JPH0792701A - Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge having the photoreceptor and electrophotography device - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is prevented from depositing charge transport material, and has high sensitivity, no ghost phenomenon and no potential variation in endurance period, and is excellent in photomemory, a process cartridge having the said photoreceptor and an electrophotography device. CONSTITUTION:In the electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive supporting body in this order, the charge generating layer contains oxytitanium-phthalocyanine, and the charge transport layer contains two or more kinds of charge transport materials, and when the oxidation potential of the charge transport material being the most in content is designated by alpha, the oxidation potential of the other charge transport material is within the range of alpha+ or -0.04V. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is applied to the process cartridge and the electrophotography device.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can be widely used in electrophotographic application fields such as an electrophotographic copying machine, a laser beam printer and a plain paper FAX, a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member and The present invention relates to an electrophotographic device.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art The basic characteristics required for an electrophotographic photosensitive member are (1) being able to be charged to an appropriate potential in a dark place, (2) having less charge dissipation in a dark place, and (3) irradiating with light. It is possible to dissipate the charge quickly.

Conventionally, selenium has been used as an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
Inorganic photoreceptors having a photosensitive layer containing an inorganic photoconductive compound such as zinc oxide and cadmium sulfide as a main component have been widely used. However, although these satisfy the above conditions (1) to (3), they are not necessarily satisfactory in terms of thermal stability, moisture resistance, durability, productivity and the like. For example, selenium is difficult to manufacture because selenium deteriorates in characteristics as a photoconductor when it is crystallized, and crystallization occurs due to heat, fingerprints, etc., and the performance as a photoconductor deteriorates. Also, cadmium sulfide has moisture resistance and durability, zinc oxide has smoothness,
There is a problem with hardness and abrasion resistance. Further, most of the inorganic photoconductors have a limited photosensitive wavelength region. For example, selenium has a photosensitive wavelength region in the blue region and has little sensitivity in the red region.

Therefore, various methods have been proposed to extend the photosensitivity to the long wavelength region, but there are many restrictions on the selection of the photosensitizing wavelength region. Even when zinc oxide or cadmium sulfide is used as a photoconductor, the wavelength range of the light itself is narrow and it is necessary to add various sensitizers. In order to overcome the drawbacks of these inorganic photoconductors, electrophotographic photoconductors containing various organic photoconductive compounds as main components have been actively developed in recent years. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,837,851 discloses a photoreceptor having a charge transport layer containing triallylprazoline, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,882 discloses a charge generation layer comprising a derivative of a perylene pigment and 3-propylene and formaldehyde. A photoconductor comprising a charge-transporting layer comprising a condensation product of the above has been proposed. Further, as a photoreceptor using a bisazo pigment or trisazo pigment as a charge generating material, JP-A-59-33445 and JP-A-56-4623 are known.
No. 7, JP-A-60-111249, etc. are known.

Further, the organic photoconductive compound can freely select the photosensitive wavelength region of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by the compound. For example, regarding azo organic pigments, JP-A-61-272754 and JP-A-56-
The substance disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 167759 discloses a substance having high sensitivity in the visible region, and is disclosed in JP-A-57-195.
The substances disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 767 and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-228453 have sensitivity even in the infrared region.

Of these materials, materials having sensitivity in the infrared region are used in laser beam printers (hereinafter abbreviated as LBP) and LED printers which have made remarkable progress in recent years, and their importance is increasing.

Conventionally, copper phthalocyanine having a sensitivity in the infrared region (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 50-38543)
However, oxytitanium phthalocyanine (hereinafter abbreviated as TiOPc) has attracted attention especially as a material having high sensitivity in the infrared region in recent years. It is known that TiOPc has many crystal forms, and various crystal forms are shown in, for example, JP-A-63-366 and JP-A-3-128973.

