JPH09330446A - Medium identifying device - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To prevent the reduction of a true medium acceptance rate and also wrong recognition of the true medium and to enhance reliability by providing a data change means which performs change processing of identification reference data, corresponding to a conveying position of a medium which is detected by a position detecting means. SOLUTION: A CPU drives a conveying means 42 and a required driving part according to a program stored in ROM based on various necessary input signals from material sensors 28, material thickness sensors 29, a temperature sensor 30 and a coin detection sensor 40, and RAM sores plural decision references. The CPU also acts as a data changing means which undergoes change processing of identification reference data in accordance with a coin conveying position which is detected by a position detecting means. Also, a table which has decision reference data is the table which stores data that becomes identification reference when material quality and thickness of a coin are identified by an identification sensor, and a numeric value which is described in accordance with the decision reference becomes an estimation value after A/D conversion.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a medium discriminating apparatus which is built in, for example, a coin processing apparatus and determines and discriminates the type and authenticity of coins as a medium.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, a coin discriminating apparatus as an example of the medium discriminating apparatus of the above-described example has sensors for detecting the outer diameter, the material, and the thickness of a coin arranged on a coin passage, and outputs of these sensors. The type of coins is verified based on the above, and the above-mentioned sensor is an optical type or a magnetic type, while a magnetic sensor is generally used to detect the material. However, because of its configuration, the sensor output fluctuates depending on the left and right position where the coin passes, so the reliability of the magnetic sensor output decreases, and if the sensor output fluctuation were to be allowed, the judgment reference range would widen. However, there is a problem in that the discriminative manufacturing of true coins and the rejection rate of false coins decrease.

That is, when a magnetic sensor type material sensor 94 and a material thickness sensor 95 are arranged on the coin passage 93 between the conveyance guides 91 and 92 as shown in FIG. 14, as shown by phantom lines in FIG. According to the left and right positions where coins pass (see transport positions 1, 2 and 3), the sensors 94 and 95 are
The evaluation value based on the output (value after A / D conversion) varies as shown in FIG. 15, and the reliability of the magnetic sensor output decreases,
As described above, there is a problem that the true coin discrimination performance or the false coin rejection rate is reduced.

[0004]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention according to claim 1 of the present invention is a medium identification corresponding to a medium transport position detected by a position detecting means for detecting a medium (coin, bill, etc.) transport position. By changing (including both selection and correction) the data that is the reference of (identification reference data),
By this change processing, it is possible to prevent the acceptance rate of the true medium from being lowered and to prevent the false recognition of the true medium to improve the reliability, and to improve the rejection rate of the false medium by changing the identification reference data. It is an object of the present invention to provide a medium identifying device capable of achieving cost reduction by omitting a mechanism for keeping the medium passing position constant.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the object of the first aspect of the invention, the medium conveyance position range to be detected is set in advance, and the medium detected by the position detecting means is conveyed. An object of the present invention is to provide a medium identification device capable of achieving both improvement in determination accuracy and improvement in device reliability by prohibiting determination by the output of the identification sensor when the position is out of the predetermined range.

According to the invention of claim 3 of the present invention, in addition to the object of the invention of claim 1, the outer shape detecting means for detecting the outer shape of the medium also serves as the position detecting means.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a medium identification device that can achieve both functions by one means, and can reduce the number of parts and the number of assembling steps and simplify the device.

[0007]

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided position detecting means for detecting a carrying position of a medium carried by the carrying means, an identification sensor for identifying the medium, and And a storage unit that stores identification reference data, the data identification unit including a data changing unit that changes the identification reference data in correspondence with the transport position of the medium detected by the position detection unit. And

According to a second aspect of the present invention, in addition to the configuration of the first aspect of the present invention, the conveyance position range of the medium to be detected is set in advance, and the medium detected by the position detecting means is set. The medium identification device is provided with a prohibition unit that prohibits the identification determination by the output of the identification sensor when the transport position is out of the predetermined range.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, in addition to the configuration of the first aspect of the invention, outer shape detecting means for detecting the outer shape of the medium is provided, and the medium is detected based on the detection result of the outer shape detecting means. Is a medium identifying device that shares the outer shape detecting means with the position detecting means.

