JPH10198059A - Electrophotographic device and process cartridge - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrophotographic device wide in the latitude of design and capable of executing excellent injection electrification, and to a process cartridge. SOLUTION: This device is provided with an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photoreceptive layer on a supporting body and an electrifying member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor so as to electrify it when a voltage is impressed. Then, the electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided with a surface layer having a volume resistivity value being >=1×10<10> Ω.cm and <=1×10<15> Ω.cm on the photoreceptive layer. Besides, the surface of the supporting body on the photoreceptive layer side is an oxide film.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge, and more particularly, to an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge for injection charging.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art An electrophotographic photosensitive member is charged, exposed, developed,
2. Description of the Related Art In an electrophotographic method for performing processes such as transfer, fixing, and cleaning, a charging process uses a corona generated by applying a direct current voltage (DC voltage) as high as 5 to 8 kV to a metal wire. However, in this method, ozone and N generated when corona is generated
Corona products O _X etc. denature the surface of the photosensitive member, or to proceed the deterioration of image blurring or electrophotographic properties, contamination of wire, had the like causing white spots and black streaks in the image in question.

In particular, an electrophotographic photosensitive member whose photosensitive layer is mainly composed of an organic photoconductor has low chemical stability as compared with other selenium photosensitive members and amorphous photosensitive members, and when exposed to a corona product. A chemical reaction (mainly an oxidation reaction) occurs and tends to deteriorate. Therefore, when corona charging is repeatedly performed, image blur and sensitivity decrease due to the above-described deterioration, copy density low due to increase in residual potential, and the like occur.
The durability life tended to be short.

In the corona charging, the current flowing toward the photoreceptor is only 5 to 30% of the whole, and most of the current flows to the shield plate, and the charging means is inefficient.

To compensate for such a problem, a contact charging method which does not use a corona discharger is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 57-178.
267, JP-A-56-104351, JP-A-58-139156 and JP-A-58-1509.
No. 75 has been proposed. Specifically, a charging member such as a conductive elastic roller contacting the photoconductor surface
The surface of the photoconductor is charged to a predetermined potential by applying a DC voltage of about -2 kV from the outside.

However, contact charging is disadvantageous in comparison with corona charging in terms of non-uniform charging and occurrence of discharge breakdown of the photosensitive member. The non-uniformity of the charging means that the length is 200 mm in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the photoconductor.
This causes streak-like charging unevenness with a width of about 0.5 mm or less. In the case of the normal development method, white streaks (a phenomenon in which white streaks appear in a solid black or halftone image), and in the case of the reversal development method, An image defect such as a black stripe occurs.

In order to solve such a problem and improve the uniformity of charging, an alternating voltage (AC voltage) is used for the DC voltage.
(Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-149668) has been proposed.

However, when the superimposed AC voltage is increased to prevent image defects, the maximum applied voltage of the pulsating voltage increases, so that discharge breakdown easily occurs at a small defective portion inside the photoconductor. In particular, this tendency is remarkable in the case of a photoconductor using an organic photoconductor having a low withstand voltage. When dielectric breakdown occurs, the surface potential of the photoconductor decreases over the longitudinal direction of the contact portion.

Further, the contact charging is performed by a discharge in a minute gap near the contact portion between the photosensitive member and the charging member. That is, the ionization is performed by ionizing molecules in the air and flowing the ions to the surface of the photoconductor.

As described above, since the ions move in the strong electric field, the damage to the photosensitive member is further increased. As a result, the shaving amount of the photoconductor increases, and the durability decreases.

[0011] In addition, compared to corona charging, but orders of magnitude less, but still so as ozone and NO _X, etc. there is no change in that occur, there is a possibility that image blur by the use condition occurs.