However, since TiOPc has a very high sensitivity, an increase in memory due to the tendency that electrons or holes in the charge generation layer are easily trapped is a problem. For this reason, when the electrophotographic photoreceptor is used, the fluctuation in the light potential during continuous durability is large (hereinafter abbreviated as “potential fall”), a black spot appears on the entire black image on the image, and a positive ghost phenomenon and LBP. However, there is a drawback that a negative ghost phenomenon (hereinafter abbreviated as "transfer memory phenomenon") due to transfer charging in a so-called reversal development system in which toner is placed on the light potential is used.

On the other hand, as the charge transport layer, for example, a pyrazoline compound disclosed in JP-B-52-4188, JP-B-55.
-42380 and JP-A-55-52063, hydrazone compounds, JP-B-58-32372 and JP-A-61-132955, triphenylamine compounds, JP-A-54-151955 and JP-A-54-151955. The stilbene compounds and the like disclosed in JP-A-58-198043 are known.

These charge transport materials are required to be (1) stable to light and heat (2) stable to ozone, NO _x , nitric acid, etc. generated by corona discharge. (3) High charge transport ability (4) High compatibility with organic solvents and binders (5) Easy and inexpensive production, and the like. Further, in an electrophotographic process using a charging member in contact with the surface of a photoconductor as the charging member, the charge transport material is likely to deposit at the contact site, and measures against this deposition have become important.

[0011]

That is, it is very difficult to match the countermeasure against ghosts caused by the charge generating material and the countermeasure against precipitation caused by the charge transporting material in a high dimension while maintaining high sensitivity. It was

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to improve the electrophotographic characteristics of a transfer memory typified by a ghost, to improve the potential fall, and to prevent deposition of a charge transport material while maintaining high sensitivity as an excellent electrophotographic characteristic. It is an object to provide a photoconductor, a process cartridge having the photoconductor, and an electrophotographic apparatus.

[0013]

That is, the present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge transport layer and a charge transport layer on a conductive support in this order, wherein the charge generation layer contains oxytitanium phthalocyanine, And the charge transport layer is 2
Characterized by containing more than one type of charge transport material, and assuming that the oxidation potential of the charge transport material with the highest content is α, the oxidation potential of the other charge transport materials is within α ± 0.04V. And an electrophotographic apparatus, a process cartridge having the same, and an electrophotographic apparatus.

The present invention will be described in detail below.

Deposition of the charge transport material is accomplished by blending two or more charge transport materials. At this time, until now, no attention has been paid to the energy levels of the charge transport materials to be blended. Especially TiOPc
No attention was paid to the correlation with some memory characteristics due to the high sensitivity of.

When the materials having different energy levels are blended with each other, the charge transport material having a large difference from the energy level of the charge generating material becomes dominant in the memory, and the sensitivity of each blended material affects the sensitivity.

When the present inventors pay attention to the oxidation potential as an index of the energy level of the charge transport material, assuming that the oxidation potential of the charge transport material having the maximum content ratio is α, the oxidation potential of the blended product is α ± 0. It has been found that the potential fall caused by the memory can be eliminated by carefully selecting the voltage within the range of 0.04V.

At this time, the mobility of the blended material is at least 5 of the mobility of the charge transport material having the maximum content ratio.
A speed of 0% or higher is preferred. However, this does not apply when the maximum content of the charge transport material is 98% by weight or more.

The present invention disturbs the crystallinity in the charge transport layer by adding two or more kinds of charge transport materials and prevents the characteristic charge transport material from crystallizing. In order to prevent crystallization, it is preferable that the main charge transport material is 50 to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the charge transport material, and it is most preferable that the main charge transport material and the other charge transport material are in the same amount. If the ratio of the total charge transport material to the binder resin is low, the ratio of the main charge transport material to the total charge transport material can be increased to 95% by weight or more.

The energy level of a charge transport material can be indicated by the oxidation potential of the material. The oxidation potential can be easily measured by the following method. First, a charge-transporting material was dissolved in an acetonitrile solution of 0.1N tetra-n-butylammonium perchlorate (a suitable amount of 10% by weight).
Output a voltage-current correlation graph with a potentiometer. The voltage value when the current value takes the first peak can be read as the oxidation potential.

