JPH08176432A - Woody resin composition - Google Patents

Woody resin composition

Info

Publication number
JPH08176432A
JPH08176432A JP33581994A JP33581994A JPH08176432A JP H08176432 A JPH08176432 A JP H08176432A JP 33581994 A JP33581994 A JP 33581994A JP 33581994 A JP33581994 A JP 33581994A JP H08176432 A JPH08176432 A JP H08176432A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
resin
wood
weight
parts
resin composition
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP33581994A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Kazunari Kosaka
一成 小坂
Takuro Kitamura
卓郎 北村
Hiyoshi Okamoto
日吉 岡本
Hiromichi Uohashi
広道 魚橋
Yoshichika Komiya
良司爾 小宮
Masaru Sato
大 佐藤
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SABIC Innovative Plastics Japan KK
Original Assignee
GE Plastics Japan Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by GE Plastics Japan Ltd filed Critical GE Plastics Japan Ltd
Priority to JP33581994A priority Critical patent/JPH08176432A/en
Priority to PCT/JP1995/002627 priority patent/WO1996019538A1/en
Publication of JPH08176432A publication Critical patent/JPH08176432A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L71/00Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L71/08Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives
    • C08L71/10Polyethers derived from hydroxy compounds or from their metallic derivatives from phenols
    • C08L71/12Polyphenylene oxides
    • C08L71/123Polyphenylene oxides not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B27WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
    • B27NMANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
    • B27N3/00Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L79/00Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08L61/00 - C08L77/00
    • C08L79/04Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
    • C08L79/08Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/02Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE: To obtain a composition which can give a woody resin molding free from the bleeding with time of urea conventionally used to neutralize the woody material and excellent in appearance, strengths and dimensional stability even without neutralization. CONSTITUTION: This composition comprises 1-99 pts.wt. woody material that is powdery or fibrous and has not been neutralized with an alkaline material and 99-1 pt.wt. polyphenylene ether resin or polyether imide resin.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】Detailed Description of the Invention

【0001】[0001]

【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、木質材と特定の合成樹
脂より成る木質系樹脂組成物、及びこれから成形品を製
造する方法に関する。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a wood resin composition comprising wood and a specific synthetic resin, and a method for producing a molded product from the wood resin composition.

【0002】[0002]

【従来の技術】パーチクルボードが知られており、これ
は、木材小薄片(典型的にはミリメートルオーダーの大
きさ)に、結合剤(尿素‐ホルムアルデヒド樹脂、メラ
ミン‐ホルムアルデヒド樹脂、又はイソシアネート樹
脂)及び必要に応じてアンモニウム化合物たとえば硫酸
アンモニウム及び塩化アンモニウムを硬化促進剤として
0.1〜5重量%加え、圧縮して作られる。木材小薄片
の代りに、木材チップを解繊して得たファイバーに、上
記結合剤及び硬化促進剤を加え、圧縮して作られたファ
イバーボードも知られている。パーチクルボード及びフ
ァイバーボードは、その使い勝手の良さから、テーブ
ル、カウンター、家具等の木製什器、あるいは床材、壁
材などの木製建材の表面材として用いられている。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Particleboard is known, which comprises wood flakes (typically on the order of millimeters), a binder (urea-formaldehyde resin, melamine-formaldehyde resin, or isocyanate resin) and necessary According to the method, an ammonium compound such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride is added as a curing accelerator in an amount of 0.1 to 5% by weight, and the mixture is compressed. There is also known a fiberboard produced by compressing fibers obtained by defibrating wood chips, instead of small pieces of wood, with the above-mentioned binder and curing accelerator. Particleboards and fiberboards are used as wooden furniture such as tables, counters, and furniture, or as surface materials for wooden building materials such as flooring and wall materials because of their ease of use.

