JPH0890695A - Laminated sheet - Google Patents
Laminated sheetInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0890695A JPH0890695A JP6226320A JP22632094A JPH0890695A JP H0890695 A JPH0890695 A JP H0890695A JP 6226320 A JP6226320 A JP 6226320A JP 22632094 A JP22632094 A JP 22632094A JP H0890695 A JPH0890695 A JP H0890695A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- laminated
- sheet
- melting point
- base material
- heat
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、紙や布などの基材に防
水性やシ−ル性を付与するために合成樹脂ラミネ−ト加
工を施されたシ−トであって、高強力を有しかつ積層体
として接合強力に優れた剥離し難苦い積層シ−トに関す
るものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is a sheet having a synthetic resin laminated finish for imparting waterproofness and sealability to a base material such as paper or cloth, which has high strength. The present invention relates to a laminated sheet which has an excellent bonding strength as a laminated body and is hard to peel off.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】包装用をはじめとしてクラフト紙、布、
繊維状不織布、アルミ箔などのシ−ト基材に合成樹脂を
ラミネ−トした積層シ−トが多く使用されているが、こ
れはラミネ−ト加工によってシ−ト基材単体が有する特
徴に防水性やガスバリヤ性或いはヒ−トシ−ル性など付
加価値を付与することで用途を拡大できるものとして盛
んに開発されている。また、強力に劣るシ−ト基材を補
強するために、合成樹脂製フラットヤ−ンのメッシュク
ロスを貼り合わせることが行われており、通常は、シ−
ト基材とメッシュクロスの間にサンド樹脂としてラミネ
−ト層を介在させて圧接して積層シ−トとする、或いは
シ−ト基材にメッシュクロスを重ね合わせて該メッシュ
クロス上面からラミネ−ト樹脂を被覆してクロス目隙部
を通して樹脂とシ−ト基材を接着して積層シ−トとした
ものである。2. Description of the Related Art Kraft paper, cloth, packaging, etc.
Laminated sheets made by laminating synthetic resin on sheet base materials such as fibrous non-woven fabric and aluminum foil are often used, but this is due to the characteristics that the sheet base material has by laminating. It is being actively developed as a product that can be expanded in use by adding added value such as waterproof property, gas barrier property, or heat seal property. In addition, in order to reinforce the sheet base material which is inferior in strength, a synthetic resin flat yarn mesh cloth is attached to the sheet base material.
A laminating layer as a sand resin is interposed between the sheet base material and the mesh cloth to press-contact to form a laminated sheet, or a mesh cloth is superposed on the sheet base material and laminated from the upper surface of the mesh cloth. The sheet and the sheet base material are adhered to each other through the cross gap portion to form a laminated sheet.
【0003】このようなメッシュクロスを補強した積層
シ−トは全面的にラミネ−ト層で一体化されているが、
前者の場合はメッシュクロスを構成するフラットヤ−ン
の経緯の交差部が浮いた状態で積層体の外側に位置する
ため外観上好ましくなく表面平滑性に劣ったものとな
り、一方、後者の場合はメッシュクロスは積層シ−トの
中間に位置するためにフラットヤ−ンとシ−ト基材の当
接面が非接着の状態となり積層体として接合強力が劣り
剥離しやすいものとなる点で問題となることがある。A laminated sheet reinforced with such a mesh cloth is entirely integrated with a laminate layer,
In the case of the former, the intersection of the flat yarns forming the mesh cloth is located outside the laminate in a floating state, which is unfavorable in appearance and inferior in surface smoothness, while in the case of the latter, the mesh is formed. Since the cloth is located in the middle of the laminated sheet, the contact surface between the flat yarn and the sheet base material is in a non-adhesive state, and the bonding strength of the laminated body is poor and peeling easily occurs, which is a problem. Sometimes.