In the present invention, it is possible to smooth the hopping between the charge transport materials by adjusting the energy levels and to minimize the memory phenomenon such as the potential fall.

Further, the transfer memory phenomenon can be reduced by using two or more kinds of charge transport materials. Although the reason for this is not clear, it is considered that the absolute amount of electrons excited by transfer (charge of opposite polarity) is reduced due to the reduction of traps in the charge transport material. The oxidation potential difference between the maximum content of charge transport material and other charge transport material is ± 0.0
If it is within 4V, it is effective against memory, ±
Within 0.01 V is even more effective.

Next, the structure of the photoconductor used in the present invention will be described.

The conductive support may be any one having conductivity, and may be a metal such as aluminum or stainless steel, or a metal provided with a conductive layer, plastic, paper, or the like. The shape may be cylindrical or film-like. Is mentioned. When the image input is laser light such as LBP, it is preferable to provide a conductive layer for the purpose of preventing interference fringes due to scattering. This can be formed by dispersing conductive powder such as carbon black or metal particles in a binder resin. The thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 5 to 40 μm, more preferably 10 to 30 μm.

In the present invention, an intermediate layer having an adhesive function can be provided between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer.
Examples of the material for the intermediate layer include polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, ethyl cellulose, casein, polyurethane and polyether urethane. These are dissolved in a suitable solvent and applied. The thickness of the intermediate layer is preferably 0.01 to 5 μm, more preferably 0.1 to 1 μm.

A charge generation layer containing TiOPc, which is a charge generation material, is formed on a conductive support through an intermediate layer if necessary. Specifically, a charge generation layer is formed by applying and drying a coating liquid in which TiOPc is dissolved in a binder resin dissolved in a solvent. In the present invention, the Bragg angle 2θ of 9.0 in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction is 9.0 in terms of sensitivity and the like.
° ± 0.2 °, 14.2 ° ± 0.2 °, 23.9 ° ±
Particularly preferred is TiOpc having strong peaks at 0.2 ° and 27.1 ° ± 0.2 °. Examples of the binder resin include polyester resin, polyacrylic resin, polyvinyl carbazole resin, phenoxy resin, polycarbonate resin, polystyrene resin, polyvinyl acetate resin, polysulfone resin, polyarylate resin, vinylidene chloride, acrylonitrile-copolymer resin, and polyvinylbenzal. Resin etc. are mainly used. The ratio of binder resin to pigment is 1/5 to 5/1
Is preferable, and more preferably 1/2 to 3/1.

The charge transport layer is mainly formed by coating and drying a paint in which a charge transport material and a binder resin are dissolved in a solvent. Examples of the charge transport material used include various triarylamine compounds, hydrazone compounds, stilbene compounds, pyrazoline compounds, oxazole compounds, triallylmethane compounds and thiazole compounds.

The charge transport materials preferably used in the examples will be illustrated below, but the invention is not limited thereto.

[0029]

[Outer 1]

[0030]

[Outside 2]

[0031]

[Outside 3]

[0032]

[Outside 4]

As the binder resin, the same resin as that used for the charge generation layer can be used.

As the coating method of these photosensitive layers, a dipping method, a spray coating method, a spinner coating method, a bead coating method, a blade coating method, a beam coating method and the like can be used.

Next, a production example of TiOPc used in the present invention will be described.

[Production Example 1] α-chloronaphthalene 100
In g, 5.0 g of o-phthalodinitrile and 2.0 g of titanium tetrachloride were heated and stirred at 200 ° C. for 3 hours, then cooled to 50 ° C., and the precipitated crystals were separated by filtration to obtain a paste of dichlorotitanium phthalocyanine. . Next, this was washed by stirring with 100 ml of N, N'-dimethylformamide heated to 100 ° C., and then washed twice with 100 ml of methanol at 60 ° C. and separated by filtration. Further, the obtained paste was stirred in 100 ml of deionized water at 80 ° C. for 1 hour and filtered to obtain blue TiOPc crystals. Yield 4.3g.