【0003】ポリ塩化ビニル、ポリスチレン、ABS等
の熱可塑性樹脂と、木材粉または同様のセルロース物質
とを含有する混合物を押し出し成形または射出成形する
際に、処理に伴って生起する装置内部の腐食または腐食
に起因する疲労を防止する方法であって、混合物に含ま
れるセルロース物質から生じるガス状の酸性物質を中和
するために、モノエタノールアミン、トリエタノールア
ミン、硫酸アンモニウム、尿素、アンモニア等のアルカ
リ物質を存在せしめる方法が知られている(特公昭52
−26534号公報)。しかし、この方法で作成された
木質様成形物を屋外環境に放置しておくと、吸湿、自然
乾燥を繰返す内に尿素が成形物表面に滲出して来ること
が判った。滲出して来た尿素は、表面に白っぽい不規則
なシミを形成し、成形物の美観を著しく損う。熱可塑性
樹脂として、ポリ塩化ビニル、ABS樹脂、ポリスチレ
ンが挙げられている。しかし、得られた成形物の強度
は、パーチクルボードに比べて劣り、用途が限られる。
また、寸法安定性が悪く、木製建材の代替品として不満
足である。
During extrusion or injection molding of a mixture containing a thermoplastic resin such as polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, ABS and the like and wood flour or a similar cellulosic material, corrosion or internal corrosion of the equipment caused by the treatment occurs. A method for preventing fatigue caused by corrosion, in order to neutralize a gaseous acidic substance generated from a cellulosic substance contained in a mixture, an alkaline substance such as monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, ammonium sulfate, urea or ammonia. Is known to exist (Japanese Patent Publication Sho 52
No. 26534). However, it has been found that when the wood-like molded product produced by this method is left to stand in an outdoor environment, urea is leached onto the surface of the molded product while moisture absorption and natural drying are repeated. The leached urea forms whitish irregular stains on the surface, which significantly impairs the appearance of the molded product. As the thermoplastic resin, polyvinyl chloride, ABS resin and polystyrene are mentioned. However, the strength of the obtained molded product is inferior to that of the particle board, and its use is limited.
In addition, it has poor dimensional stability and is unsatisfactory as a substitute for wooden building materials.

【0004】[0004]

【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、表面外観が
良好であり、かつ強度が大きく、しかも寸法安定性が良
い木質系成形品を与える組成物を提供することを目的と
する。
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a composition which gives a wood-based molded article having a good surface appearance, high strength and good dimensional stability.

【0005】[0005]

【課題を解決するための手段】本発明者は、特定の樹脂
を用いることにより、硫酸アンモニウムや尿素等による
木質材中和工程を必要とせず(従って、該樹脂の滲出の
問題がなく)、しかし木酸による特定樹脂の劣化(特に
成形時における高温下での劣化)がなく、特定樹脂と木
質材との混合、成形が円滑に行え、優れた外観、強度及
び寸法安定性を有する成形品が得られることを見出し
た。
By using a specific resin, the present inventor does not need a wood material neutralization step with ammonium sulfate, urea, etc. (thus, there is no problem of exudation of the resin), but There is no deterioration of the specific resin due to wood acid (especially deterioration at high temperature during molding), the specific resin and the wood material can be smoothly mixed and molded, and a molded product with excellent appearance, strength and dimensional stability It was found that it can be obtained.

【0006】即ち、本発明は、(A)粉状又は繊維状の
木質材であって、アルカリ性物質による中和を受けてい
ないところの木質材1〜99重量部、及び(B)ポリフ
ェニレンエーテル樹脂又はポリエーテルイミド樹脂99
〜1重量部を含む木質系樹脂組成物である。
That is, the present invention relates to (A) 1 to 99 parts by weight of a woody material which is a powdery or fibrous woody material which has not been neutralized with an alkaline substance, and (B) a polyphenylene ether resin. Or polyetherimide resin 99
It is a wood-based resin composition containing 1 part by weight.

