JPH08296627A - Steel inserting member - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To prevent a lag nat from loosening because of vibrations, etc., by using a steel insertion member when a wheel made of non-iron metal is attached to a steel hub of a car. CONSTITUTION: The outer wall 40 of a steel insertion member 32 abuts on a cone-shaped side wall part 44 of a stud storage hole 24. And the side wall part 44 has a shoulder-forming dent 48 which becomes wider in the diameter direction, the lower flat wall of the shoulder-forming dent 48 functioning as a shoulder part. Then the shoulder-forming dent 48 is formed to be a nat storage part 50, in which a lag nat 52 is stored. When the lag nat 52 is tightened to a screw stud 22, compression force is generated in the lag nat 52 to press the lower end 66 against the side wall part 44 of a body 34. Thus the body 34 is slightly bent and fixed to the inside of the stud storage hole 24, generating a specific effect of functioning as a disc spring.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a new and useful improvement in vehicle wheel steel inserts and lugs therefor, and more particularly to vehicle wheel steel inserts which are made of non-ferrous metal. In a wheel consisting of a lug, it cooperates with a lug nut to securely and securely fasten the wheel to the hub of the vehicle without damaging the wheel and preventing undesired oscillatory loosening of the lug nut.

[0002]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION One of the main problems in using wheels made of non-ferrous metal such as aluminum is that the lug nuts are subject to vibration effects and to the mounting of the soft aluminum lug nuts during wheel rotation. It is loosened by abrasion. Steel inserts are used in the stud receiving openings of non-ferrous metal wheels to prevent deformation of aluminum or other non-ferrous metal wheels when the lugs are fastened to the wheels. These steel inserts are all
It comprises an integrally provided skirt portion, which has a serrated surface on the outer wall of the cylindrical skirt portion.

One of the main problems with using this type of steel insert is that it is actually necessary to machine a serrated or other serrated surface into the outer wall of the skirt portion. . Furthermore, these steel inserts cannot be die-cut from thin sheet metal because of the need to forge them from steel and the need to provide the outer surface with skirts, especially knurls. The jaggedness of the outer wall of the skirt is important in overcoming the tolerance differences.

In the case of standard OEM steel wheels, a torsion ring is used. The steel wheel is generally configured such that the part of the steel wheel that surrounds the stud receiving opening actually acts as a kind of torsion ring. This causes the disc spring effect. Therefore, when the lug nut is fastened to the steel wheel, the surface of the steel wheel around the lug nut is actually slightly deflected so that a spring bias is exerted on the lug nut. In practice, the lug nut is placed under a compressive force that biases the vehicle steel wheel studs by the effect of this spring bias,
The lugs prevent vibration from loosening on the vehicle steel wheel studs.

In the manufacture of wheels made of aluminum or other non-ferrous metals, there have been several attempts to duplicate the torsion ring effect of steel wheels. However, these attempts have not been successful, especially in the case of aluminum wheels. In particular, aluminum is not a desirable spring material. Furthermore, the peripheral thickness of the aluminum wheel, i.e. the stud receiving opening, in the lug mounting area is actually four times that of the corresponding steel wheel. As a result, aluminum wheel manufacturers
It was not possible to obtain an effective disc spring effect.

In order to improve the aesthetics of the wheel mounting configuration, many users of non-ferrous metal wheels use chrome-plated lug nuts to attach the non-ferrous metal wheels to vehicle studs.
However, when a chrome-plated lug nut having a conical outer surface is fastened to a conical aluminum surface, the chrome of the lug nut strips the aluminum mounting surface. Stripping the aluminum mount damages the mount and prevents the studs from accurately centering the wheel.

For example, 1 for "vehicle wheel assembly"
U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,429, issued Feb. 6, 990.
Applicant in the publication discloses the use of inserts in a vehicle wheel nut assembly for mounting a wheel made of non-ferrous metal to a vehicle hub. However, the inserts in this U.S. patent require the use of a cylindrical skirt portion that surrounds the all-conical mount. Further, the present invention discloses the use of a lug nut, the lug nut having a body each having a tool engagement surface and a skirt disposed on or extending from the tool engagement wall of the lug nut. With a part.
However, according to the invention of U.S. Pat. No. 4,898,429, the means for retaining the insert in the stud receiving opening is not mentioned due to the different construction of the lug nut.