The elemental analysis values of this compound are as follows.

Elemental analysis value (D ₃₂ H ₁₆ N ₈ TiO) C H N Cl calculated value (%) 66.68 2.80 19.44 0.00 measured value (%) 66.50 2.99 19.42 0.47

Next, the crystals were dissolved in 30 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid and added dropwise to 300 ml of deionized water at 20 ° C. under stirring to reprecipitate, filter, and sufficiently washed with water to obtain amorphous TiOPc. 4.0 g of this amorphous TiOPc was added to methanol 1
Suspended and stirred in 00 ml at room temperature (22 ° C) for 8 hours,
It was filtered and dried under reduced pressure to obtain low crystalline TiOPc. Furthermore,
Low crystalline TiOPc 2.0 g with n-butyl ether 4
Milling treatment was performed at room temperature (22 ° C.) for 20 hours together with 0 ml and 1 mmφ glass beads. The solid content was taken out from this dispersion, thoroughly washed with methanol and water, and dried. Yield 1.8g.

This crystal has a Bragg angle 2θ of 9.0 ° ± 0.2 ° and 14.2 ° ± 2 in Cukα characteristic X-ray diffraction.
0.2 °, 23.9 ° ± 0.2 ° and 27.1 ° ± 0.
It had a strong peak at 2 °.

[Production Example 2] According to the production example disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-239248 (US Pat. No. 4,728,592), TiOPc in a so-called α-type crystalline form is used. Got

FIG. 1 shows a schematic structural example of an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.

In the figure, reference numeral 1 denotes an electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention as an image bearing member, which is rotationally driven around an axis 1a in a direction of an arrow at a predetermined peripheral speed. The photoconductor 1 is uniformly charged on its peripheral surface by a charging means 2 at a predetermined positive or negative potential in the course of rotation, and then, in an exposing section 3, an image exposing means (not shown) exposes the image to light L (slit exposure).・ Receive laser beam scanning exposure. In this way, electrostatic latent images corresponding to the exposed images are sequentially formed on the peripheral surface of the photoconductor.

The formed electrostatic latent image is then toner-developed by the developing means 4, and the toner-developed image is rotated between the photoconductor 1 and the transfer means 5 from the paper feeding portion (not shown). The transfer material 5 is sequentially transferred to the transfer material P that is synchronously taken out and fed.

The transfer material P which has received the image transfer is separated from the surface of the photoconductor and is introduced into the image fixing means 8 where it is subjected to the image fixing and printed out as a copy.

After the image transfer, the surface of the photosensitive member 1 is cleaned by the cleaning means 6 to remove the residual toner after transfer, and is further discharged by the pre-exposure means 7 to be repeatedly used for image formation. .

In the present invention, among the above-described components such as the photoconductor 1, the charging unit 2, the developing unit 4, and the cleaning unit 6, a plurality of components are integrally combined to form a process cartridge. May be detachably attached to the main body of an apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer. For example, at least one of the charging unit 2, the developing unit 4, and the cleaning unit 6 may be integrally supported together with the photosensitive member to form a cartridge, and the process cartridge may be detachable by using a guide unit such as a rail of the apparatus body.

Further, when the electrophotographic apparatus is used as a copying machine or a printer, the optical image exposure L irradiates the photoconductor with reflected light or transmitted light from the original document, or reads the original document with a sensor to give a signal. Then, the laser beam is scanned, the LED array is driven, or the liquid crystal shutter array is driven according to this signal to irradiate the photoconductor with light.

On the other hand, when the electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention is used as a printer for a facsimile, the light image exposure L becomes an exposure for printing the received data. FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an example of this case.