【0007】粉状又は繊維状の木質材は、破砕チップ、
パルプ、木材加工工程から生じる廃材、又はおがくずか
ら作られることができる。これら素材は通常10〜20
重量%程度の水分を含んでいる。該素材を加熱下(例え
ば100〜150℃)にて破砕することにより、好まし
くは50〜300メッシュの粉状にすることができる。
あるいは、この際に強い剪断力をかけることにより木質
素材を解繊して、繊維状にすることができる。かくして
得た木質材(A)は、好ましくは6重量%以下、特に3
重量%以下の水分含量を有する。この工程において、ア
ルカリ性物質による木質材の中和を伴わないものとす
る。ここで、アルカリ性物質とはそれ自身がアルカリ性
であるか、又は分解してアルカリ性物質たとえばガスを
放出するものを言い、たとえばモノエタノールアミン、
トリエタノールアミン、硫酸アンモニウム、尿素、アン
モニア等が挙げられる。
[0007] Powdery or fibrous wood materials are crushed chips,
It can be made from pulp, waste wood from wood processing, or sawdust. These materials are usually 10-20
It contains about wt% water. By crushing the material under heating (for example, 100 to 150 ° C.), it is possible to obtain a powdery form of preferably 50 to 300 mesh.
Alternatively, at this time, a strong shearing force may be applied to defibrate the wood-based material into a fibrous state. The wood material (A) thus obtained is preferably 6% by weight or less, especially 3% by weight.
It has a water content of less than or equal to% by weight. In this step, neutralization of the wood material with an alkaline substance shall not be involved. Here, the alkaline substance refers to a substance which is alkaline itself or decomposes to release an alkaline substance such as a gas, for example, monoethanolamine,
Examples include triethanolamine, ammonium sulfate, urea, ammonia and the like.

【0008】本発明において用いる特定の樹脂、即ちポ
リフェニレンエーテル樹脂及びポリエーテルイミド樹脂
自体は公知である。これら樹脂の公知の化学的又は物理
的変性物も本発明で用いられ得る。
The specific resins used in the present invention, namely polyphenylene ether resins and polyetherimide resins themselves, are known. Known chemical or physical modifications of these resins can also be used in the present invention.

【0009】例えば、ポリフェニレンエーテル樹脂にポ
リスチレンを加えて、溶融流動性を改善したものを用い
ることができる。
For example, it is possible to use a polyphenylene ether resin having a melt flowability improved by adding polystyrene.

【0010】(A) 木質材と(B) 樹脂との重量割合は広い
範囲で変ることができ、圧縮成形により成形品を作るこ
とが意図される場合には、(A):(B)は(1〜99):(99
〜1)、好ましくは(30〜80):(70〜20)である。押
出または射出成形により成形品を作ることが意図される
場合には、(A):(B)は(10〜90):(90〜10)、好まし
くは(30〜90):(70〜10)、特に(30〜70):(70〜
30)である。
The weight proportions of (A) wood material and (B) resin can vary over a wide range and when it is intended to make a molded article by compression molding, (A) :( B) (1-99): (99
-1), preferably (30-80): (70-20). When it is intended to make a molded article by extrusion or injection molding, (A): (B) is (10-90): (90-10), preferably (30-90): (70-10 ), Especially (30 ~ 70): (70 ~
30).

【0011】(A) 木質材と(B) 樹脂とを混合する方法は
特に限定されないが、バンバリーミキサー、ヘンシェル
ミキサー等のミキサーを用いてドライブレンドする方
法、あるいはミキサーまたは混練押出機、ロールを用い
て樹脂の溶融下に混練する方法がある。
The method of mixing the (A) wood material and the (B) resin is not particularly limited, but a dry blend method using a mixer such as a Banbury mixer or a Henschel mixer, or a mixer or a kneading extruder or roll is used. There is a method of kneading while melting the resin.

【0012】(A) 木質材の全量と(B) 樹脂の一部量とを
予め混合してマスターバッチを作り、次いで(B) 樹脂の
残部と混合することができ、これにより木質材と樹脂の
均一混合が容易になる。マスターバッチを作るために、
前記した木質素材を破砕または解繊する際に樹脂(B) を
添加することもでき、この際温度を樹脂(B) の溶融温度
以上とすることもできる。本発明においてマスターチッ
プを作る樹脂はマトリックス樹脂と同一であり、したが
って、より馴染みが良い。
(A) The total amount of wood material and (B) a part of resin can be mixed in advance to form a masterbatch, and then (B) the rest of the resin can be mixed, whereby the wood material and the resin can be mixed. It facilitates uniform mixing. To make a masterbatch,
The resin (B) may be added at the time of crushing or defibrating the above-mentioned wood material, and at this time, the temperature may be higher than the melting temperature of the resin (B). The resin from which the master chip is made in the present invention is the same as the matrix resin and is therefore more familiar.

