JPH08272781A - Document preparation device and its control method - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To change the display size of document data, redisplay the data, and insert and display the document of another page at every optionally indicated position on a display screen. CONSTITUTION: The document preparation device such as a word processor is equipped with a loupe function processing control part 9 which enlarges or reduces and displays corresponding document data at every position optionally specified on the display screen by the user with a pointing device, a wiper function processing control part 10 which redisplays erased character or figure data at every position optionally indicated by the user on the display screen during the generation at document data having both character and figure data together, and a cutter function processing control part 11 which inserts and displays the document data at the same position of another page in an area optionally indicated by the user on the display screen.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a document preparation device such as a word processor and a control method thereof.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, word processors have a function of enlarging / reducing document data only on a display (enlarging / reducing only on a display memory). For example, when the user selects an arbitrary display mode from the three display modes of enlargement / standard / reduction, the document data on the entire screen can be enlarged / reduced.

However, although the conventional word processor can enlarge / reduce the document data of the entire screen as described above, it cannot enlarge / reduce the document data of an arbitrary area in the entire screen. Has become.

Further, in the conventional word processor, when new character data (or graphic data) is input at a position where the graphic data (or character data) is already displayed, the graphic data is erased on the display. The visibility of input character data is improved and the load of display control is reduced. The data erased on the display in this way is redisplayed by pressing the "redisplay" key on the keyboard.

However, this re-display is performed simultaneously in units of the entire screen, and it is not possible to re-display only an arbitrary area in the entire screen.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made to solve such a problem and is to change the display size of document data for each arbitrarily designated position on the display screen. An object of the present invention is to provide a document creation apparatus and a control method therefor.

Further, according to the present invention, in creating document data in which character data and graphic data are mixed, the character or graphic data erased on the display is re-displayed at every arbitrarily designated position on the display screen. An object of the present invention is to provide a document creation apparatus and a control method therefor. Furthermore, the present invention provides a document creation apparatus capable of inserting and displaying document data of a page different from the page of the currently displayed document data at an arbitrary position on the display screen when creating document data including a plurality of pages. And its control method.

[0008]

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, a document creating apparatus according to claim 1 of the present invention has a display screen for displaying document data and a document data displayed on the display screen. Size change information setting means for arbitrarily setting information regarding size change on display, instruction means for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, and document data existing at the position instructed by the instructing means And a display size changing means for changing the size on the display based on the size change information set by the size change information setting means.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the document creating apparatus according to the second aspect of the present invention, as the information regarding the size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen,
At least the size change information setting means for arbitrarily setting the enlargement / reduction ratio and the display size of the document data existing at the position designated by the instruction means are enlarged / reduced by the size change information setting means. Display size changing means for changing the display size according to the magnification.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the document creating apparatus according to the third aspect of the present invention is a size change for arbitrarily setting information regarding a size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen. The information setting means and the display size of the document data existing at the position designated by the indicating means are continuously indicated by the indicating means based on the size change information set by the size change information setting means. And a display size changing unit that gradually expands or contracts with the passage of time.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the document creating apparatus according to the fourth aspect of the present invention, when one of the other data is newly displayed at the same position as one data already displayed on the display screen, It comprises a display erasing means for erasing the data on the display, and a redisplay means for redisplaying the data erased on the display by the display erasing means in the document data existing at the position designated by the designating means.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the document creation apparatus according to the fifth aspect of the present invention, when one of the other data is newly displayed at the same position as one data already displayed on the display screen, A display erasing means for erasing data on the display, a setting means for presetting the relationship between the position pointed by the pointing means and the redisplay range, and a position designated by the pointing means based on the setting contents of the setting means. And a redisplay unit for determining a redisplay range and redisplaying the data erased on the display by the display erasing unit in the document data of the redisplay range.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the document creating apparatus according to claim 6 of the present invention comprises setting means for presetting a relative relationship between a page of document data being displayed and a page of document data to be searched, When an arbitrary position is designated by the pointing means, the page to be searched is specified based on the setting contents of the setting means,
The document data retrieval means for retrieving the document data at the same position as the instructed document data page within this page from the document data storage means, and the document data retrieved by this document data retrieval means are instructed by the instructing means. Insertion display means for inserting and displaying at the specified position.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to claim 7 of the present invention is to directly indicate a display screen capable of displaying document data and an arbitrary position on this display screen. In a method of controlling a document creation device having a pointing device capable of changing the size of the document data displayed on the display screen, information about a size change on the display is arbitrarily set, and an arbitrary position on the display screen is set by the pointing device. When instructed, the display size of the document data existing at the instructed position is changed based on the set size change information.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to the eighth aspect of the present invention has at least enlargement / reduction as the information regarding the size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen. Set the magnification arbitrarily,
When an arbitrary position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the display size of the document data existing at the designated position is changed according to the set enlargement / reduction ratio.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to the ninth aspect of the present invention arbitrarily sets information regarding the size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen, When an arbitrary position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the position of the document data existing at the designated position is maintained by the pointing device based on the information regarding the set size change on the display. It is characterized in that it gradually expands or contracts with the lapse of the time instructed.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to the tenth aspect of the present invention, when an arbitrary position on the display screen is instructed by the instructing device, it is set to the instructed position. It is characterized in that the data which has been erased in the display of the existing document data is displayed again.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to claim 11 of the present invention presets the relationship between the pointed position by the pointing device and the redisplay range, and sets it on an arbitrary display screen. When the position is indicated by the indicating device,
It is characterized in that a redisplay range corresponding to the instructed position is determined based on the setting contents, and the display-erased data in the document data in the redisplay range is redisplayed.