The controller 11 controls the image reading section 10 and the printer 19. All other CPs of controller 11
It is controlled by U17. The read data from the image reading unit 10 is transmitted to the partner station through the transmission circuit 13. The data received from the partner station is sent to the printer 19 through the receiving circuit 12. The image memory 16 stores predetermined image data. The printer controller 18 controls the printer 19. 14 is a telephone.

The image information received from the line 15 (image information from a remote terminal connected via the line) is demodulated by the receiving circuit 12, then decoded by the CPU 17, and sequentially stored in the image memory 16. Is stored. When the image information of at least one page is stored in the memory 16, the image recording of that page is performed. The CPU 17 reads out one page of image information from the memory 16 and sends the decoded one page of image information to the printer controller 18. Upon receiving the image information of one page from the CPU 17, the printer controller 18 controls the printer 19 to record the image information of the page.

The CPU 17 is receiving the next page while the printer 19 is recording.

As described above, the image is received and recorded.

[0054]

EXAMPLES Examples will be described below.

(Example 1) [Preparation of Photoreceptor] An aluminum cylinder having a diameter of 30 mm and a diameter of 260 mm was used as a support, and a coating material composed of the following materials was applied on the support by a dipping method, followed by heat curing at 140 ° C. for 30 minutes. Then 15μ
m conductive layer was formed.

Conductive pigment: tin oxide coated titanium oxide: 10 parts (parts by weight; hereinafter the same) Resistance adjusting pigment: titanium oxide: 10 parts Binder resin: phenol resin: 10 parts Leveling agent: silicone oil: 0.001 parts Solvent: Methanol / methyl cellosolve = 1/1 ... 20 parts

Next, 7 parts of the exemplary charge transport material (21) (oxidation potential 0.77 V), 3 parts of the exemplary charge transport material (2) (oxidation potential 0.76 V), and bisphenol Z polycarbonate resin (viscosity average molecular weight 22000). 10 parts were dissolved in 50 g of monochlorobenzene and 10 parts of dichloromethane. This coating material was applied on the above-mentioned charge generation layer by a dipping method and dried at 110 ° C. for 1 hour to form a 20 μm charge transport layer.

The obtained electrophotographic photosensitive member was evaluated as follows.

Device is Hewlett-Packard LBP
"Laser Jet III Si" was used.

The durability test was conducted at a temperature of 18 ° C. and a humidity of 20% RH. The number of durable sheets was set to 9000, and three sheets were printed for one minute in an intermittent mode. Image pattern during durability is 5
It is assumed that the letter "E" that fully fills the size of a square mm is printed at 10 mm intervals in the vertical and horizontal directions, and the image sample is a black image of the entire surface and a black and white image with a dot density of 1 dot 1 space. The samples were sampled at F5 (center value) and F9 (light density), respectively.

In the evaluation, the one in which no ghost is visually visible is ranked 5, the one visible in 1 dot 1 space F9 is rank 4, the one visible in 1 dot 1 space F5 is rank 3, and the one visible in all black F9 is rank 2. What was visible on the entire surface F5 was ranked as rank 1.

Further, the photo memory, the dark portion potential, and the light portion potential were measured at the initial stage and one hour after the end of 9000 sheets. In the photo memory, first, 1500 LUX light (fluorescent lamp) was applied to a part of the photoconductor for 10 minutes, and after 30 seconds, the bright part potential was measured, and the difference from the non-irradiated part was used as the memory.

Further, a urethane rubber blade was brought into contact with a new photoconductor, left at 50 ° C. for 2 weeks, and it was judged by observing with a 100 × optical microscope whether or not the charge transport material was deposited. The results are shown in Table 1.

(Examples 2 to 5) Exemplified charge transport material (2)
A photoconductor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the following charge transport material was used instead of the charge transport material having an oxidation potential of 0.76V. The results are shown in Table 1.