[0012] In order to solve these problems, a photosensitive member having a medium resistance layer such as a resin layer in which conductive particles are dispersed as a surface layer is contact-charged, so that the surface layer is substantially discharged without being discharged. Charging to inject charge directly (injection charging)
Are described in JP-A-7-5748 and the like. By this method, the uneven charging caused by the discharge was eliminated, the damage to the photoreceptor was reduced, and the durability was improved. In addition, there is almost no occurrence of such as ozone and NO _X,
The occurrence of image blur and the like is also eliminated, and the above problem is greatly improved.

[0013]

However, even in the injection charging process, if the superimposed AC voltage is too large within a range that does not substantially discharge, or if the resistance of the surface layer is too high, fogging occurs in the image. There was something. This problem is a technical problem peculiar to injection charging, which cannot be caused by normal contact charging using discharge.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge capable of stably performing good injection charging.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge having a wide design latitude for performing stable and good injection charging.

[0016]

That is, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer on a support, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor and is applied with a voltage. An electrophotographic apparatus having a charging member, a developing means, and a transfer means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the electrophotographic photoreceptor is disposed on the photosensitive layer in an amount of 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ωcm to 1 × 10 ¹⁵ Ωcm
An electrophotographic apparatus having a surface layer having the following volume resistance value, wherein the surface of the support on the photosensitive layer side is an oxide film.

The present invention also provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on a support, and a charging member which is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member when a voltage is applied. In a process cartridge which is integrally supported and is detachable from the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus, the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a size of 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm or more and 1 ×
A process cartridge having a surface layer having a volume resistance of 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm or less, and the surface of the support on the photosensitive layer side is an oxide film.

[0018]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows an example of a layer structure of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention. In the figure, 2 is a photoreceptor, 2a
Denotes a surface layer 2b, a photosensitive layer, 2c a support, and 2d an oxide film.

As described above, the volume resistivity of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present invention is 1 × 10 ¹⁰ to 1 × 10 ^15.
Ω · cm, preferably 1 × 10 ¹¹ to 1 × 10
¹⁴ Ω · cm, particularly preferably 1 × 10 ^{11 to} 5 × 1
0 ¹² Ω · cm. Volume resistance value is 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · c
If it is less than m, it becomes difficult to sufficiently retain the charged charge in a high humidity environment, so that image deletion is likely to occur. If it exceeds 1 × 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm, it is difficult to sufficiently inject the charged charge from the charging member. Become.

The volume resistance of the surface layer is determined by forming a surface layer on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having platinum deposited on the surface and using a volume resistance measuring device (4140B pAMATOR manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Co.). The measurement is performed by applying a DC voltage of 100 V in an environment of 23 ° C. and 65%.

The surface layer is composed of an inorganic layer such as a metal vapor-deposited film or a conductive particle-dispersed resin layer in which conductive particles are dispersed in a binder resin. It is formed by applying a dipping coating method, a spray coating method, a roll coating method, and a beam coating method. Further, a resin formed by mixing or copolymerizing an insulating resin with a resin having high light transmittance and ionic conductivity, or a resin formed of a single resin having a medium resistance and photoconductive properties may be used. In the case of the conductive particle-dispersed resin layer, the amount of the conductive particles to be added is preferably from 2 to 250% by weight, particularly preferably from 2 to 190% by weight, based on the binder resin. If the amount is less than 2% by weight, it becomes difficult to obtain a desired volume resistance value. If the amount is more than 250% by weight, the strength of the layer is reduced and the layer is easily scraped off.
The life of the photoreceptor tends to be short, and the resistance is low, so that image defects due to the flow of the latent image potential are likely to occur.

The binder resin of the surface layer can be the same as the resin of the layer below it, but in this case, the coating surface of the charge transport layer is disturbed when coating the surface layer. Because of the possibility, it is necessary to particularly select a coating method.

The conductive particles used for the surface layer include:
Examples include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, tin oxide, antimony oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, indium oxide doped with tin, tin oxide and zirconium oxide doped with antimony and tantalum. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. When two or more types are mixed, they may take the form of solid solution or fusion.