[0010]

According to the invention described in claim 1 of the present invention, the position detecting means detects the transport position of the medium transported by the transport means, and the identification sensor identifies the medium,
The storage unit stores the identification reference data of the medium, and the data changing unit described above changes the identification reference data in correspondence with the transport position of the medium detected by the position detecting unit.
In this way, since the identification reference data is changed (including both reading data selection and correction) according to the medium transport position, even if the medium passing position is not constant, it is possible to prevent a reduction in the true medium acceptance rate. Therefore, there is an effect that the reliability can be improved.

Further, even if the passage position of the medium is not constant, the false recognition of the true medium can be prevented and the reliability can be improved. Further, since the determination standard (identification standard data) of the identification sensor can be changed depending on the passage position of the medium, there is an effect that the rejection rate of the false medium can be improved. In addition, since a mechanism for keeping the medium passing position constant is not required, there is an effect that the device configuration can be simplified and the cost can be reduced.

According to the second aspect of the present invention,
In addition to the effect of the invention described in claim 1, the above-mentioned prohibiting means prohibits the discrimination judgment by the output of the discrimination sensor when the transport position of the medium detected by the position detecting means is outside the predetermined range set in advance. In other words, when the conveyance position of the medium detected by the position detection means is within a predetermined range set in advance, the discrimination judgment by the discrimination sensor output is permitted. As a result, there is an effect that both improvement of determination accuracy and improvement of device reliability can be achieved.

According to the third aspect of the present invention,
In addition to the effect of the invention described in claim 1, the outer shape detecting means for detecting the outer diameter of the medium shares the position detecting means of the carrying position, so that one function can perform both functions (outer shape detecting and carrying position detecting). It is of course possible to reduce the number of parts and the number of assembling steps and to simplify the apparatus.

[0014]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS One embodiment of the present invention will be described below in detail with reference to the drawings. The drawings show a coin discriminating device as an example of a medium discriminating device. In FIG. 1, FIG. 2, and FIG. 3, the coin discriminating device 11 is provided with a conveyance path between upper and lower conveying belts 14 and 15 between left and right guide members 12 and 13. 16 are formed.

The upper conveyor belt 14 has rollers 17 and 1
An endless belt stretched between 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23, corresponding to the thickness of the coin A being conveyed,
Each of the elements 17 to 20, 14 shown in FIG. 1 is constructed so as to be displaced upward as shown by an imaginary line in FIG. The lower conveyor belt 15 is an endless belt stretched between the rollers 24, 25, 26, 27, and the coin A is nipped and conveyed by the upper and lower conveyor belts 14, 15.

A material sensor 28 made of a magnetic sensor is arranged in the upper portion of the above-mentioned conveying passage 16, and a material thickness sensor 29 made of a magnetic sensor is arranged in the middle portion of the conveying passage 16. Each of these sensors 28, 29 is configured by winding an electric wire around a ferrite core, and applies a high-frequency magnetic field to the coin A to detect a change in inductance due to an eddy current that is generated to detect a material and a thickness. The identification sensor of.

A temperature sensor 30 is provided in the lower portion of the above-mentioned transport passage 16. The temperature sensor 30 is a non-contact temperature sensor that measures the heat radiation emitted from the coin A and converts it into temperature. On the other hand, on the upstream side of the above-mentioned transport passage 16, there are provided an endless carry-in belt 33 stretched between the rollers 31 and 32, and rollers 34 and 35 which are opposed to the carry-in belt 33 via the coin A. It is arranged so that the coin A can be carried in.

Moreover, the LED array 36, the SELFOC lens 37, and the CCD array 38 are arranged from the lower side to the upper side between the terminal end of the carry-in belt 33 and the starting end of the transport passage 16 described above. A coin detecting sensor 40 is formed by arranging the coins in order and arranging a light shielding plate 39 having a concave groove 39a for transmitting light on the left and right sides of the coin A in the conveying direction. The coin detecting sensor 40 serves both as a position detecting means for detecting the conveying position of the coin A conveyed by the conveying means and as an outer shape detecting means for detecting the outer shape (outer diameter in this embodiment) of the coin A.