【0004】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】したがって本発明は、
シ−ト基材と補強部材に合成樹脂ラミネ−ト加工を施し
た積層体において、高強力であってかつ強固に各部材が
一体化をなし積層体として剥離し難苦く、さらには効率
よく低廉に製造することが可能な積層シ−トを提供する
ことを目的としたものである。Therefore, the present invention is
In a laminated body in which the sheet base material and the reinforcing member are laminated with synthetic resin, each member has high strength and is firmly integrated, and it is difficult to peel it off as a laminated body. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a laminated sheet that can be manufactured according to the present invention.
【0005】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、高融点成分で
芯層6を形成しかつ低融点成分で表裏両面の外層7を形
成した複層フラットヤ−ン5を経緯条に用いて織成され
る格子状の開口部に形成した熱融着性メッシュクロス3
の裏面にシ−ト基材2を重ね合わせ、該熱融着性メッシ
ュクロス3の上面に合成樹脂製フィルム4を溶融押出ラ
ミネ−ト法により被覆して積層されたことを特徴とする
積層シ−トである。According to the present invention, a multi-layer flat yarn 5 having a core layer 6 made of a high melting point component and outer layers 7 of both front and back sides made of a low melting point component is used for a weft thread. Heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 formed in a grid-shaped opening
The sheet base material 2 is superposed on the back surface of the sheet, and the synthetic resin film 4 is coated on the upper surface of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 by the melt extrusion lamination method to be laminated. -It is.
【0006】本発明において、熱融着性メッシュクロス
3は、高融点成分の芯層6と低融点成分の外層7からな
る複層フラットヤ−ン5を経緯条に用いて織成されたも
のであって、ここで複層フラットヤ−ン5とは、多層で
のTダイフラット法やインフレ−ション法により共押出
積層された、或いは逐次押出ラミネ−ト法で積層された
芯層と両外層で構成の3層フィルムを細断した後に縦一
軸延伸して得られる複合偏平糸条である。複層フラット
ヤ−ン5の構成を図3に示す。In the present invention, the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 is woven by using a multi-layer flat yarn 5 composed of a core layer 6 having a high melting point component and an outer layer 7 having a low melting point component as a weft. Here, the multi-layer flat yarn 5 is a core layer and both outer layers which are co-extrusion laminated by a multi-layer T-die flat method or an inflation method, or laminated by a sequential extrusion lamination method. It is a composite flat yarn obtained by uniaxially longitudinally stretching a three-layer film having the constitution. The structure of the multilayer flat yarn 5 is shown in FIG.
【0007】複層フラットヤ−ン5の芯層6及び外層7
をなす合成樹脂としては安定品質と連続生産性において
熱可塑性合成樹脂が該当するものであり、芯層となる高
融点成分の熱可塑性合成樹脂として、例えば、ポリプロ
ピレン、高密度ポリエチレン、ポリエステル、ポリアミ
ド、ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、ポリビニル
アルコ−ル、ポリスチレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、お
よびこれらの系列に属する共重合体などが代表的なもの
として挙げられ、一方、外層となる低融点成分の熱可塑
性合成樹脂として、例えば、低密度ポリエチレン、エチ
レン−プロピレン共重合体、エチレン−酢酸ビニル共重
合体、エチレン−アクリル酸共重合体などが挙げられ
る。The core layer 6 and the outer layer 7 of the multi-layer flat yarn 5
As the synthetic resin forming the, thermoplastic synthetic resin corresponds to stable quality and continuous productivity, as the thermoplastic synthetic resin of the high melting point component to be the core layer, for example, polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polyester, polyamide, Representative examples include polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and copolymers belonging to these series. On the other hand, thermoplastic synthetic resin having a low melting point component as an outer layer. Examples thereof include low density polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer and the like.