In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the control method of the document creating apparatus according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention presets the relative relationship between the page of the document data being displayed and the page of the document data to be searched, When an arbitrary position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the page to be searched is specified based on the setting contents, and the document data at the same position as the designated document data page position within this page is stored in the document data storage unit. It is characterized by further searching and inserting and displaying the searched document data at the position designated by the pointing device.

[0020]

According to the invention described in claims 1 and 7, it is possible to change the display size of the corresponding document data for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the pointing means.

According to the present invention, the display size of the corresponding document data is set in accordance with a preset enlargement / reduction scale for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the instruction means. Can be changed.

According to the third and ninth aspects of the invention, for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the instructing means, the display size of the corresponding document data is maintained by the instructing means. It is possible to increase or decrease in stages with the lapse of time indicated by.

According to the inventions of claims 4 and 10,
When creating document data in which character data and graphic data are mixed, the character or graphic data erased on the display can be redisplayed for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the instruction means. In the inventions according to claims 5 and 11, in creating document data in which character data and graphic data are mixed, character or graphic data erased on the display is displayed on the display screen by the user arbitrarily instructing by the instructing means. It can be redisplayed for each redisplay range corresponding to the position.

In the inventions according to claims 6 and 12,
When creating document data consisting of a plurality of pages, it is possible to insert and display document data of a page different from the page of the currently displayed document data at an arbitrary position on the display screen designated by the user by the instruction means.

[0025]

Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a word processor which is an embodiment of the present invention.

In the figure, reference numeral 1 denotes a keyboard used for inputting various data such as character data and graphic data,
2 is a keyboard control unit for controlling the keyboard 1 and 4 is L
A display device such as a CD (liquid crystal display), 5 is a display control unit for controlling the display operation of the display device 4 by using the V (video) RAM 6, and 7 is a device for directly designating an arbitrary position on the screen of the display device 4. A pen-type pointing device for inputting the position data to the overall control unit 3, and a pointing device control unit 8 for controlling the pointing device 7.

The overall control section 3 includes a loupe function processing control section 9,
A wiper function processing control unit 10 and a cutter function processing control unit 11 are provided, and these processing control units 9 and 10,
Reference numeral 11 controls the processing of each function called a loupe, a wiper, and a cutter, which is executed by using the pointing device 7.

Reference numerals 12, 13, 14, and 15 denote RAs, respectively.
A document data buffer, a pointing position information buffer, a user designation information buffer, a return information / search information buffer provided in a rewritable storage area such as M.
The document data buffer 12 stores character data and graphic data which are document data. In the pointing position information buffer 13, position data on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user using the pointing device 7 is temporarily stored. The user-specified information buff 14 temporarily stores user-specified information necessary for each process of the loupe, wiper, and cutter. In the return information / search information buffer 15, the display data immediately before the loupe process is performed is temporarily stored as the return information, and the document data retrieved from the document data buffer 12 as the target of the loupe process is temporarily stored. Memorized in.

Next, details of the respective processes of the loupe, wiper and cutter will be described.

First, the loupe process will be described. The loupe process is a function of enlarging / reducing the corresponding document data for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user. FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the procedure of this loupe process. First, the user selects the loupe processing function to activate the loupe function processing control unit 9, and the loupe function processing control unit 9 sets the loupe processing, that is, an MMI (Man Machine Interface) for setting user-specified information regarding size change. Display the screen. Among them, the user sets necessary user designation information (step 201).
The user-specified information regarding the loupe process includes an enlarging / reducing method, an enlarging / reducing ratio, a display method, and the like. The user designation information is stored in the user designation information buffer 14 after the setting is completed.