Others, for example, for wheel structures
U.S. Pat. No. 3,329,468 issued Jul. 4, 997.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,811,737 issued May 21, 1974 to reinforced resin wheels, U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,860 issued Jul. 14, 1987 to vehicle wheel assemblies, freewheels. U.S. Pat. No. 3,988, issued Oct. 26, 1976 to the system.
No. 038 discloses the use of inserts in a vehicle wheel. Other prior art wheel inserts are
German Publication No. 20 of December 17, 1970
No. 26332, Japanese Patent No. 60-197101 for an assembly wheel for a vehicle by Honda Giken Kogyo Co., Ltd.

[0009]

What is needed is a configuration that includes a steel insert that allows the use of a steel lug nut for attaching a non-ferrous metal wheel to the hub of a vehicle wheel. The use of this steel insert provides a torsion ring effect to the aluminum wheel and thus prevents the lug nut from loosening due to the vibration effect of the wheel. Thus, when using several types of steel inserts and fastening steel lugs to aluminum wheels, it is desirable to eliminate fracture of the aluminum mount surrounding the wheel studs. It would also be desirable to be able to use plated lug nuts, such as chrome plated lug nuts, to attach the wheel to the hub of the wheel.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a steel insert member for preventing the lug nut from loosening due to vibration or the like.

[0011]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises at least a frustoconical steel insert and a lug nut for fastening a vehicle wheel to a vehicle stud projecting through a stud receiving opening in the wheel. A vehicle lug nut configuration in the form of an assembly. The present invention is very effective in using steel inserts in attaching wheels made of non-ferrous metals to vehicle steel hubs.

The use of steel inserts makes it possible to obtain a torsion ring effect which is not possible with wheels made of aluminum or similar non-ferrous metals. The steel insert is joined to the wall of the stud receiving opening and serves as the surface against which the steel lug nut abuts. In the preferred embodiment, the steel insert is biased relative to the opening in the wheel to provide the Belleville effect by the force of a steel lug fastened to the stud. Thus, a spring-type biasing force acts on the lug nut to prevent undesired oscillatory loosening of the lug nut.

The steel insert of the vehicle wheel is located in the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel made of non-ferrous metal. The steel insert comprises a continuously frustoconical body that fits into the conical portion of the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel. The body has a circular upper opening,
Ends with circular lower openings and vehicle wheel studs extend from these openings.

Another of the important features of the present invention is that there are some unique fastening configurations that permanently physically secure the steel insert within the stud receiving openings of the present invention. In one of these embodiments, the steel insert is
The wall of the stud receiving opening and the annular upper edge that creates a clamping effect are created to permanently secure the steel insert to the stud receiving opening. In another embodiment, the steel insert is crimped and physically secured within the stud receiving opening. In this case, steel or another hard metal tool or member is used to strike the portion of the wheel surrounding the stud receiving opening to deform the wheel and laterally cover the rim of the steel insert with the stud receiving opening. . In another embodiment, swaging is used.

[0015]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

Reference will now be made in detail to the drawings, in which several embodiments of the invention are shown, along with reference signs. FIG. 21 illustrates a threaded stud 2 for projecting a vehicle wheel, such as an aluminum wheel 20, outwardly from the hub of the vehicle wheel.
It is shown fully attached to 2. in this case,
A vehicle wheel in the form of a wheel made of aluminum has a plurality (typically 4 to 8) of openings which axially accommodate externally threaded screw studs 22. To do.

The structure of the wheel 20 is conventional and will not be described in further detail here. However, the wheels are tire 2
6 is provided.

In accordance with the present invention, an insert or steel insert 28 is shown schematically mounted within the stud receiving opening 24. Furthermore, the stud receiving opening 24 is conically shaped, or has at least a conically shaped part, and the steel insert 28 itself is also conical, so that the stud receiving opening 24 has a conical shape. Is placed in the portion of the shape. Lug nut 30
Attached to a stud 22 with external threads,
The wheel 20 is secured to the threaded stud 22 of the vehicle.

FIG. 1 fully illustrates one of the steel inserts 32 and comprises a hollow body 34 having an upper open end 36 and a lower open end 38. Upper open end 36 and lower open end 38 are sized to allow vehicle hub studs to pass therethrough. The hollow body 34 shaped like a truncated cone includes an outer side wall 40 shaped like a truncated cone on the outside and a side wall 42 shaped like a truncated cone on the inside.
Have and. The outer wall 40 of the steel insert 32 abuts the frustoconical side wall portion 44 of the stud receiving opening 24, as best seen in FIG.