Example 2: Exemplified Charge Transport Material (14) (Oxidation Potential 0.76V) Example 3: Exemplified Charge Transport Material (10) (Oxidation Potential 0.7)
5V) Example 4:

[0066]

[Outside 5] Example 5: Exemplified charge transport material (13) (oxidation potential 0.8)
1V)

[0067]

[Table 1]

(Comparative Example 1) Example 1 except that only the charge transport material of Example 1 having an oxidation potential of 0.77 V was used.
An electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in. The results are shown in Table 2.

(Comparative Examples 2 to 4) Electrophotographic photoreceptors were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the charge transporting material of Example 1 having an oxidation potential of 0.76 V was changed to the following. evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.

Comparative Example 2: Exemplified Charge Transport Material (1) (Oxidation Potential 0.88V) Comparative Example 3:

[0071]

[Outside 6] Comparative Example 4:

[0072]

[Outside 7]

Comparative Examples 5 and 6 Electrophotographic photoreceptors were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the following materials were used as the charge transport material. The results are shown in Table 2.

Comparative Example 5:

[0075]

[Outside 8] Comparative Example 6: Exemplified charge transport material (1) (oxidation potential 0.88)
V)

[0076]

[Table 2]

(Examples 6 to 15) Electrophotographic photosensitive members were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the combinations of charge transporting materials shown in Table 3 were used. The results are shown in Table 4.

[0078]

[Table 3]

[0079]

[Table 4]

[0080]

[Table 5]

[0081]

[Table 6]

[0082]

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION The electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention prevents precipitation of the charge transporting material and has high sensitivity and stable high-quality images free from ghosts and trailing edges, including during durability. It became possible to obtain it.

That is, high sensitivity is achieved by using TiOPc as the charge generating material, precipitation of the charge transporting material is prevented by adding two or more kinds of the charge transporting material, and the oxidation potentials of the two kinds are controlled. By setting the voltage in the range of 0.04V or less, it is possible to improve the durability characteristics such as ghost and memory, which are harmful due to high sensitivity, and further improve the photo memory as compared with the case of using one kind of charge transport material. You can

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an electrophotographic apparatus of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a facsimile using the electrophotographic apparatus as a printer.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Photoconductor 2 Charging means 3 Exposure part 4 Developing means 5 Transfer means 6 Cleaning means 7 Pre-exposure means 8 Image fixing means L Optical image exposure P Transfer material 10 Image reading part 11 Controller 12 Reception circuit 13 Transmission circuit 14 Telephone 15 Line 16 Image memory 17 CPU 18 Printer controller 19 Printer

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Hideki Anayama 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc. (72) Yoshiyuki Yoshihara 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Kyano (72) Inventor Hidetoshi Hirano 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc. (72) Inventor Hideyuki Ainoya 3-30-2 Shimomaruko, Ota-ku, Tokyo Canon Inc.

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer in this order on a conductive support, wherein the charge generation layer contains oxytitanium phthalocyanine, and the charge transport layer comprises two or more types. When the oxidation potential of the charge-transporting material containing the charge-transporting material and having the highest content is α, the oxidation potentials of the other charge-transporting materials are α ± 0.04.
An electrophotographic photosensitive member characterized by being in the range of V. 2. The oxytitanium phthalocyanine has a Bragg angle 2θ of 9.0 ° ± 0.2 °, 14.2 ° ± 0.2 °, and 23.9 in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction.
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, which has strong peaks at ± 0.2 ° and 27.1 ° ± 0.2 °. 3. The oxidation potential of the other charge transport material is α ±
The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member is in a range of 0.01V. 4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the charge transport material having the largest content is 50 to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the charge transport material. 5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, and at least one means selected from the group consisting of a charging means, a developing means and a cleaning means are integrally supported, and are detachably mountable to the main body of the electrophotographic apparatus. Process cartridge characterized in that. 6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1, a charging unit,
An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an image exposing means, a developing means, and a transferring means.