That is, as shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, light is emitted from the LED array 36 to the CCD array 38 via the SELFOC lens 37 (however, not shown in FIGS. 3 and 4). When light is emitted (irradiated), the outer diameter of the coin A is detected by measuring the length of the portion shielded by the coin A, and at the same time, the center position α of the outer diameter is calculated.
The central position α is used as the transport position of the coin A.
5 shows the output waveform from the CCD array 38,
FIG. 6 shows a comparator output waveform corresponding to a state in which the threshold value of this output waveform is sliced.

FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of a control circuit of the coin discriminating apparatus, in which the CPU 50 has a material sensor 28 and a material thickness sensor 2.
Based on various necessary input signals from the temperature sensor 30, the coin sensor 40, the temperature sensor 30, and the conveying means 42 (each element 14, 1 in FIG. 1) according to a program stored in the ROM 41.
5, 33, 34, 35) and other necessary drive units not shown, and the RAM 43 stores a plurality of determination criteria 1, 2, 3 shown in FIG.

In the table T1 shown in FIG. 8, the identification sensor (see the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29) is used for the material of the coin A,
When identifying the material thickness, the table that stores the data that serves as the identification criteria (determination criteria), the numerical values described corresponding to the determination criteria 1, 2, and 3 are the evaluation values after A / D conversion (no unit).
FIG. Note that this table T1 is R
Of course, instead of the AM 43, it may be stored in the ROM 41 or other storage means.

Moreover, the above-mentioned CPU 50 outputs the identification reference data (see the determination criteria 1, 2, and 3 in Table 1) corresponding to the transport position of the coin A detected by the position detecting means (see the coin detection sensor 40). It also serves as a data changing unit (see the second step S2 in the flowchart shown in FIG. 9) for performing the changing process. In FIG. 7, the material sensor 28 and the CPU 50
A magnetic sensor circuit is provided between the material thickness sensor 29 and the CPU.
A magnetic sensor circuit is provided between the temperature sensor 30 and C.
A temperature sensor circuit is provided between the PU 50 and the coin detection sensor 4
A comparator, an outer diameter calculation circuit, and a conveyance position detection circuit (center calculation circuit) are respectively provided between 0 and the CPU 50, but these intervening circuits are omitted for convenience of illustration.

The operation of the coin discriminating apparatus thus constructed will be described in detail below with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. The coin A is conveyed from the left side of FIG. 1 to the right side of FIG. 1 by the driving of the conveying means 42, and when the coin A reaches the position where the coin detection sensor 40 is arranged, in the first step S1, CP
U50 drives the coin detection sensor 40, and this coin detection sensor 40 detects the transport position of the coin A based on the light shielding amount and the light shielding position of the coin A.

That is, as shown in FIGS. 4 to 6, the outer diameter (an example of the outer shape) of the coin A is detected based on the length of the portion shielded by the coin A, and at the same time, the center position α (FIG. 6) of the outer diameter is detected. The central position α is detected as the transport position of the coin A by calculating (see). Next, in a second step S2, the CPU 50 reads the corresponding determination standard from the table T1 according to the determined transport position of the coin A, thereby changing the identification standard data according to the transport position.

Next, in the third step S3, the CPU 50 drives the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29, and the material and material thickness are determined based on the coin identification criteria (determination criteria) selected in the second step S2. Is detected, the type of coin A and the authenticity are determined, and a series of processing is ended. The processing in the second step S2 (data changing means) described above is replaced with the processing for selecting an appropriate one from the plurality of values shown in the embodiment,
Correction processing may be performed such that the correction coefficient is multiplied based on the transport position of the coin A.