【0013】本発明の木質系樹脂組成物には、上記成分
の他に、その物性を損なわない限りにおいて、樹脂の混
練時、成形時に、慣用の他の添加剤、例えば顔料、染料
を含む着色剤、補強剤(炭素繊維など)、充填剤、難燃
化剤、耐候剤(例えば紫外線吸収剤)、滑剤、離型剤、
可塑剤、流動性改良剤、帯電防止剤、エラストマー、発
泡剤、熱安定剤、その他の安定剤等を添加することがで
きる。
In addition to the above-mentioned components, the wood-based resin composition of the present invention contains other conventional additives such as pigments and dyes at the time of kneading and molding the resin as long as its physical properties are not impaired. Agents, reinforcing agents (carbon fiber, etc.), fillers, flame retardants, weathering agents (eg UV absorbers), lubricants, release agents,
A plasticizer, a fluidity improver, an antistatic agent, an elastomer, a foaming agent, a heat stabilizer, and other stabilizers can be added.

【0014】[0014]

【実施例】用いた(A) 粉状木質材は、粒径20メッシュ
以下、水分含量0.9重量%(乾燥後)であった。
Example The powdery wood material (A) used had a particle size of 20 mesh or less and a water content of 0.9% by weight (after drying).

【0015】(B) 樹脂は、ノリル-115(商標、日本ジー
イープラスチックス株式会社製)であり、ポリフェニレ
ンエーテル樹脂とポリスチレンの混合物であった。比較
のために、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)としてデンカビニ
ールSS‐130(電気化学工業株式会社)及びABS
樹脂としてサイコラックEX141(宇部サイコン株式
会社)を用いた。
The resin (B) was Noryl-115 (trademark, manufactured by GE Plastics Co., Ltd.), which was a mixture of polyphenylene ether resin and polystyrene. For comparison, Denka Vinyl SS-130 (Electrochemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and ABS are used as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Psycholac EX141 (Ube Saikon Corporation) was used as the resin.

【0016】比較例では尿素20%水溶液を用いてい
る。樹脂および木質材の混合物に対し、尿素水溶液を3
重量%添加し、ヒーター付きミキサーにて150℃で1
0分間撹拌することにより、中和を行った。
In the comparative example, a 20% aqueous solution of urea is used. To the mixture of resin and wood, add 3 parts of urea solution.
Add 1% by weight and use a mixer with heater at 150 ° C for 1
Neutralization was performed by stirring for 0 minutes.

【0017】(A) 粉状木質材または比較例として中和さ
れた粉状木質材、と(B) 樹脂とを2軸押出機にて混練し
て、チップを作り、次に射出成形機によりASTM 1
号ダンベルおよび曲げ試験片を作成した。引張強度およ
び曲げ強度と曲げ弾性率は、夫々ASTM D−638
およびD−790に従って測定された。
(A) Powdery wood material or neutralized powdery wood material as a comparative example, and (B) resin are kneaded by a twin-screw extruder to prepare chips, and then by an injection molding machine. ASTM 1
No. dumbbell and bending test piece were prepared. Tensile strength and flexural strength and flexural modulus are respectively ASTM D-638
And D-790.

【0018】経時変化は、上記ASTM 1号ダンベル
を水中に1日浸漬し、次に、室内に1日間放置した後、
表面に白っぽいシミが観察されないものを良、観察され
たものを不良と評価した。
With respect to the change with time, the above ASTM No. 1 dumbbell was immersed in water for 1 day and then left in the room for 1 day.
The case where no whitish stain was observed on the surface was evaluated as good, and the case where it was observed was evaluated as bad.

【0019】表1に示した重量部の木質材(但し、比較
例では、表示した量の尿素水溶液を添加されている)と
樹脂を用いた。結果を表1に示す。
The parts by weight of wood material shown in Table 1 (however, in the comparative example, the indicated amount of aqueous urea solution was added) and the resin were used. The results are shown in Table 1.

【0020】[0020]

【表1】 実施例1および2においては、木質材中和を行っていな
いが、比較例1および2と同等の物理的性質の形成品が
得られ、しかも経時変化が比較例に比べて著しく優れて
いた。
[Table 1] In Examples 1 and 2, wood material was not neutralized, but products having physical properties equivalent to those of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 were obtained, and the change with time was significantly superior to that of Comparative Examples.