【0008】熱融着性メッシュクロス3としての目合い
つまり糸条の打込密度は、シ−ト基材2の補強程度によ
って適宜選択されるが、後述するラミネ−ト樹脂が熱融
着性メッシュクロス3の開口部を透過してシ−ト基材2
と接着することから、経糸及び緯糸の相互の離間隔が5
mm以上ある格子状に開口部を有することが強接合の積層
シ−ト1を得ることにおいて望ましい。The mesh as the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3, that is, the thread-driving density is appropriately selected depending on the degree of reinforcement of the sheet base material 2. However, the laminate resin described later is heat-fusible. The sheet base material 2 is transmitted through the opening of the mesh cloth 3.
Since it is adhered to the warp and the weft, the distance between them is 5
It is desirable to have the laminated sheet 1 having a strong junction by having openings in a lattice shape having a size of at least mm.
【0009】次に、シ−ト基材2としては特に制限され
ることはなく、洋紙、和紙、合成紙などの紙質体、天然
繊維や合成繊維などの編織布、湿式法や乾式法による繊
維状不織布、アルミニウム箔など金属箔、ポリウレタン
やポリエチレンなどの発泡体などが挙げられる。Next, the sheet base material 2 is not particularly limited, and is a paper material such as Western paper, Japanese paper, synthetic paper, a knitted or woven fabric such as natural fiber or synthetic fiber, and a fiber by a wet method or a dry method. Examples of the non-woven fabric include metal foils such as aluminum foil and foams such as polyurethane and polyethylene.
【0010】本発明の積層シ−ト1の構成を図1および
図2に示すが、積層シ−ト1を形成するにおいて、前記
シ−ト基材2上に前記熱融着性メッシュクロス3を重ね
合わせ、熱融着性メッシュクロス3の上面から押出ラミ
ネ−ト法によって合成樹脂製フィルム4を被覆するもの
である。この押出ラミネ−ト法を採用することで、溶融
されたラミネ−ト樹脂は無定形状態で被覆されるために
熱融着性メッシュクロス3の開口部を透過してシ−ト基
材2と強固に接着し、加えて、ラミネ−ト加工時の加熱
と加圧によって複層フラットヤ−ン5の交差部さらに複
層フラットヤ−ン5とシ−ト基材2の当接面が外層低融
点成分で熱融着することにより、積層シ−ト1として接
合強力が優れたものとなる。The structure of the laminated sheet 1 of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In forming the laminated sheet 1, the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 is formed on the sheet base material 2. And the synthetic resin film 4 is covered from the upper surface of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 by the extrusion laminate method. By adopting this extrusion laminating method, the melted laminating resin is coated in an amorphous state, so that the laminating resin permeates through the opening of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 to form the sheet base material 2. In addition to firmly adhering, the crossing portion of the multi-layer flat yarn 5 and the contact surface between the multi-layer flat yarn 5 and the sheet base material 2 due to heat and pressure during laminating process have a low melting point of the outer layer. By heat-sealing the components, the laminated sheet 1 has excellent bonding strength.
【0011】したがって、押出ラミネ−ト法によって積
層される合成樹脂製フィルム4は、前記複層フラットヤ
−ン5の低融点成分の融点以上でかつ高融点成分の融点
以下のものが採用される。これは、複層フラットヤ−ン
5の低融点成分の融点以下の合成樹脂はラミネ−ト加工
時の熱容量が不足してシ−ト基材2と熱融着性メッシュ
クロス3との熱融着が不充分となり、一方、複層フラッ
トヤ−ン5の高融点成分の融点以上の合成樹脂は高温に
より熱融着性メッシュクロス3が収縮したり熱劣化する
ことで強度低下が発現するために問題となるからであ
る。Therefore, as the synthetic resin film 4 laminated by the extrusion lamination method, a film having a melting point above the low melting point component but below the melting point of the high melting point component of the multilayer flat yarn 5 is adopted. This is because the synthetic resin having a melting point lower than that of the low melting point component of the multilayer flat yarn 5 lacks the heat capacity during the laminating process, and the sheet base material 2 and the heat fusible mesh cloth 3 are thermally fused. On the other hand, on the other hand, the synthetic resin having a melting point higher than that of the high melting point component of the multi-layer flat yarn 5 causes a decrease in strength due to shrinkage or thermal deterioration of the heat fusible mesh cloth 3 due to high temperature. It is because
【0012】こうした本発明の基本的な構成において、
合成樹脂フィルム4の上面にさらに第二のシ−ト基材を
積層することも差し支えない。具体的には、合成樹脂フ
ィルム4を熱融着性メッシュクロス面に被覆する際に、
サンド樹脂として第二のシ−ト基材との間に介在させる
ことで4層の積層シ−トとなる。In such a basic configuration of the present invention,
A second sheet base material may be further laminated on the upper surface of the synthetic resin film 4. Specifically, when the synthetic resin film 4 is coated on the heat fusible mesh cloth surface,
By interposing it as a sand resin with the second sheet base material, a four-layer laminated sheet is obtained.