As described above, the position detecting means (see the coin detecting sensor 40) detects the conveying position of the medium conveyed by the conveying means 42, and the identification sensor (see the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29) is the coin. A is identified, and the storage means (see table T1) stores the identification reference data of the coin A,
The data changing unit (see the second step S2) described above changes the identification reference data corresponding to the transport position of the coin A detected by the position detecting unit (see the coin detecting sensor 40). In this way, since the identification reference data is changed (including both reading data selection and correction) according to the transport position of the coin A, even if the passing position of the coin A is not constant, the acceptance rate of true coins is reduced. There is an effect that it can be prevented and the reliability can be improved.

Further, even if the passing position of the coin A is not constant, the false recognition of the true coin can be prevented, and the reliability can be improved. Furthermore, since the determination standard (identification standard data) of the identification sensor (see the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29) can be changed depending on the passing position of the coin A, there is an effect that the rejection rate of false coins can be improved. In addition, since a mechanism for keeping the passing position of the coin A constant is not required, there is an effect that the device configuration can be simplified and the cost can be reduced.

Further, since the outer shape detecting means (see coin detecting sensor 40) for detecting the outer diameter of the coin A also shares the position detecting means of the carrying position, one means, that is, the coin detecting sensor 4 is used.
With 0, both functions (outer shape detection and conveyance position detection) can be achieved, and the number of parts and the number of assembling steps can be reduced and the apparatus can be simplified.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart showing another embodiment of the coin discriminating apparatus, which is also shown in FIGS. 1 to 7 in this embodiment.
The circuit device of is used. However, in the embodiment of FIG. 10, the permissible range (predetermined range) of the transport position of the coin A to be detected is set in advance, and the CPU 50 detects the coin A detected by the coin detection sensor 40 as the position detecting means. Judgment means (FIG. 10) for judging whether the transport position is within a predetermined range or outside the predetermined range.
The third step S13 of the flowchart shown in FIG.
Based on the determination result of the determination means, when the transport position of the coin A is out of the predetermined range, the determination means (see the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29) for inhibiting the identification determination (refer to the flowchart shown in FIG. 10). It also serves as the fifth step S15).

The operation of the coin discriminating apparatus thus constructed will be described below in detail with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. The coin A is conveyed from the left side of FIG. 1 to the right side of FIG. 1 by the driving of the conveying means 42. When the coin A reaches the location where the coin detection sensor 40 is arranged, in the first step S11,
The CPU 50 drives the coin detection sensor 40 to detect the transport position of the coin A.

Next, in the second step S12, the CPU 50 drives the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29 to detect the material and material thickness of the coin A (discrimination judgment), but outputs or prohibits the discrimination result. That is left to the determination in the next third step S13. Next, in a third step S13, the CPU 50 determines whether or not the transport is normal, in other words, whether or not the transport position of the coin A is within a preset predetermined range, and when YES is determined, the process proceeds to the next fourth step S14. Then, in the case of NO determination, the process proceeds to another fifth step S15 for the purpose of prohibiting the identification determination.

In the above-mentioned fourth step S14, in response to the fact that the transport position of the coin A is within the predetermined range set in advance, the CPU 50 outputs the discrimination result (the detection result of the material and the material thickness) and outputs it. In the above-described fifth step S15, the CPU 50 prohibits the identification determination and executes the retry request process in response to the fact that the transport position of the coin A is outside the preset predetermined range.

Thus, the above-mentioned prohibiting means (fifth step S15) is the position detecting means (coin detecting sensor 4).
When the transfer position of the coin A detected by (See 0) is outside the predetermined range set in advance, the identification determination by the output of the identification sensor (see the material chamber sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29) is prohibited. In other words, when the transportation position of the coin A detected by the position detecting means (see the coin detecting sensor 40) is within the preset predetermined range, the identification sensor (the material sensor 28, the material thickness sensor 29).
(See) Allow discrimination by output. As a result, there is an effect that both improvement of determination accuracy and improvement of device reliability can be achieved.

FIG. 11, FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 show the coin discriminating device 11 of the above embodiment applied to a coin processing device 44.
First, the configuration will be described with reference to FIG. A C-shaped bucket constitutes an inlet / outlet portion 45 capable of batch-inserting coins A, and a deposit feeding portion 47 is provided below the inlet / outlet portion 45 via a deposit hopper 46. This deposit payout section 4
Reference numeral 7 is a deposit conveyor belt.