After setting the user designation information, the user designates on the screen the document data to be resized.
The designation of the document data is performed by directly pointing the position where the target document data is displayed using the pointing device 7 (step 202). In addition,
The entire display screen consists of a set of cursor-sized display areas. Therefore, in the operation of designating the document data, even if any point is designated within the cursor size display area including the document data to be resized, the document data in the display area is designated.

In this way, the pointing device 7
The position data on the display screen designated by is stored in the pointing position information buffer 13. Here, when the document data to be resized is a character string, by dragging from the first character to the last character of the character string with the pointing device 7, a corresponding series of position data group is created in the pointing position information buffer 13. Memorized in.

Next, the loupe function processing control unit 9 causes the VRAM
The display data on 6 is stored in the return information area in the return information / search information buffer 15 (step 203). Subsequently, the loupe function processing control unit 9 searches for the corresponding document data in the document data buffer 12 based on the position data stored in the pointing position information buffer 13, and retrieves this document data in the return information / search information buffer 15. (Step 204).

Thereafter, the loupe function processing control unit 9 controls the enlarging / reducing method stored in the user designation information buffer 14,
Enlargement / reduction display data of the document data stored in the return information / retrieval information buffer 15 is generated based on user-specified information such as enlargement / reduction ratio and display method (step 2).
05). The generated display data is expanded and displayed on the VRAM 6 (step 206).

Here, as the enlarging / reducing method, a method A for enlarging / reducing the display data uniquely at an arbitrary enlarging / reducing ratio set by the user (step 205a), and an arbitrary device on the screen by the pointing device 7 are used. There is a method B (step 205b) of stepwise enlarging / reducing the display data as time elapses when the position is continuously instructed.
When the latter method B is selected, it is not necessary to set the enlargement / reduction ratio, and the enlargement / reduction speed and whether to enlarge or reduce may be set in advance.

As the display method, a method of displaying and arranging the enlargement / reduction data with the original display position as a reference position, and a method of setting another display position in advance and arranging the enlargement / reduction data to be displayed and arranged therein. There is a method.

In order to restore the display data after the loupe processing to the original state, the position of the resized document data is designated again by using the pointing device 7, or MM is used.
Instruct to restore the display of the entire screen on the I screen. Then, the loupe function processing control unit 9 causes the return information / search information buffer 1 to
The display data before size change is read from the return information area in 5 and written in the VRAM 6. As a result, the display data before the loupe process is restored.

As described above, in this embodiment, the display size of the corresponding document data can be changed for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by using the pointing device 7. Therefore, for example, when creating a document in the reduced display mode, the document data in a part of the area can be temporarily enlarged to improve the visibility.

Next, the wiper process will be described. The wiper process is the character or graphic data erased on the display in the corresponding document data at each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user during the creation of document data in which character and graphic data are mixed. Is a function to redisplay.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing the procedure of this wiper process. First, the wiper processing function is controlled by the user selecting the wiper processing function.
Displays an MMI screen for setting user specified information regarding wiper processing, that is, redisplay. The user then sets the necessary user-specified information (step 30).
1). The user-specified information for wiper processing is
There are units of the size of the redisplay range, a method of determining the redisplay range (relationship between the pointing position of the pointing device 7 and the redisplay range), and the like. As a unit of the size of the redisplay range, any size can be set in addition to the size of the display area of the cursor. Further, as a method of determining the redisplay range, there is a method of setting the center of the designated position as the center of the redisplay range, and the like. The user designation information is stored in the user designation information buffer 14.

After setting the user designation information, the user uses the pointing device 7 to designate the reference position of the area to be redisplayed (step 302). In this way, the position data designated by the pointing device 7 is stored in the pointing position information buffer 13.

After this, the wiper function processing control unit 10
The redisplay range is determined based on the user designation information stored in the user designation information buffer 14 and the position data stored in the pointing position information buffer 13 (step 3
03), redisplay of the range is executed (step 30).
4). For example, in the case where the unit of the size of the redisplay range is five times the vertical and horizontal size of the display area of the cursor size, and the method of determining the redisplay range uses the center of the pointing position of the pointing device 7 as the center of the redisplay range. As shown in, when the point P1 is designated, an area of 5 times the length and width of the cursor size display area including the point P1 is determined as the redisplay range and redisplayed.

As described above, in the present embodiment, when the document data in which the character data and the graphic data are mixed is created,
For each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated using the pointing device 7, it is possible to redisplay the data of the character or figure erased on the display in the corresponding document data,
It is possible to reduce the processing load required for re-display as compared with the conventional method in which re-display is performed in the whole screen unit.