Referring now to FIG. 3 in more detail, the stud receiving opening 24 initially has a cylindrically shaped stem receiving portion 46 which includes:
It can be seen that the side wall portion 44 has a truncated cone shape. Further, the side wall portion 44 has a shoulder forming recess 48 that is wide in the diametrical direction, and the lower flat wall of the shoulder forming recess 48 functions as a shoulder portion as shown in the drawing.
Next, the shoulder forming recess 48 becomes a nut-accommodating portion 50 formed in a cylindrical shape, and the nut-accommodating portion 50 is
It accommodates a conventional lug nut, such as lug nut 52 as shown in FIG.

In the embodiment of the steel insert 32 shown in FIG. 1, the body 34 extends outwardly into an integrally provided annular ring flange 54. Ring flange 5
When mounted in the stud receiving opening 24, it is placed in the widened shoulder forming recess 48, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 of the drawings.

FIG. 2 shows a slightly modified configuration of the steel insert 56. Steel insert 56 of this modification
Is substantially identical to steel insert 32 except that there is no ring flange 54 surrounding upper open end 36. In the foregoing respects, the steel insert 56 of FIG. 2 is much more conventional than conventional steel inserts used in vehicle wheel stud receiving openings because conventional steel inserts typically do not use a surrounding flange. Very similar to.

Referring again to FIGS. 4 and 5, the frustoconical body 34 of the steel insert has a stud receiving opening 24.
It can be seen that it is preferable to have a taper at an angle that is slightly less than the taper angle of the conical side wall portion 44 of. Thus, in FIG. 4, the surface of the outer frustoconical outer wall 40 of the steel insert has a taper angle a-2 and the opening 3
4, the inner conical side wall portion 44 has a taper angle a-1.
It can be seen that there is thus an angular difference 58. The angle a-2 is usually slightly smaller than the angle a-1.
Thus, there is actually some space between the upper end of the frustoconical body 34 and the upper end of the frustoconical side wall portion 44 of the stud receiving opening 24. The steel insert has a wall thickness that is substantially less than 0.3175 x 10 ^-2 mm (0.125 milliinch), or about 0.508 m.
m (0.020 inch) to about 1.778 mm (0.0
It has a wall thickness in the range of up to 7 inches.

The lug nut 52 includes a tool housing side wall 60,
It comprises a somewhat tapered upper end 62 and a conically shaped tapered skirt portion 64.
In this regard, the lug nut 52 is generally of conventional construction. However, the engagement surface of the tool housing side wall 60 has a lower end 66, which is
Engages and abuts the surface of the conical side wall 42 inside the body 34 of the steel insert 32. Therefore, the lug nut 5
2 is tightened on the threaded stud 22, the lug nut 52
A compressive force is created on the lower end 66 against the sidewall portion 44 of the body 34. The body 34 is thus somewhat distorted as shown in FIG. 5 to secure the body 34 in the stud receiving opening 24.

The steel insert 32 is inserted into the stud receiving opening 24.
To act like a disc spring, especially by accommodating an angular difference between the conically shaped wall of the steel insert 32 and the conically shaped wall of the stud receiving opening 24. There is a unique effect.

Still referring to FIG. 6, steel insert 32
It can be seen that the lower end of the has a dimension X-1 which is approximately slightly larger than the diameter X-2 of the cylindrical portion. Thus, the threaded stud 22 that first passed through the stud receiving opening 24 does not engage the lower end of the steel insert 32 and does not push it outward from the stud receiving opening 24.
The upper end of the steel insert 32 has a ring flange 54 and has a dimension X approximately equal to the diameter of the shoulder forming recess 48.
-3. The diameter of the shoulder portion is shown in FIG.
It is indicated by 4. The ring flange 54 is actually slightly larger than the shoulder accommodating recess 48, which produces a reliable tightening effect. However, when using other fastening methods such as caulking, the size of the ring flange is slightly smaller than the shoulder forming recess 48. The dimensional difference between the component steel inserts 32 and the stud receiving openings 24 is not very large. As a simple example, the overall dimension X ₁ is generally on the order of 0.001 inches. The wall thickness of the steel insert member 32 is substantially less than 0.125 inches, from about 0.020 inches.
The range is up to about 0.07 inch.

