにより連結している。FIG. 1 is a view showing an installation state of a protective fence provided with a rail connecting portion structure according to the present invention.
Is provided with a plurality of pillars 7 at intervals on the sidewalk edge or the like on the ground G.
And two rails 11 are erected between the adjacent columns 7, 7 with an interval up and down, and the columns 7 and the rails 11
The rails are connected by a rail connection structure A.
【0014】レール連結部構造Aは、図2〜図4に示す
ように、支柱7を所定の間隔を保持した前後一対の支柱
板7a,7a より構成し、同前後一対の支柱板7a,7a 間に連
結体支持軸5を横架し、連結体支持軸5に前後一対の連
結体1,1 を枢着し、同連結体1,1 に左右のレール11,11
を連結パイプ8,8 を介して連結している。図中、6は取
付ネジ、7bは取付孔である。As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, the rail connecting portion structure A is composed of a pair of front and rear support plates 7a, 7a at predetermined intervals, and a pair of front and rear support plates 7a, 7a. A pair of connecting members 1, 1 is pivotally attached to the connecting member supporting shaft 5 between the connecting member supporting shaft 5, and the left and right rails 11, 11 are attached to the connecting member 1, 1.
Are connected via connecting pipes 8,8. In the drawing, 6 is a mounting screw, and 7b is a mounting hole.
【0015】連結体支持軸5は、図3及び図5に示すよ
うに、円筒形状に形成しており、中空部内周面に雌ネジ
5aを形成し、同雌ネジ5aに取付ネジ6を螺着している。The connecting body supporting shaft 5 is formed in a cylindrical shape as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, and has a female screw on the inner peripheral surface of the hollow portion.
5a is formed, and a mounting screw 6 is screwed to the female screw 5a.
【0016】連結体1は、図5に示すように、円筒形状
のボス部2と、同ボス部2の軸心方向に直交させて形成
した円筒形状のレール枢着部3と、ボス部2とレール枢
着部3とを接続する接続体4とから一体的に形成してい
る。また、接続体4の下面には、補強用のリブ4aを形成
している。尚、ボス部2とレール枢着部3とを別体とし
て連結体1を構成してもよい。As shown in FIG. 5, the connecting body 1 includes a cylindrical boss portion 2, a cylindrical rail pivoting portion 3 formed perpendicular to the axial direction of the boss portion 2, and a boss portion 2. And a connecting body 4 for connecting the rail connecting part 3 to the rail pivoting part 3. Further, a reinforcing rib 4a is formed on the lower surface of the connection body 4. In addition, the connecting body 1 may be configured by separately forming the boss portion 2 and the rail pivoting portion 3.
【0017】また、連結体1は、図2〜図5に示すよう
に、連結体支持軸5にボス部2を上下方向に回動自在に
遊嵌するとともに、レール枢着部3に連結パイプ8を左
右方向に回動自在に枢着しており、同連結パイプ8に円
筒形状のレール11を嵌合している。図中、9はスプリン
グピンであり、連結パイプ8に穿設した透孔8a,8a と垂
直ボス3の中空部とに貫通状態に挿通している。As shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, the connecting body 1 has a boss portion 2 loosely fitted to the connecting body support shaft 5 so as to be rotatable in the vertical direction, and a connecting pipe 3 8 is rotatably pivoted in the left-right direction, and a cylindrical rail 11 is fitted to the connecting pipe 8. In the drawing, reference numeral 9 denotes a spring pin, which is inserted through the through holes 8a, 8a formed in the connecting pipe 8 and the hollow portion of the vertical boss 3.
【0018】支柱板7aは、図2〜図5に示すように、平
板形状に形成しており、地面G上に所定の間隔を保持し
て立設している。The support plate 7a is formed in a flat plate shape as shown in FIGS. 2 to 5, and stands on the ground G at a predetermined interval.
【0019】また、前後一対の支柱板7a,7a の先端部間
には、図5に示すように、キャップ10を取付けており、
同キャップ10は、断面半円形状の湾曲平板10a と、同湾
曲平板10a の裏面前後縁部に垂設した前後側壁10b,10c
とから形成し、湾曲平板10aの左右両端を半円形状に切
欠するとともに、前後側壁10b,10c の外側面に係合溝10
d を刻設している。そして、同係合溝10d に支柱板7a,7
a の先端部に内側方に向けて突設した円弧状の係合突起
7cを係合している。As shown in FIG. 5, a cap 10 is attached between the front ends of the pair of front and rear support plates 7a, 7a.