Next, the cutter processing will be described. The cutter processing is a function of inserting and displaying document data at the same position on another page in an area on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing the procedure of this cutter processing. First, the cutter processing function is selected by the user, so that the cutter function processing control unit 11
Displays an MMI screen for setting user-specified information regarding cutter processing. The user then sets the necessary user-specified information (step 501). As the user-specified information regarding the cutter processing, the unit of the size of the insertion display area, the method of determining the insertion display area (the relationship between the pointing position of the pointing device 7 and the insertion display area), and the information regarding the insertion display page (in the display) There is a relative relationship between the page of the document data and the page of the document data to be inserted and displayed, such as the next page, the previous page, the page after the Nth page, etc.).

After setting the user designation information, the user designates the reference position of the insertion display area using the pointing device 7 (step 502). In this way, the position data designated by the pointing device 7 is stored in the pointing position information buffer 13. After that, the cutter function processing control unit 11 determines the insertion display area based on the user designation information stored in the user designation information buffer 14 and the position data stored in the pointing position information buffer 13 (step 503).

Next, the cutter function processing control unit 11 stores the display data in the insertion display area in the document data being displayed in the return information area in the return information / search information buffer 15 (step 504). Subsequently, the cutter function processing control unit 11 specifies the insertion display page based on the information regarding the insertion display page stored in the user designation information buffer 14 (step 505), and at the same position as the insertion display area in this page. Document data buffer 1 for existing document data
The data is searched from 2 and stored in the search information area in the return information / search information buffer 15 (step 506). After that, the cutter function processing control unit 11 generates the display data from the document data stored in the return information / search information buffer 15 (step 507). The generated display data is expanded and displayed at a position corresponding to the insertion display area on the VRAM 6 (step 508).

To erase the document data in the insertion display area and return to the original display, use the pointing device 7 to display M
Instruct to restore the display on the MI screen. When a plurality of insertion display areas are set, the areas can be individually designated and erased. When the display restoration is given as a command, the cutter function processing control unit 11 reads out the original display data in the insertion display area from the restoration information area in the restoration information / search information buffer 15 and outputs it to the corresponding position in the VRAM 6. Write in.

In the above embodiments, the pen-type pointing device 7 capable of directly pointing the display screen is adopted as a means for pointing an arbitrary position on the display screen.
Although the position of the document data to be resized, the re-display position, and the insertion display area are designated by, the above-mentioned respective instructions may be performed by moving the display cursor by the key operation of the keyboard 1.

[0051]

As described above, according to the present invention, the display size of the corresponding document data can be changed for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the pointing means.

Further, according to the present invention, for each position on the display screen arbitrarily instructed by the user by the instructing means, the display size of the corresponding document data is continuously instructed by the instructing means. It can be expanded or reduced in stages over time. Further, according to the present invention, when creating document data in which character and graphic data are mixed, the character or graphic data erased on the display is
It is possible to redisplay for each position on the display screen arbitrarily designated by the user by the instruction means.

Further, according to the present invention, in the preparation of document data in which character data and graphic data are mixed, the character or graphic data erased on the display is displayed on the display screen where the user arbitrarily instructs by the instruction means. It can be redisplayed for each redisplay range corresponding to the position.

Further, according to the present invention, in the creation of document data consisting of a plurality of pages, a document of a page different from the page of the currently displayed document data is placed at an arbitrary position on the display screen designated by the designating means. Data can be inserted and displayed.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a word processor as an information processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the procedure of the loupe process of the embodiment of FIG.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the procedure of the wiper process of the embodiment of FIG.

FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining a method of determining a redisplay range in the wiper process of FIG.

5 is a flowchart showing a procedure of a cutter process of the embodiment of FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Keyboard, 2 ... Keyboard control part, 3 ... Overall control part, 4 ... Display device, 5 ... Display control part, 6 ... VRAM, 7
... Pointing device, 8 ... Pointing device control unit, 9 ... Loupe function processing control unit, 10 ... Wiper function processing control unit, 11 ... Cutter function processing control unit, 12
... document data buffer, 13 ... pointing position information buffer, 14 ... user specified information buffer, 15 ... return information / search information buffer.