【0013】[0013]
【実施例】以下、実施例によって本発明の構成に説明を
加える。EXAMPLES The structure of the present invention will be described below with reference to examples.
【0014】実施例1 芯層6に高融点成分として高密度ポリエチレン(MFR=1.
2、融点132℃)、外層7に低融点成分としてエチレン−
酢酸ビニル共重合体(MFR=1.5、融点112℃)を選び、二
台の押出機により層比(外層:芯層:外層)を1:8:
1として各々の樹脂を多層円形ダイスからインフレ−シ
ョン法により溶融状態で押し出し、冷却して多層フィル
ムとした後、細断してテ−プ状とし、熱ロ−ル延伸方式
で延伸倍率5.2倍で延伸して層比1:8:1とした繊度500dr
の三層の複合フラットヤ−ン5を得た。EXAMPLE 1 High density polyethylene (MFR = 1.
2, melting point 132 ° C), ethylene as a low melting point component in the outer layer 7
A vinyl acetate copolymer (MFR = 1.5, melting point 112 ° C.) was selected, and the layer ratio (outer layer: core layer: outer layer) was set to 1: 8 by two extruders.
As No. 1, each resin was extruded in a molten state from a multi-layer circular die by an inflation method, cooled to form a multi-layer film, and then shredded into a tape shape, and a draw ratio of 5.2 times by a hot roll drawing method. Fineness of 500 dr by stretching with a layer ratio of 1: 8: 1
A three-layer composite flat yarn 5 was obtained.
【0015】この複合フラットヤ−ン5を経糸及び緯糸
として平織組織で織成し、格子状に約10×10mmの開口を
有する熱融着性メッシュクロス3を成した。This composite flat yarn 5 was woven as a warp and weft in a plain weave design to form a heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 having openings of about 10 × 10 mm in a lattice pattern.
【0016】シ−ト基材2として坪量80g/m2のクラフト
紙を選び、熱融着性メッシュクロス3の裏面に配し、熱
融着性メッシュクロス3の上面から合成樹脂製フィルム
4を被覆するにあたり、ラミネ−ト樹脂として低密度ポ
リエチレン(MFR=8.0、融点124℃)を押出ラミネ−ト法
によりラミネ−トして、実施例1の積層シ−ト1を得
た。Kraft paper having a basis weight of 80 g / m 2 is selected as the sheet base material 2 and is placed on the back surface of the heat fusible mesh cloth 3, and the synthetic resin film 4 is placed on the upper surface of the heat fusible mesh cloth 3. When coating the above, a laminated sheet 1 of Example 1 was obtained by laminating low density polyethylene (MFR = 8.0, melting point 124 ° C.) as a laminating resin by an extrusion laminating method.