The cap 10 has a curved flat plate 10a having a semicircular cross section, and front and rear side walls 10b and 10c vertically hanging from the front and rear edges of the back surface of the curved flat plate 10a.
The left and right ends of the curved flat plate 10a are notched in a semicircular shape, and the engaging grooves 10 are formed in the outer surfaces of the front and rear side walls 10b and 10c.
d is engraved. Then, the support plates 7a, 7
An arc-shaped engaging projection protruding inward at the tip of a
7c is engaged.
【0020】そして、キャップ10と前記支柱板7a,7a と
により連結空間Sを区画し、同連結空間S内に前後一対
のボス部2,2 及びレール枢着部3,3 を収納している。A connection space S is defined by the cap 10 and the support plates 7a, 7a, and a pair of front and rear bosses 2, 2 and rail connection portions 3, 3 are accommodated in the connection space S. .
【0021】上述したように、支柱7に連結体1を上下
方向に回動自在に取付けるとともに、同連結体1にレー
ル11を左右方向に回動自在に取付けることにより、支柱
7にレール11を上下方向及び左右方向に回動自在に連結
している。As described above, the connecting body 1 is mounted on the support 7 so as to be rotatable in the vertical direction, and the rail 11 is mounted on the connecting body 1 so as to be rotatable in the left and right direction. They are rotatably connected in the vertical and horizontal directions.
【0022】従って、図1及び図2に示すように、支柱
7の左右側のレール11,11 の上下方向の回動角度を異な
らせることにより、支柱7を鉛直上方に向けた状態(地
面Gに対しては傾斜させた状態)で、坂道等に防護柵を
設置することができ、また、図3及び図7に示すよう
に、支柱7の左右側のレール11,11 の左右方向の回動角
度を異ならせることにより、支柱7を立設する歩道縁部
の傾斜に沿わせた状態で、カーブ等に防護柵を設置する
ことができる。Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, by changing the vertical rotation angles of the rails 11, 11 on the left and right sides of the column 7, the column 7 is oriented vertically upward (ground G). The guard fence can be installed on a slope or the like, and the rails 11 and 11 on the left and right sides of the column 7 can be turned in the left and right directions, as shown in FIGS. By making the moving angles different, it is possible to install a protective fence on a curve or the like in a state along the slope of the sidewalk edge where the column 7 is erected.
【0023】そのため、防護柵Bを、設置する場所の上
下左右の傾斜に対応させて、景観を損ねることなく設置
することができる。For this reason, the protective fence B can be installed in accordance with the vertical and horizontal inclinations of the place where the protective fence is installed, without damaging the landscape.
【0024】しかも、支柱板7a,7a の先端にキャップ10
を冠着し、支柱板7a,7a とキャップ10とにより区画され
る空間内にボス部2,2 及びレール枢着部3,3 を収納して
おり、連結体1が支柱7の外観面と当接していないた
め、防護柵Bを設置する際に連結体1を揺動させても、
支柱7の外観面は損傷することがなく、美的外観を損な
うことがないとともに、支柱7の外観面の損傷に起因す
る錆等の腐食を未然に防止することができる。Moreover, a cap 10 is provided at the tip of the support plates 7a, 7a.
And the boss portions 2,2 and the rail pivoting portions 3,3 are accommodated in a space defined by the support plates 7a, 7a and the cap 10, and the connecting body 1 is Because it is not in contact, even when the connecting body 1 is swung when the protective fence B is installed,
The external surface of the column 7 is not damaged and the aesthetic appearance is not impaired, and corrosion such as rust caused by damage to the external surface of the column 7 can be prevented.