Claims (12)

[Claims] 1. A display screen for displaying document data, size change information setting means for arbitrarily setting information regarding a size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen, and on the display screen. And a display size of the document data existing at the position designated by the designating means based on the size change information set by the size change information setting means. And a display size changing unit for changing the display size. 2. A display screen for displaying document data, and size change information setting for arbitrarily setting at least an enlargement / reduction ratio as information regarding a size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen. Means, instructing means for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, and the display size of the document data existing at the position instructed by the instructing means is set by the size change information setting means. A document creation device, comprising: a display size changing unit that changes the display size according to an enlargement / reduction ratio. 3. A display screen for displaying document data, size change information setting means for arbitrarily setting information regarding a size change on the display of the document data displayed on the display screen, and on the display screen. And a size on the display of the document data existing at the position designated by the designating means based on the size change information set by the size change information setting means. A document creating apparatus comprising: a display size changing unit that expands or shrinks stepwise as time elapses when the position is continuously designated by the designating unit. 4. A display screen capable of simultaneously displaying character and graphic data, and one of the one of the other data when the other data is newly displayed at the same position as the one data already displayed on the display screen. A display erasing means for erasing data on the display, an instructing means for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, and a display erasing means for displaying by the display erasing means in the document data existing at the position instructed by the instructing means. And a redisplay unit for redisplaying the erased data. 5. A display screen capable of simultaneously displaying each data of characters and figures, and one of the one of the data when the other data is newly displayed at the same position as the one data already displayed on the display screen. A display erasing means for erasing data on the display; an instructing means for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen; a setting means for presetting the relationship between the instructed position by the instructing means and the redisplay range; Based on the setting content of the setting means, a redisplay range corresponding to the position designated by the designating means is determined, and the data erased on the display by the display erasing means in the document data of the redisplay range is redisplayed. A document creating apparatus comprising: a redisplay unit. 6. A document data storage unit for storing document data composed of a plurality of pages, a display screen for displaying the document data, an instruction unit for designating an arbitrary position on the display screen, and Setting means for presetting the relative relationship between the page of the document data and the page of the document data to be searched, and when the arbitrary position is instructed by the instructing means, the page to be searched is specified based on the setting contents of the setting means. Then, the document data search means for searching the document data storage means for the document data at the same position as the designated document data page position in this page, and the document data searched by the document data search means are A document creation apparatus, comprising: insertion display means for inserting and displaying at a position designated by the designating means. 7. A method of controlling a document creating apparatus, comprising: a display screen capable of displaying document data; and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, wherein the document displayed on the display screen The information regarding the size change on the display of the data is arbitrarily set, and when the arbitrary position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the display size of the document data existing at the designated position is set to the setting. A method for controlling a document creating apparatus, characterized in that the size is changed based on the information regarding the changed size. 8. A method of controlling a document creation device, comprising: a display screen capable of displaying document data; and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, wherein a document displayed on the display screen is displayed. At least the enlargement / reduction ratio is arbitrarily set as the information regarding the size change on the display of the data, and when any position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the document data existing at the designated position The method for controlling the document creating apparatus, wherein the size on the display is changed according to the set enlargement / reduction ratio. 9. A method of controlling a document creation device, comprising: a display screen capable of displaying document data; and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, the document being displayed on the display screen. The information regarding the size change on the display of the data is arbitrarily set, and when the arbitrary position on the display screen is instructed by the instruction device, the display size of the document data existing at the instructed position, A method of controlling a document creating apparatus, comprising stepwise expanding or contracting with the passage of time when the position is continuously instructed by the instructing device based on the set size change information. 10. A display screen capable of simultaneously displaying character and graphic data, and one of the one of the other data when the other data is newly displayed at the same position as the one data already displayed on the display screen. In a method of controlling a document creation apparatus having a function of deleting data on a display and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, an arbitrary position on the display screen is instructed by the instruction device. A method of controlling a document creating apparatus, wherein the data erased on the display among the document data existing at the designated position is displayed again. 11. A display screen capable of simultaneously displaying each data of characters and figures, and one of the one when the other data is newly displayed at the same position as the one data already displayed on this display screen. In a method of controlling a document creation apparatus having a function of erasing data on a display and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen, a relationship between a position indicated by the instruction device and a redisplay range is previously set. When any position on the display screen is set by the pointing device, a redisplay range corresponding to the instructed position is determined based on the setting content, and the redisplay range is set in the document data. 2. The control method for the document creation device, wherein the data erased on the display is redisplayed. 12. A document having a document data storage unit for storing document data composed of a plurality of pages, a display screen for displaying the document data, and an instruction device for instructing an arbitrary position on the display screen. In the control method of the creation device, the relative relationship between the page of the document data being displayed and the page of the document data to be searched is preset, and when the arbitrary position on the display screen is designated by the pointing device, the setting is performed. The page to be searched is specified based on the contents, the document data at the same position as the in-page position of the instructed document data page in this page is searched from the document data storage unit, and the searched document data is returned to the pointing device. A method of controlling a document creating apparatus, characterized by inserting and displaying the image at a position designated by.