The coin discriminating device 11 having the above-mentioned structure is interposed between the deposit payout section 47 and the deposit sorting and conveying section 48. From the left side to the right side of the lower part of the above-mentioned deposit distribution / conveyance unit 48, 1, yen, 5 yen, 10 yen, 50 yen, 100
A denomination type temporary holding unit 49 corresponding to yen and 500 yen is formed, and below the denomination type temporary holding unit 49, denomination type stackers 51, 52, 53, 5 as respective denomination holding units.
4, 55, 56 are arranged.

Each of these denomination-type stackers 51 to 56 is 1 yen, 5 yen, 10 yen, 50 yen from the left side to the right side.
It corresponds to each denomination of 100 yen and 500 yen. On the other hand, on the left side of the above-mentioned money type stackers 51 to 56, that is, on the upstream side of the deposit distribution / transportation section 48, a fake coin holding section 57 and a batch temporary holding section 58 are formed. Also, the above-mentioned money type stacker 51
A horizontal conveyance section 59 having a belt configuration is arranged at the bottom of ~ 56,
From the lateral transport unit 59 to the dispensing dispense unit 60, the dispensing transport unit 6
1. It is configured to perform a withdrawal process to the above-mentioned deposit / exit section 45 via the withdrawal identification unit 62.

Reference numeral 63 in FIG. 11 denotes a foreign matter conveying section,
64 is a batch stacker, 65 is an operation reject collection unit, 6
6 is a forgotten collection section, 67 is an operating cartridge, and 68 is a vertical conveyance section. When a normal coin A is inserted into the entrance / exit section 45, as shown by a solid arrow in the figure, the deposit hopper 4
6, after being transferred to the deposit distribution / conveyance unit 48 via the deposit payout unit 47 and the coin discriminating device 11, the coins are sorted according to the denomination and held in the corresponding denomination stackers 51 to 56. When a retry request is made at 11, as shown by a dotted arrow in FIG. 11, from the upstream end of the deposit distribution / conveyance unit 48, the fake coin holding unit 57, the withdrawal payout unit 60,
The withdrawal / conveyance unit 61 and the withdrawal / identification unit 62 are used to insert / exit unit 45
It is configured to be returned to.

FIG. 12 shows a control circuit block diagram of the coin processing device 44. The material sensor 28 is connected to the magnetic sensor circuit 69, the material thickness sensor 29 is connected to the magnetic sensor circuit 70, and the coin detecting sensor 40 is constituted. The CCD array 38 is connected to the transport position detection circuit 71, and the temperature sensor 30 is connected to the temperature sensor circuit 72.

CPU 50 Each circuit 69, 70, 71,
Based on various necessary signal inputs from 72, ROM4
According to the program stored in 1, the deposit hopper 46,
Deposit payout unit 47, deposit distribution transport unit 48, flapper 7
3, the withdrawal payout unit 60, the LED array 36 constituting the coin detection sensor 40 and other necessary drive units are drive-controlled, and the RAM 43 stores data and tables.

The operation of the coin processing device 44 thus constructed will be described in detail below with reference to the flow chart shown in FIG. When the coin A is put into the entrance / exit section 45 at once,
The coin A reaches the coin identifying device 11 via the deposit hopper 46 and the deposit feeding unit 47, and it is determined whether or not the transport position is within a predetermined range by the process similar to that shown in FIG.

That is, the first step S21 in FIG.
Then, the CPU 50 determines whether or not to retry based on the signals from the CCD array 38 and the transfer position detection circuit 71, and when the transfer position of the coin A is within the predetermined range (when NO is determined).
When the retry position is output when the transfer position of the coin A is out of the predetermined range (YES)
(At the time of determination), the process proceeds to another third step S23.

In the above-mentioned second step S22, the CPU 50
Drives the deposit sorting / transporting unit 48 to load the already identified genuine coins as a required denomination stacker 51 as a denomination holding unit.
Hold at ~ 56. On the other hand, in the above-described third step S23, the coin A carried out from the coin discriminating apparatus 11 is guided to the false coin holding unit 57.