Examples of the resin for the surface layer include commercially available polyester, polycarbonate, polyurethane, acrylic resin, epoxy resin, silicone resin, alkyd resin, and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer.
Further, in order to improve the intensity distribution and dispersibility, conductive particles are dispersed in a photocurable acrylic monomer having two or more acryloyl groups in one molecule, and this is dispersed on the photosensitive layer of the photoreceptor. By using a surface layer formed by coating and photocuring, both the film strength and the dispersibility of the conductive particles can be dramatically improved.

In the present invention, the surface layer preferably contains lubricant particles. The reason is that the friction between the photosensitive member and the charging member during charging is reduced, so that the charging nip is enlarged and the charging characteristics are improved. In particular, it is more preferable to use a fluororesin, a silicone resin or a polyolefin resin having a low critical surface tension as the lubricant particles. More preferably, ethylene tetrafluoride resin (PTF
E) is used. In this case, the addition amount of the lubricant particles is preferably 2 to 50% by weight based on the binder resin,
In particular, the content is preferably 5 to 40% by weight. 2% by weight
If the amount is less, the amount of the lubricant particles is not sufficient, so that the charging characteristics are not sufficiently improved. If the amount is more than 50% by weight, the resolution of the image and the sensitivity of the photoreceptor are greatly reduced. Sometimes.

The thickness of the surface layer in the present invention is 0.1 to 1
It is preferably 0 μm, and particularly preferably 1 to 7 μm.

The support in the present invention may be any as long as it has conductivity, but it is necessary that the surface on the photosensitive layer side be an oxide film. Also, this support is
It preferably has a work function of 5.0 to 6.5 eV, and particularly preferably has a work function of 5.5 to 6.0 eV. If the work function is smaller than 5.0 eV, fogging is likely to occur. If the work function is larger than 6.5 eV, it becomes difficult to obtain a sufficient surface potential.

The work function of the support is determined by measuring photoelectrons excited by ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere using a low-energy photoelectron measuring device (manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd., surface analyzer AC-1 type). It was obtained by analyzing from the oxide film side.

In order to obtain such a support, the support is preferably subjected to an anodic oxidation treatment or a chemical conversion treatment.

The support is made of metal, particularly preferably aluminum, for example, pure aluminum,
And Al-Mn, Al-Mg, Al-Cu, Al
-Si-based, Al-Mg-Si-based, and Al-Cu-Si-based aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloy is, for example, JIS A1050, JIS A107
0, JIS A1080, JIS A3003 and JI
It is specified in SA6063 and the like.

The anodic oxidation treatment uses an aqueous solution of oxalic acid, sulfuric acid, chromic acid, or boric acid as an electrolytic solution. Depending on the type of the electrolytic solution, for example, an applied voltage of 10 to 150 V and a current density of 0.1 to 500 A / It can be carried out by anodizing under the conditions of m ^{2 for} a desired time.

A photosensitive layer can be directly formed on the anodized alumite layer of the support. However, since the alumite layer is porous, easily contaminated, and has insufficient corrosion resistance, the alumite layer is sealed. It is preferable to form a photosensitive layer after the hole treatment.

The sealing treatment of the alumite layer can be carried out by a conventional method such as steam treatment, boiling water treatment, nickel acetate treatment with a solution containing nickel acetate and cobalt acetate, and heavy treatment such as potassium dichromate. Dichromate treatment with chromate solution, sodium silicate treatment with sodium silicate solution, immersion of oleic acid, stearic acid, etc., oil and fat treatment by coating, immersion of resin such as silicone resin, phenol resin, etc., resin impregnation by coating It can be performed by processing or the like. Among the above treatments, a nickel acetate treatment that can efficiently close the micropores by a hydration reaction is preferable.

The anodic oxidation treatment is an electrical treatment, while the chemical conversion treatment is a chemical treatment.

More specifically, there is a method in which an oxide film containing components of the processing solution is formed on the support by immersing the support in the processing solution without using electric energy.