【0025】さらに、支柱7,7 間に連結体支持軸5を水
平状態に横架し、同連結体支持軸5に左右両側の連結体
1,1 を回動自在に取付けているため、左右両側の連結体
1,1は、両方とも連結体支持軸5を中心に回動すること
となり、一定の傾斜角度を有する傾斜面に防護柵Bを設
置した場合、支柱7の左右両側のレール11,11 が一直線
上に位置することとなり、防護柵Bの美的外観を良好な
ものとすることができるとともに、支柱7を挟んで左右
両側のレール11,11 に宣伝広告用の看板等をレール11,1
1 に沿わせて容易に取付けることができる。Further, a connecting member supporting shaft 5 is horizontally laid between the columns 7, 7, and the connecting member
1,1 is rotatably mounted, so the connecting body on both the left and right sides
1 and 1 both rotate around the connecting body support shaft 5, and when the protective fence B is installed on an inclined surface having a fixed inclination angle, the rails 11 and 11 on both the left and right sides of the column 7 are straightened. Since it is located on the line, the aesthetic appearance of the protective fence B can be improved and the signboards for advertisements can be placed on the right and left rails 11 and 11 with the support 7 interposed therebetween.
Can be easily installed along one.
【0026】これに対し、左右両側の連結体1,1 の回動
中心を異ならせると、支柱7の左右両側のレール11,11
が支柱を挟んで段違いに位置することとなり、美的外観
を損ねるとともに、両レール11,11 に沿わせて看板等を
取付けるのが困難となる。On the other hand, when the rotation centers of the left and right connecting bodies 1, 1 are made different, the rails 11, 11 on the left and right sides of the column 7 are changed.
Are located at different levels on both sides of the support, which impairs the aesthetic appearance and makes it difficult to attach a signboard or the like along the rails 11,11.
【0027】[0027]
【発明の効果】本発明は、以上説明してきたような形態
で実施され、以下に記載されるような効果を奏する。The present invention is embodied in the form described above, and has the following effects.
【0028】(1) 請求項1記載の本発明では、所定の間
隔を保持した前後一対の支柱板間に前後ボス部を上下回
動自在に架設し、同前後ボス部に左右レールをレール枢
着部を介して水平回動自在に連結しているため、レール
の上下方向の回動角度を異ならせることにより、支柱を
鉛直上方に向けた状態(地面に対しては傾斜させた状
態)で、坂道等に防護柵を設置することができ、また、
レールの左右方向の回動角度を異ならせることにより、
支柱を立設する歩道縁部の傾斜に沿わせた状態で、カー
ブ等に防護柵を設置することがでる。従って、防護柵
を、設置する場所の上下左右の傾斜に対応させて、景観
を損ねることなく設置することができる。(1) According to the first aspect of the present invention, the front and rear boss portions are vertically rotatably mounted between a pair of front and rear support plates maintaining a predetermined distance, and the left and right rails are mounted on the front and rear boss portions. Since the rails are connected horizontally so as to be freely rotatable via the attachment portion, the vertical rotation angles of the rails are made different so that the pillars are directed vertically upward (in a state of being inclined with respect to the ground). , Protective fences can be installed on slopes, etc.
By making the rotation angle of the rail left and right different,
A guard fence can be installed on a curve, etc., along the slope of the sidewalk edge where the column is erected. Therefore, the protective fence can be installed without compromising the landscape, corresponding to the up, down, left, and right inclinations of the place where it is installed.
【0029】しかも、一定の傾斜角度を有する傾斜面に
防護柵を設置した場合、支柱の左右両側のレールが一直
線上に位置することとなり、防護柵の美的外観を良好な
ものとすることができるとともに、支柱を挟んで左右両
側のレールに宣伝広告用の看板等をレールに沿わせて容
易に取付けることができる。Moreover, when the protective fence is installed on an inclined surface having a fixed inclination angle, the rails on the left and right sides of the support are located on a straight line, and the aesthetic appearance of the protective fence can be improved. At the same time, a signboard or the like for an advertisement can be easily attached to the rails on the left and right sides of the support along the rails.
【0030】(2) 請求項2記載の本発明では、前後一対
の支柱板の上方にキャップを冠着し、支柱板とキャップ
とにより区画される空間を連結空間とし、同連結空間内
に前後ボス部及びレール枢着部を収納したため、防護柵
の美的外観を良好なものとすることができる。(2) According to the second aspect of the present invention, a cap is mounted above the pair of front and rear support plates, and a space defined by the support plate and the cap is defined as a connection space. Since the boss portion and the rail pivot portion are housed, the aesthetic appearance of the protective fence can be improved.