The overall dimensional relationship of the modified steel insert 56 as shown in FIG. 7 is essentially the same, except that the modified steel insert 56 lacks the ring flange 54. However, in this case, the modified steel insert 56 is fitted into the frustoconical side wall portion 44 of the stud receiving opening 24.

FIG. 8 shows that a steel insert, such as steel insert 32, is retained in the stud receiving opening 24 by the tightening action. In this case, the edge of the ring flange 54 is fitted into the shoulder forming recess 48,
Abut the shoulder. The steel insert 32 is pressed against the conical side wall portion 44 of the stud receiving opening 24 until the ring flange 54 is firmly seated in the mount formed by the shoulder forming recess 48.

FIG. 9 is an enlarged vertical sectional view showing the tightening effect in detail. Further, FIG. 10 is another enlarged vertical sectional view showing this tightening effect in detail. In this case, the annular upper edge 55 of the ring flange 54 physically engages the wall of the shoulder forming recess 48 and is actually pressed.

FIG. 11 illustrates another modified form of steel insert 72 for use with the present invention. The steel insert member 72 in this case is the same as the steel insert member 28 described above except that the steel insert member 72 comprises a somewhat rounded annular wall on the rounded annular wall 74 of the ring flange 76.
Is the same as The ring flange 76 also terminates as a sharp annular edge 78, which has a sharp annular edge 78.
Again bites into and securely engages the soft metal of the stud receiving opening 24, as best seen in FIG. 11 of the drawings.

FIG. 12 shows a slightly modified version of the steel insert 80 similar to the steel insert 56 of FIG. 2 above. However, in this case it comprises a slightly beveled annular upper wall 82 which terminates as a pointed annular outer edge 84. Thus, with further reference to FIG. 12, the upper wall 82 is directed downwardly and outwardly to the annular, conically shaped side wall of the steel insert 80.

FIG. 13 shows a steel insert such as the steel insert 32 secured to the conical side wall portion 44 of the stud receiving opening 24 by crimping. The ring flange 54 in this case is actually fitted into the shoulder forming recess 48. The steel insert 32 may be attached to the wall of the stud receiving opening 24, particularly FIGS. 13 and 14 of the drawings.
As can be seen best in, the cylindrical nut receiving portion 50
A part of the wall forming the stud is deformed to form the stud receiving opening 2
4 and a part of this wall forms an annular crimped portion 86 which extends around and rests on the upper surface of the ring flange 54.

The tool or other metal tool 88 has a relatively flat bottom wall 90 which, when applied to the shoulder forming recess 48, is positioned on and in the face of the nut receiving portion 50. Just engage. This tool 88
Is struck with sufficient force to deform a part of the stud receiving opening 24 to form an annular protrusion or a so-called "crimped portion". In this way, the steel insert member 28 is held within the stud receiving opening 24 with sufficient holding force.

FIG. 17 shows a body 9 shaped like a truncated cone.
4 shows a modified form of the steel insert 92 having an upper open end 96. Body 94 integrally comprises a cylindrically shaped, depending skirt portion 98, as best seen in FIG. The skirt portion 98 is approximately the same size as the stud receiving opening 46.
However, the outer diameter of the skirt portion 98 is such that it fits very closely within the stud receiving opening 24. Therefore, the steel insertion member 92 is pressed into the stud receiving opening 24.

The steel insert 92 is fitted with a stud receiving opening 24.
Both the conically shaped portion that fits within the conical side wall portion 44 of the and the cylindrically shaped portion that fits within the cylindrical stem receiving portion 46 of the stud receiving opening 24. Have.

As shown in FIGS. 18 and 19, a modified embodiment of the steel insert member 100 has a stud receiving opening 24.
Is swaged. The stud receiving opening 24 has a slightly diametrically enlarged lower end 102,
Its lower end 102 becomes the stem receiving portion 46 integral with the stud receiving opening 24. In many cases, the stem receiving portion 46 is configured with a wheel having a diametrically enlarged end, such as the lower end 102 as shown in FIG. Referring to FIG. 19, the steel insert member 100
Is a conical wall portion 10 equivalent to the body 34.
4, the wall portion 104 having an open upper end 106.
become. The lower end of the conical wall portion 104 becomes a cylindrically shaped integral skirt portion 108, as best seen in FIG. The skirt portion 108 projects beyond the stem receiving portion 46 into the region of the enlarged lower end portion 102 which widens outward.