【0017】比較例1 実施例1における熱融着性メッシュクロスに代えて高密
度ポリエチレン製の繊度500drの単層フラットヤ−ンと
したものを使用して、その他は実施例1と同様にシ−ト
基材を配し合成樹脂製フィルムをラミネ−トしたものを
比較例1の積層シ−トとした。Comparative Example 1 Instead of the heat-fusible mesh cloth used in Example 1, a single-layer flat yarn made of high-density polyethylene and having a fineness of 500 dr was used, and the others were the same as those in Example 1. A laminated sheet of Comparative Example 1 was prepared by laminating a synthetic resin film on which a base material was placed.
【0018】実施例2 実施例1における芯層6の樹脂をポリブチレンテレフタ
レ−ト(比重1.3、融点220℃)に、外層7の樹脂をエチ
レン−プロピレン共重合体(MFR=4.0、融点136℃)に代
えて、それ以外は同様にして複層フラットヤ−ン5を得
て、これを経糸及び緯糸として平織組織で織成し、格子
状に約5×5mmの開口を有する熱融着性メッシュクロス
3を成した。Example 2 In Example 1, the resin of the core layer 6 was polybutylene terephthalate (specific gravity 1.3, melting point 220 ° C.), and the resin of the outer layer 7 was ethylene-propylene copolymer (MFR = 4.0, melting point 136). C.) in the same manner as above, except that a multi-layered flat yarn 5 is obtained, the warp yarn and the weft yarn are woven with a plain weave design, and a heat-fusible mesh cloth having lattice-like openings of about 5 × 5 mm Made three.
【0019】シ−ト基材2として坪量30g/m2のポリプロ
ピレン製スパンボンド不織布を選び、熱融着性メッシュ
クロス3の裏面に配し、熱融着性メッシュクロス3の上
面から合成樹脂製フィルム4を被覆するにあたり、ラミ
ネ−ト樹脂としてポリプロピレン(MFR=24.0、融点138
℃)を押出ラミネ−ト法によりラミネ−トして、実施例
2の積層シ−ト1を得た。As the sheet base material 2, a polypropylene spunbonded nonwoven fabric having a basis weight of 30 g / m 2 is selected and placed on the back surface of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3, and the synthetic resin is applied from the upper surface of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3. Polypropylene (MFR = 24.0, melting point 138
C.) was laminated by an extrusion laminating method to obtain a laminated sheet 1 of Example 2.
【0020】比較例2 実施例2における熱融着性メッシュクロスに代えてポリ
ブチレンテレフタレ−ト製の繊度500drの単層フラット
ヤ−ンとしたものを使用して、その他は実施例2と同様
にシ−ト基材を配し合成樹脂製フィルムをラミネ−トし
たものを比較例2の積層シ−トとした。Comparative Example 2 Instead of the heat-fusible mesh cloth used in Example 2, a single-layer flat yarn made of polybutylene terephthalate and having a fineness of 500 dr was used. A laminated sheet of Comparative Example 2 was prepared by laminating a synthetic resin film with a sheet base material.
【0021】評価試験 実施例及び比較例の積層シ−トを引張強度測定(試験片
幅30mm、つかみ間隔50mm、引張速度200mm/min.)及び剥
離強度測定(試験片幅30mm、つかみ間隔50mm、引張速度
100mm/min.、シ−ト基材とメッシュクロス間の180゜剥
離)によって評価するものとし、測定結果を表1に示
す。Evaluation Tests The laminated sheets of Examples and Comparative Examples were measured for tensile strength (test piece width 30 mm, gripping interval 50 mm, pulling speed 200 mm / min.) And peel strength measurement (test piece width 30 mm, gripping interval 50 mm, Tensile speed
100 mm / min., 180 ° peeling between the sheet substrate and the mesh cloth), and the measurement results are shown in Table 1.