For example, a chromate treatment using an acidic aqueous solution containing chromic acid, a fluorine compound, phosphoric acid, an oxidizing agent and the like as a treatment liquid, a boehmite treatment using boiling water or steam, and the like can be given.

The method for setting the work function of the support within the above preferred range is not particularly limited, and the components of the electrolytic solution and the processing solution, current density, processing temperature, processing time, oxide film thickness It can be performed by appropriately adjusting the conditions of the sealing treatment and the like.

The photosensitive layer in the present invention has a single layer or a laminated structure. In the case of a single-layer structure, generation and movement of carriers are performed in the same layer. In the case of a stacked structure, a charge generation layer for generating carriers and a charge transport layer for moving carriers are stacked.

In the case of a single-layer photoreceptor, the thickness is 5 to 100.
μm, particularly preferably 10 to 60 μm. The content of the charge generation material and the charge transport material is preferably from 20 to 80% by weight, and more preferably from 30 to 70% by weight, based on the total weight of the layer. In the laminated photoreceptor, the thickness of the charge generation layer is preferably 5 μm or less, and particularly preferably 0.01 to 1 μm. The content of the charge generation material is preferably from 10 to 100% by weight, and particularly preferably from 40 to 100% by weight, based on the total weight of the charge generation layer.
The thickness of the charge transport layer is preferably from 5 to 100 μm, and particularly preferably from 5 to 60 μm. The content of the charge transporting material is 20 to 8 with respect to the total weight of the charge transporting layer.
It is preferably 0% by weight, and particularly preferably 30 to 70% by weight.

The charge generating materials used in the present invention include phthalocyanine pigments, azo pigments, indigo pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, perylene pigments, quinacridone pigments, azulenium salt pigments, pyrylium dyes, thiopyrylium dyes, squarylium dyes, cyanine dyes, Examples include xanthene dyes, quinone imine dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, styryl dyes, selenium, selenium-tellurium, amorphous silicon, cadmium sulfide, and zinc oxide.

Examples of the charge transport material include hydrazone compounds, pyrazoline compounds, styryl compounds, oxazole compounds, thiazole compounds, triarylmethane compounds and polyarylalkane compounds.

The binder resin used for forming these layers is not particularly limited, but may be acetal resin, acrylic resin, styrene resin, polyester, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polysulfone, polyphenylene oxide, Epoxy resins, polyurethanes and alkyd resins are exemplified.

Further, the photosensitive layer may contain various additives such as an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber and a lubricant.

The shape of the charging member in the present invention is as follows.
In addition to the magnetic brush with magnetic particles spiked on the sleeve,
It can be selected according to an electrophotographic apparatus using a fur brush, a roller, a flat plate, or the like.

The magnetic brush uses various ferrite particles such as Zn-Cu ferrite as a charging member, and is constituted by a nonmagnetic conductive sleeve for supporting the ferrite particles, and a magnet roll contained therein.

Further, as the material of the fur brush, carbon, copper sulfide, a polymer which is conductively treated with a metal and a metal oxide, or the like is used. Rayon, acrylic, polypropylene, PET, polyethylene and the like are used as the material of the polymer. These conductive-treated furs are wound around a metal or other conductive-treated core metal to form a charging member.

The charging member preferably has a resistance value of 1 × 10 ⁰ to 1 × 10 ¹² Ω, and particularly preferably 1 × 10 ² to 1 × 10 ² Ω.
It preferably has a resistance of 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω.

The resistance of the charging member was measured from the current flowing when a DC voltage of 100 V was applied by contacting an aluminum cylinder instead of the photosensitive member under the same conditions as those actually used.