The steel insert 100 is actually swaged into the stud receiving opening 24 by pushing the skirt portion 108 outwardly with a conical tool 110, as best seen in FIG. By striking the tool 110, the lower end of the skirt portion 108 is spread outward in the form of a swaged portion 112. In this way, the steel insert 100 is permanently fixed with holding force in the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel.

15 and 16 more fully illustrate the Belleville spring type operation by using the steel insert of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 15, the lower edge of the tool housing side wall 60 of the lug nut 52 abuts the inner surface of the truncated cone-shaped side wall 42 of the steel insert member 32. Furthermore, the tapered skirt portion 64 of the lug nut 52 abuts the sidewall 42 of the body 34 of the steel insert 32. This effectively clamps the steel insert 32 into the stud receiving opening 24. Since the steel insert 32 itself has a taper angle that is actually slightly larger than the taper angle of the conically shaped mount of the stud receiving opening 24, as shown in FIG. Side wall part 4
4 is deflected outward. This produces a compressive force that causes the sidewalls to bend slightly inward as shown in FIG. 16 of the drawings.

FIG. 20 shows a steel insert member 120 similar to the steel insert member 32 described above, but with a slight modification, wherein the steel insert member 120 is shaped like a truncated cone. The side wall 122 and the annular upper ring flange 12
4 and. In this case, the upper ring flange 124
Is a series of annularly extending radially inwardly projecting recesses 1
26 is provided. This provides a relatively sharp edge 128 at each opposite end of the recess 126, as best seen in FIG. These edges 128 effectively bite into the soft aluminum and thus prevent the steel insert 120 from rotating and the lug nuts to allow the stud receiving opening 2 to move.
4 to prevent potential loosening effects when tightened on a threaded stud 22.

It is also possible for the upper ring flange 124 to have other forms of irregular edges. For example, the upper ring flange 124 may include a serrated annular edge or the like. For example, FIG. 10 shows a steel insert 130 similar to the steel insert 32 described above as shown in FIG. 1, which, as shown, has an annular ring flange 134.
And a side wall 132 shaped like a truncated cone.
In this embodiment, ring flange 134 is shown in FIG.
As best seen at zero, a plurality of outwardly projecting tongue-like portions 136 are provided around the periphery. According to this structure, the tongue portion 136 effectively cuts into the wall of the stud receiving opening 24 made of soft aluminum and prevents the steel insert from rotating, so that the lug nut 52 projects into the stud receiving opening 24. Avoid potential loosening effects when tightened at 22. In addition, the tongue portion 136 also provides an effective means of mounting the steel insert 130 within the stud receiving opening 24 against axial movement forces and retaining with retention force.

[Brief description of drawings]

1 is a perspective view of an example steel insert according to the present invention. FIG.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a modification of the steel insert member of the embodiment according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged partial cross-sectional view showing the structure of a steel insert member arranged in a stud receiving opening of a vehicle wheel.

FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-section view of a steel insert of the type used in FIG. 1 installed in a stud receiving opening of a vehicle wheel prior to attaching a lug nut to a stud protruding through the steel insert.

FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the deflection of the steel insert member by attaching the lug nut to the stud of the vehicle wheel.

6 is a vertical sectional view showing the dimensional relationship of the steel insert member with respect to the stud receiving opening of the embodiment of the steel insert member of FIG. 1;

7 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 6 showing the dimensional relationship between the steel insert of FIG. 2 and a stud receiving opening of a vehicle wheel.

FIG. 8 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing a steel insertion member attached to a stud accommodation opening by a tightening effect.

9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 8, showing more fully the tightening effect of securing the steel insert to the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel.

10 is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 9, showing another form of steel insert for obtaining a tightening effect for securing the steel insert to the stud receiving opening.

FIG. 11 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing a steel insert member of another modified form fixed to the stud receiving opening by the tightening effect.

FIG. 12 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing the tightening effect obtained through the fixation of a modified form of the steel insert according to the invention.

FIG. 13 shows the steel insert attached to the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel by the crimping effect,
FIG. 9 is a vertical sectional view similar to FIG. 8.