───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 魚橋 広道 静岡県御殿場市保土沢1015 日本ジーイー プラスチックス株式会社内 (72)発明者 小宮 良司爾 静岡県御殿場市保土沢1015 日本ジーイー プラスチックス株式会社内 (72)発明者 佐藤 大 静岡県御殿場市保土沢1015 日本ジーイー プラスチックス株式会社内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continued Front Page (72) Hiromichi Uohashi, Inventor, 1015 Hodosawa, Gotemba City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan GE Plastics Co., Ltd. (72) Inventor Dai Sato 1015 Hodosawa, Gotemba City, Shizuoka Prefecture Japan GE Plastics Co., Ltd.

Claims (5)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] 【請求項1】 (A)粉状又は繊維状の木質材であっ
て、アルカリ性物質による中和を受けていないところの
木質材1〜99重量部、及び(B)ポリフェニレンエー
テル樹脂又はポリエーテルイミド樹脂99〜1重量部を
含む木質系樹脂組成物。
1. 1 to 99 parts by weight of (A) a powdery or fibrous woody material which has not been neutralized with an alkaline substance, and (B) a polyphenylene ether resin or a polyetherimide. A wood-based resin composition containing 99 to 1 part by weight of a resin.
【請求項2】 (A)30〜80重量部及び(B)70
〜20重量部を含む請求項1記載の木質系樹脂組成物。
2. (A) 30 to 80 parts by weight and (B) 70
The wood-based resin composition according to claim 1, which comprises -20 parts by weight.
【請求項3】 (A)木質材が、50〜300メッシュ
の粉状であるか、又は解繊された繊維状であるところの
請求項1又は2記載の木質系樹脂組成物。
3. The wood-based resin composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein (A) the wood-based material is in the form of powder of 50 to 300 mesh or in the form of defibrated fibers.
【請求項4】 木質系樹脂より成る成形品の製造方法に
おいて、請求項1記載の木質材(A)とポリフェニレン
エーテル樹脂又はポリエーテルイミド樹脂(B)とを該
樹脂(B)の軟化点以上の温度で混合することによりマ
スターバッチを作り、次いで残部の樹脂(B)と該マス
ターバッチとを混合し成形する方法。
4. A method for producing a molded article comprising a wood-based resin, wherein the wood-based material (A) according to claim 1 and the polyphenylene ether resin or the polyetherimide resin (B) are equal to or higher than the softening point of the resin (B). A method of forming a masterbatch by mixing at the temperature of, and then mixing and molding the remaining resin (B) with the masterbatch.
【請求項5】 成形品が(A)10〜90重量部及び
(B)90〜10重量部より成り、成形法が押出又は射
出成形である請求項4記載の方法。
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the molded article comprises (A) 10 to 90 parts by weight and (B) 90 to 10 parts by weight, and the molding method is extrusion or injection molding.
JP33581994A 1994-12-21 1994-12-21 Woody resin composition Pending JPH08176432A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP33581994A JPH08176432A (en) 1994-12-21 1994-12-21 Woody resin composition
PCT/JP1995/002627 WO1996019538A1 (en) 1994-12-21 1995-12-21 Wooden resin composition

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP33581994A JPH08176432A (en) 1994-12-21 1994-12-21 Woody resin composition

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPH08176432A true JPH08176432A (en) 1996-07-09

Family

ID=18292767

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP33581994A Pending JPH08176432A (en) 1994-12-21 1994-12-21 Woody resin composition

Country Status (2)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH08176432A (en)
WO (1) WO1996019538A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5228538A (en) * 1975-08-29 1977-03-03 Mitsubishi Monsanto Chem Co Process for preparing thermoplastic resin compositions containing inor ganic fillers
JPS6017296B2 (en) * 1977-11-15 1985-05-02 松下電器産業株式会社 Thermoplastic resin molding material
JPH01308451A (en) * 1988-06-06 1989-12-13 Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc Reinforced resin composition

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1996019538A1 (en) 1996-06-27

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