By using the above-described charging member and the photosensitive member, the charging start voltage Vth is small, and the charging potential of the photosensitive member is almost 90% of the DC component of the voltage applied to the charging member.
% Or more. For example,
The charging member of the present invention has an absolute value of 100 to 2000 V.
Is applied, the charging potential of the electrophotographic photosensitive member having the surface layer in the present invention is 80% or more of the applied voltage;
Furthermore, it can be 90% or more. On the other hand, the charging potential of the photoconductor obtained by the charging using the conventional discharge is almost 0 V when the applied voltage is 640 V or less,
When the voltage exceeded 640 V, only a charging potential of a value obtained by subtracting 640 V from the applied voltage was obtained.

FIG. 1 shows a specific example of an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention. In this apparatus, a magnetic brush charging member 1, exposure light 4, developing means 5, transfer means 6, and cleaning means 7 are arranged around an electrophotographic photosensitive member 2.

In the image forming method, first, a voltage is applied from a power source 3 to a charging member 1 which is arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 2, the surface of the photosensitive member 2 is charged to a predetermined potential, and exposure light is applied. 4 forms an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoconductor 2. Next, the electrostatic latent image on the photoconductor 2 is developed (visualized) by attaching the toner in the developing unit 5 to the photoconductor 2.
Further, the toner image formed on the photoconductor 2 is transferred onto a transfer material 8 such as paper supplied by the transfer unit 6, and is left on the photoconductor 2 without being transferred to the transfer material by the cleaning unit 7. Collect the remaining toner. If residual charges remain on the photoreceptor, it is better to remove light by exposing the photoreceptor 2 to light by pre-exposure means after cleaning. on the other hand,
The transfer material on which the toner image has been formed is sent to a fixing unit 9 by a transport unit (not shown), and the toner image is fixed. As a light source of the exposure light 4, a halogen light, a fluorescent lamp, a laser light, or the like can be used. Further, other auxiliary processes may be added as needed.

Further, in the present invention, the photosensitive member 2 and the charging member 1 are integrally supported, and the process cartridge 10 can be detachably attached to the electrophotographic apparatus. The process cartridge 10 includes a developing unit 5 and a cleaning unit 7.
Can also be provided.

Further, in the present invention, a so-called cleaner-less apparatus which does not have the cleaning means 7 and performs substantial cleaning by the charging member 1 and the developing means 5 can be used.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples.

[0055]

【Example】

Example 1 An oxide film having a thickness of 8 μm was formed on a 30 mm × 260.5 mm aluminum cylinder (JIS A3003 aluminum alloy) as follows.

First, the aluminum cylinder was washed by performing a degreasing treatment, an etching treatment with a 2% by weight sodium hydroxide solution, a neutralization treatment, and a treatment with pure water.

Next, an anodic oxide film was formed on the cylinder surface using a 10% by weight sulfuric acid solution (current density 1.5 A /
dm ² ).

After washing with water, 80%
Sealing treatment was performed by immersion at 15 ° C. for 15 minutes.

The obtained support was washed with pure water and dried.

The work function (Wf) of this support is 5.6.
It was 2 eV.

It is represented by the following formula, and has a Bragg angle 2θ ± 0.2 ° of 9.0 ° and 14.2 in X-ray diffraction of CuKα.
°, 4 parts of oxytitanium phthalocyanine having strong peaks at 23.9 ° and 27.1 ° (parts by weight, the same applies hereinafter),

[0062]

[Outside 1] Polyvinyl butyral resin (trade name: SREC BX-
1. Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd.) 2 parts and cyclohexanone 80
Part is 4 mm with a sand mill using φ1 mm glass beads.
Time dispersed. Ethyl acetate (100 parts) was added to the dispersion, and the mixture was coated on the support to form a 0.25 μm-thick charge generation layer.

Then, 10 parts of a styryl compound represented by the following formula:

[0064]

[Outside 2] And bisphenol Z-type polycarbonate (trade name Z-
200, manufactured by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in 100 parts of chlorobenzene. This solution was applied on the charge generation layer and dried with hot air at 105 ° C. for 1 hour to form a film having a thickness of 20 μm.
Was formed.