【0022】[0022]
【表1】 [Table 1]
【0023】表1より、積層シ−トは共に補強材として
メッシュクロスの介在によって引張強力は同程度に増し
ているが、剥離強力は実施例の方が比較例に比べて格段
に大きく強固な積層接合が得られることが確認できるも
のとなった。From Table 1, it can be seen that both the laminated sheets have the tensile strength increased to the same extent by the interposition of the mesh cloth as the reinforcing material, but the peel strength is much larger and stronger in the example than in the comparative example. It was confirmed that a laminated bond could be obtained.
【0024】[0024]
【発明の効果】本発明は前述のごとき構成により、ラミ
ネ−ト樹脂が熱融着性メッシュクロスの格子状の開口部
を透過してシ−ト基材と接着するのみならず、熱融着性
メッシュクロスを構成する複層フラットヤ−ンの外層の
低融点成分が、ラミネ−ト加工時の加熱及び加圧によっ
てシ−ト基材と熱融着するために積層体全体に非接着部
分が存在しなくなり、接着強力が強固で層間の剥離の生
じ難い積層シ−トとなるのである。According to the present invention, the laminate resin not only permeates through the lattice-shaped openings of the heat-fusible mesh cloth and adheres to the sheet base material but also heat-bonds due to the above-mentioned constitution. The low-melting point component of the outer layer of the multi-layer flat yarn that constitutes the flexible mesh cloth is heat-bonded to the sheet base material by heat and pressure during the laminating process, so that the non-adhesive part is formed on the entire laminate. It becomes non-existent, has a strong adhesive strength, and is a laminated sheet in which peeling between layers hardly occurs.
【図1】本発明の積層シ−トの一部破断部分平面図であ
る。FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway plan view of a laminated sheet of the present invention.
【図2】本発明の積層シ−トの部分断面図である。FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the laminated sheet of the present invention.
【図3】本発明の積層シ−トに用いられる複層フラット
ヤ−ンの部分断面図である。FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of a multi-layer flat yarn used in the laminated sheet of the present invention.
【符号の説明】 1 積層シ−ト 2 シ−ト基材 3 熱融着性メッシュクロス 4 合成樹脂製フィルム 5 複層フラットヤ−ン 6 芯層 7 外層[Explanation of reference numerals] 1 laminated sheet 2 sheet base material 3 heat-fusible mesh cloth 4 synthetic resin film 5 multi-layer flat yarn 6 core layer 7 outer layer
Claims (1)
成分で表裏両面の外層7を形成した複層フラットヤ−ン
5を経緯条に用いて織成される格子状に開口部を形成し
た熱融着性メッシュクロス3の裏面にシ−ト基材2を重
ね合わせ、該熱融着性メッシュクロス3の上面に合成樹
脂製フィルム4を溶融押出ラミネ−ト法により被覆して
積層されたことを特徴とする積層シ−ト。1. A multi-layer flat yarn 5 in which a core layer 6 is formed of a high melting point component and outer layers 7 of both front and back sides are formed of a low melting point component is used as a warp and weaves are formed into a lattice-like opening. The sheet base material 2 is superposed on the back surface of the formed heat-fusible mesh cloth 3, and the synthetic resin film 4 is coated on the upper surface of the heat-fusible mesh cloth 3 by the melt extrusion laminating method to be laminated. A laminated sheet characterized by having been made.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP6226320A JP2922793B2 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Laminated sheet |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP6226320A JP2922793B2 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Laminated sheet |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0890695A true JPH0890695A (en) | 1996-04-09 |
JP2922793B2 JP2922793B2 (en) | 1999-07-26 |
Family
ID=16843349
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP6226320A Expired - Fee Related JP2922793B2 (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Laminated sheet |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2922793B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN115369547A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-11-22 | 常州艾克特纺织科技有限公司 | Reinforcing fabric, injection molded part and manufacturing method |
-
1994
- 1994-09-21 JP JP6226320A patent/JP2922793B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN115369547A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-11-22 | 常州艾克特纺织科技有限公司 | Reinforcing fabric, injection molded part and manufacturing method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2922793B2 (en) | 1999-07-26 |
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