【0031】しかも、前後ボス部及びレール枢着部が支
柱の外観面と当接しておらず、防護柵を設置する際にレ
ールを揺動させても、支柱の外観面は損傷することがな
く、美的外観を損なうことがないとともに、支柱の外観
面の損傷に起因する錆等の腐食を未然に防止することが
できる。Further, the front and rear boss portions and the rail pivoting portions are not in contact with the external surface of the column, and the external surface of the column is not damaged even if the rail is swung when the protective fence is installed. In addition, it is possible to prevent corrosion such as rust caused by damage to the external surface of the column without impairing the aesthetic appearance.
【図1】本発明に係る防護柵のレール連結部構造を具備
する防護柵の設置状態を示す説明図。FIG. 1 is an explanatory view showing an installation state of a protective fence provided with a rail connecting portion structure of the protective fence according to the present invention.
【図2】レール連結部構造を示す正面断面図。FIG. 2 is a front sectional view showing a rail connecting portion structure.
【図3】同平面図。FIG. 3 is a plan view of the same.
【図4】同側面図。FIG. 4 is a side view of the same.
【図5】連結体を示す斜視図。FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a connected body.
【図6】キャップを示す斜視図。FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a cap.
【図7】防護柵の設置状態を示す説明図。FIG. 7 is an explanatory view showing an installation state of a protective fence.
【符号の説明】 A レール連結部構造 B 防護柵 1 連結体 2 ボス部 3 レール枢着部 5 連結体支持軸 7 支柱 7a 支柱板 11 レール[Explanation of Signs] A Rail connecting part structure B Protective fence 1 Connecting body 2 Boss part 3 Rail pivoting part 5 Connecting body support shaft 7 Prop 7a Prop plate 11 Rail
Claims (2)
(7a,7a) 間に前後ボス部(2,2) を上下回動自在に架設
し、同前後ボス部(2,2) に左右レール(11,11)をレール
枢着部(3) を介して水平回動自在に連結したことを特徴
とする防護柵のレール連結部構造。1. A pair of front and rear support plates maintaining a predetermined interval
The front and rear bosses (2, 2) are installed vertically rotatably between (7a, 7a), and the left and right rails (11, 11) are attached to the front and rear bosses (2, 2) with the rail pivoting part (3). A rail connecting portion of the protective fence, wherein the rail connecting portion is horizontally rotatably connected via a wire.
ップ(10)を冠着し、支柱板(7a,7a) とキャップ(10)とに
より区画される空間を連結空間(S) とし、同連結空間
(S) 内に前後ボス部(2,2) 及びレール枢着部(3) を収納
したことを特徴とする請求項1記載の防護柵のレール連
結部構造。2. A cap (10) is mounted above a pair of front and rear support plates (7a, 7a), and a space defined by the support plates (7a, 7a) and the cap (10) is connected to a connection space (S). )
The rail connecting part structure of the protective fence according to claim 1, wherein the front and rear boss parts (2, 2) and the rail pivoting part (3) are accommodated in (S).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP03032697A JP3831045B2 (en) | 1997-02-14 | 1997-02-14 | Rail connection structure of the protective fence |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP03032697A JP3831045B2 (en) | 1997-02-14 | 1997-02-14 | Rail connection structure of the protective fence |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH10227018A true JPH10227018A (en) | 1998-08-25 |
JP3831045B2 JP3831045B2 (en) | 2006-10-11 |
Family
ID=12300698
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP03032697A Expired - Fee Related JP3831045B2 (en) | 1997-02-14 | 1997-02-14 | Rail connection structure of the protective fence |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3831045B2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009084859A (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Sekisui Jushi Co Ltd | Post cap and guard fence |
CN103981824A (en) * | 2014-05-22 | 2014-08-13 | 王健 | Electric overturned parking lot stop door |
CN109356059A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2019-02-19 | 成都工业学院 | Ramp mouth avoiding collision |
KR102336915B1 (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-12-08 | 위테크 주식회사 | A fence with a fuction that can be rotated werticall or horizontally |
-
1997
- 1997-02-14 JP JP03032697A patent/JP3831045B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2009084859A (en) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-23 | Sekisui Jushi Co Ltd | Post cap and guard fence |
CN103981824A (en) * | 2014-05-22 | 2014-08-13 | 王健 | Electric overturned parking lot stop door |
CN109356059A (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2019-02-19 | 成都工业学院 | Ramp mouth avoiding collision |
KR102336915B1 (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-12-08 | 위테크 주식회사 | A fence with a fuction that can be rotated werticall or horizontally |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3831045B2 (en) | 2006-10-11 |
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