Next, 25 parts of an acrylic monomer represented by the following formula:

[0066]

[Outside 3]

Antimony-doped tin oxide particles (number-average particle size: 0.2 μm) treated with a compound represented by the following formula (the amount of treatment is 7% based on the weight of tin oxide): 50
Department,

[0068]

[Outside 4] Polytetrafluoroethylene particles (number average particle size 0.18
20 μm), 15 parts of 2-methylthioxanthone as a photopolymerization initiator and 150 parts of ethanol were dispersed in a sand mill for 66 hours.

This dispersion is applied on the charge transport layer,
Light curing was performed for 60 seconds at a light intensity of 150 W / cm ^{2 with} a high pressure mercury lamp, followed by drying with hot air at 120 ° C. for 2 hours.
A surface layer having a thickness of 3 μm was formed. The volume resistance of the surface layer was 4.5 × 10 ¹² .

As a charging member, Z having a number average particle size of 25 μm was used.
n-Cu ferrite particles and Zn-C with an average particle size of 10 μm
u ferrite particles are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 0.05, and a number average particle size 25 having a peak at each average particle size position.
Magnetic particles in which μm ferrite particles were coated with a medium resistance resin layer were prepared. The medium resistance resin layer was formed using a solution in which conductive titanium oxide particles and ethylene tetrafluoride resin particles were dispersed in a polycarbonate resin.

The contact charging member comprises the coated magnetic particles, a non-magnetic conductive sleeve for supporting the coated magnetic particles, and a magnet roll contained therein. The coated magnetic particles are coated on the sleeve to a thickness of 1 mm. A charging nip having a width of about 5 mm was formed between the photosensitive member and the photosensitive member. The gap between the coated magnetic particle holding sleeve and the photoconductor is about 500
μm. Further, the magnet roll was fixed and rotated so that the surface of the sleeve rubbed in the opposite direction at twice the peripheral speed of the surface of the photoconductor so that the photoconductor and the magnetic brush were in uniform contact. The resistance of the charging member is 5 × 10 ⁵
(Ω).

A laser beam printer (trade name L) in which the obtained electrophotographic photosensitive member was modified to have the charging member described above.
BP-NX, manufactured by Canon Inc.). The DC voltage of the primary charging applied voltage is -700 V,
The peak-to-peak potential (Vpp) is set to 100 V (<2 Vth
= 2 × 580) and the frequency was 1 kHz.

The evaluation items were the surface potential (Vd) of the photoreceptor immediately after the primary charging in the initial stage, and the visual observation of the initial stage and the images after 1,000 images were output. The image is a halftone image of a horizontal line of one dot and two spaces of A4, and is in an intermittent mode (interval of 1 second) for each sheet.

Table 1 shows the results.

Examples 2 and 3 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 20 parts and 17 parts, respectively.

Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Examples 1 to 3 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 40 parts, 30 parts and 10 parts, respectively.

Table 2 shows the results.

Examples 4 to 6 Example 1 except that the surface treatment amount of tin oxide was set to 4% and the amounts of acrylic monomers were changed to 30, 25 and 20 parts.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as described above.

Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Examples 4 to 6 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 4 except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 40 parts, 35 parts and 15 parts, respectively.

Table 2 shows the results.

Examples 7 and 8 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thicknesses of the alumite layers were changed to 3 μm and 10 μm, respectively.

Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Example 7 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the anodic oxidation treatment was not performed.

Table 2 shows the results.

Examples 9 to 11 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1, 7, and 8, except that the sealing treatment with nickel acetate was not performed.

Table 1 shows the results.

Example 12 Example 1 was repeated except that the current density was 0.1 A / dm ^2.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as described above.

Table 1 shows the results.

Example 13 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the concentration of the sulfuric acid solution was changed to 1% by weight.

Table 1 shows the results.

Example 14 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following treatments were performed instead of the anodic oxidation treatment and the sealing treatment.
evaluated.