FIG. 14 is a partially enlarged vertical sectional view showing completely the effect of crimping the steel insert member into the stud receiving opening and the means for obtaining the crimping action.

FIG. 15 is a side partial cross-sectional view showing a state where the steel insertion member is wedged to the stud accommodation opening by the holding effect of the lug nut.

FIG. 16 is a partial side cross-sectional view showing the Belleville spring effect produced by a steel insert located in the stud receiving opening.

FIG. 17 is a vertical cross-sectional view showing a steel insert member press-fitted into a stud receiving opening.

FIG. 18 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a steel insert swaged and installed within a stud receiving opening of a vehicle wheel.

FIG. 19 is a vertical cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 18, showing the means for swaging the steel insert into the stud receiving opening of the vehicle wheel.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a slightly modified steel insert according to the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a side partial cross-sectional view showing the mounting of a vehicle wheel using the steel insert of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 20 ... Wheel 22 ... Screw stud 24 ... Stud accommodation opening 32 ... Steel insertion member 34 ... Body 36 ... Upper opening end 38 ... Lower opening end 40 ... Outer side wall 42 ... Side wall 46 ... Stem accommodation part 44 ... Side wall part 48 ... Shoulder forming recess 50 ... Nut receiving portion 52 ... Lug nut 54 ... Ring flange

Claims (11)

[Claims] 1. A steel insert for use in a stud receiving opening of a wheel of a vehicle made of non-ferrous metal, comprising: (a) a continuous truncated cone fitted in a conical portion of the stud receiving opening of the wheel. (B) said body portion terminates in a circular upper opening and a circular lower opening, and the vehicle stud extends through these openings; (c) said The upper opening is sized to receive a lug nut attached to a stud extending from the upper opening, the lug nut abutting a surface of the body portion, and (d) a portion of the stud receiving opening. And extending radially outward from the outer surface of the body portion around the upper opening to assist in retaining the steel insert member in the stud receiving opening with retention force. Steel insert member characterized by having a form of a ring flange to said upper opening. 2. The circular ring flange is integrally provided on the body portion.
The steel insert member according to. 3. The steel insert member according to claim 1, wherein the ring flange is sized to be mounted on a mounting portion surrounding the stud receiving opening. 4. A steel insert according to claim 3 having a wall thickness substantially less than 3.175 mm. 5. About 0.508 mm to about 1.778 mm
A steel insert according to claim 3, having a wall thickness in the range of. 6. A steel insert having at least a frustoconical shape according to claim 1 and a wheel made of non-ferrous metal on a stud protruding outwardly from a hub of the wheel of a vehicle through a stud receiving opening of said wheel. An assembly comprising a lug nut for mounting, comprising: (a) a cone having a body portion which engages a frustoconical portion of the stud receiving opening and which substantially coincides with the frustoconical portion. (B) the lug nut has a tool receiving portion and a tapered portion extending downward from the tool receiving portion. And the tapered portion has a conical shape and has a surface that extends to the inner surface of the body portion and has a size that matches the inner surface, and (c) the lug nut is formed on the inner surface of the body portion. Engage An assembly having an engagement portion that secures the lug nut to the stud. 7. A portion of the body portion of the steel insert is deflected to abut the outer surface of the steel insert with the inner surface of a frustoconical portion of the stud receiving opening to create a torsion ring effect. 7. The assembly according to claim 6, wherein: 8. The steel insert member is not skirt-shaped,
The body portion has a frustoconical outer surface, a frustoconical inner surface, and upper and lower open end portions, and the steel insert member includes a protruding portion at the upper open end portion, The projecting portion engages a wall of the stud receiving opening and is securely attached to a metal portion surrounding the stud receiving opening to securely hold the steel insert member in the stud receiving opening. A steel insert according to claim 1 characterized. 9. The projecting portion is an annular upper edge portion, and the upper edge portion effectively cuts into a soft metal forming a wall of the stud receiving opening by a tightening effect, and is secured by the soft metal. 9. The steel insert according to claim 8, characterized in that it engages with. 10. The steel insert member of claim 8 wherein the steel insert member includes a skirt portion that is initially swaged to the lower end of the stud receiving opening. 11. The steel insert member of claim 8, wherein the steel insert member is crimped into the stud receiving opening by an inwardly projecting annular protrusion integral with the metal forming the wheel. Steel inserts.