Next, in the fourth step S24, the CPU 50 drives the withdrawal payout unit 60, the withdrawal payout unit 47 and other necessary drive units to pass the coin A in the discrimination output prohibition mode which has passed through the counterfeit coin holding unit 57. Each element 60, 61, 62, 4
It returns to the deposit payout section 47 via 5, 46 and prepares for re-identification. Next, in a fifth step S25, the CPU 50 transfers the coin A from the deposit feeding section 47 to the coin identifying device 11 again, and executes identification (re-identification) here.

Next, in a sixth step S26, the CPU 50 determines based on the signal from the CCD array 38 constituting the coin detection sensor 40, that is, whether or not the conveyance is normal and the discrimination determination is OK. Then, in the above-described sixth step S26, when it is determined to be OK (when YES is determined), the process proceeds to the next seventh step S27, and when it is determined to be NG (when NO is determined), another process is performed. The process moves to eighth step S28.

In the above-mentioned seventh step S27, the CPU 50
In the same manner as in the second step S22, drives the deposit distribution / transport unit 48 to hold the coins in the required stackers 51 to 56 of the respective coin types as a coin type retaining unit. On the other hand, the above-mentioned eighth
In step S28, the coin carried out from the coin discriminating apparatus 11 corresponding to the re-identification NG is replaced by each element 57.60.61,
It is returned to the entrance / exit unit 45 via 62.

When the coin discriminating apparatus 11 is applied to the coin processing apparatus 44 in this way, it is possible to improve the acceptance rate of true coins, reduce the false recognition rate, and improve the false coin elimination rate. There is an effect that the reliability can be improved.

In the correspondence between the structure of the present invention and the above-described embodiment, the conveying means of the present invention, each element 14 of the embodiment,
The position detecting means corresponds to the coin detecting sensor 40 also serving as the outer shape detecting means, and the identification sensors include the material sensor 28 and the material thickness sensor 29. The storage means corresponds to the table T1 and the data changing means corresponds to the second step S.
2 (see FIG. 9), the prohibition means is the fifth step S.
15 (see FIG. 10) and the medium corresponds to the coin A, but the present invention is not limited to the configuration of the above-described embodiment. For example, in addition to the coin A, the medium may be another medium such as a bill or a card.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an internal side view showing a coin identifying device as an example of a medium identifying device of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a main part of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a coin detection sensor.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a coin detecting operation by a coin detecting sensor.

FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing a CCD output waveform.

FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing a comparator output waveform.

FIG. 7 is a control circuit block diagram of the coin identifying device.

FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of a table.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a process of changing the identification reference data.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an identification determination prohibition process.

FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram of a coin processing device including a coin identifying device.

FIG. 12 is a control circuit block diagram of the coin processing device.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing coin processing.

FIG. 14 is a plan view showing a conventional coin identifying device.

FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing a variation state of evaluation values depending on the transport position.

[Explanation of symbols]

 A ... Coin 28 ... Material sensor 29 ... Material thickness sensor 40 ... Coin detection sensor 42 ... Conveying means S2 ... Data changing means S15 ... Prohibiting means T1 ... Table

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A position detecting means for detecting a carrying position of a medium carried by a carrying means, an identification sensor for identifying the medium, and a storage means for storing identification reference data for the medium. A medium identifying device provided with data changing means for changing the identification reference data corresponding to the transport position of the medium detected by the means. 2. A prohibition means for presetting a conveyance position range of a medium to be detected, and for prohibiting the discrimination judgment by the output of the discrimination sensor when the conveyance position of the medium detected by the position detecting means is out of a predetermined range. The medium identification device according to claim 1, further comprising: 3. A medium discriminating device provided with outer shape detecting means for detecting the outer shape of a medium, and identifying the medium based on the detection result of said outer shape detecting means, wherein said outer shape detecting means is also used as position detecting means. Item 1. The medium identification device according to item 1.