An aluminum cylinder was immersed in pure water containing 5% by weight of phosphoric acid, 1% by weight of chromic acid and 0.5% by weight of hydrofluoric acid at 60 ° C. for 5 minutes.

Table 1 shows the results.

Examples 15 and 16 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 14 except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 20 parts and 17 parts, respectively.

Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Examples 8 to 10 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 14, except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 40 parts, 30 parts and 10 parts, respectively.

Table 2 shows the results.

Examples 17 to 19 Example 1 was repeated except that the surface treatment amount of tin oxide was 4%, and the amounts of the acrylic monomer were 30, 25 and 20 parts.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared in the same manner as in No. 4 and evaluated.

Table 1 shows the results.

Comparative Examples 11 to 13 Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the amounts of the acrylic monomers were changed to 40 parts, 35 parts and 15 parts, respectively.

Table 2 shows the results.

Example 20 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 14 except that the processing temperature was changed to 25 ° C.

Table 1 shows the results.

Example 21 An electrophotographic photosensitive member was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 14, except that the immersion time was changed to 1 minute.

Table 1 shows the results.

[0108]

[Table 1]

[0109]

[Table 2]

[0110]

As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge capable of performing stable and favorable injection charging with a wide design latitude.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a layer configuration of an electrophotographic photosensitive member used in the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a view showing a schematic configuration of an electrophotographic apparatus having a process cartridge of the present invention.

Claims (19)

[Claims] 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on a support, a charging member which is arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member when a voltage is applied, developing means, and transfer The electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided with 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm on the photosensitive layer.
An electrophotographic apparatus comprising: a surface layer having a volume resistivity of 1 × 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm or less; and the surface of the support on the photosensitive layer side is an oxide film. 2. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support has a work function of 5.0 to 6.5 eV. 3. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the work function is 5.5 to 6.0 eV. 4. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the support is aluminum. 5. The volume resistivity of the surface layer is 1 × 10 ^11.
The electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the resistance is not less than Ω · cm and not more than 1 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω · cm. 6. A volume resistance value of 1 × 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm or more.
6. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the density is not more than × 10 ¹² Ω · cm. 7. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the charging is injection charging. 8. The electrophotographic apparatus according to claim 1, wherein charging is substantially not performed by discharging. 9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the voltage applied to the charging member is a voltage obtained by superimposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage, and the charging member applies a surface potential of 80% or more of the DC voltage to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. An electrophotographic apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein 10. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer on a support and a charging member which is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member when a voltage is applied, integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member. A process cartridge detachable from an electrophotographic apparatus main body, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is placed on the photosensitive layer at 1 × 10 ¹⁰ Ω · cm.
A process cartridge having a surface layer having a volume resistivity of 1 × 10 ¹⁵ Ω · cm or less, and wherein the surface of the support on the photosensitive layer side is an oxide film. 11. The process cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the support has a work function of 5.0 to 6.5 eV. 12. The process cartridge according to claim 11, wherein the work function is 5.5 to 6.0 eV. 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the support is aluminum.
13. The process cartridge according to any one of 0 to 12. 14. The volume resistance value of the surface layer is 1 × 10
^{2. The method according to} claim 1, wherein the resistance is ¹¹ Ω.cm or more and 1 × 10 ¹⁴ Ω.
14. The process cartridge according to any one of 0 to 13. 15. The process cartridge according to claim 14, wherein the volume resistance is 1 × 10 ¹¹ Ω · cm or more and 5 × 10 ¹² Ω · cm or less. 16. The process cartridge according to claim 10, wherein the charging is injection charging. 17. The process cartridge according to claim 10, wherein charging is substantially not performed by discharging. 18. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 10, wherein the voltage applied to the charging member is a voltage obtained by superimposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage, and the charging member applies a surface potential of 80% or more of the DC voltage to the electrophotographic photosensitive member. 18. The process cartridge according to any one of items 17 to 17. 19. The process cartridge according to claim 10, further comprising at least one of a developing unit and a cleaning unit.