JPH0789710B2 - Equipment for detecting abnormalities in the transmission line of earth potential objects - Google Patents
Equipment for detecting abnormalities in the transmission line of earth potential objectsInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0789710B2 JPH0789710B2 JP63239761A JP23976188A JPH0789710B2 JP H0789710 B2 JPH0789710 B2 JP H0789710B2 JP 63239761 A JP63239761 A JP 63239761A JP 23976188 A JP23976188 A JP 23976188A JP H0789710 B2 JPH0789710 B2 JP H0789710B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- transmission line
- power transmission
- detection device
- charging current
- device case
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Description
【発明の詳細な説明】 [産業上の利用分野] 本発明は送電線への樹木等の大地電位物体の異常接近を
検知する装置に関するものである。TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a device for detecting an abnormal approach of a ground potential object such as a tree to a power transmission line.
[従来の技術] 送電線は、今日の送電線業務上必要な不可欠な設備であ
り、この設備の事故又は故障は高度に電化した現代社会
に極めて重大な影響を及ぼし、場合によってはあらゆる
方面での社会機能が麻痺することもありうる。[Prior Art] Transmission lines are indispensable facilities necessary for today's transmission line business, and accidents or failures of these facilities have a very serious impact on the highly electrified modern society, and in some cases, in all fields. Can also paralyze the social function of.
高電圧送電線に発生する事故の一つに、樹木、クレーン
等の工作機械、建造物等の異常接近あるいは接触によっ
て生じる地絡事故がある。このうち、新たな建築、工事
等については事前申告によって異常接近の防止指導及び
作業立会により事故の未然防止対策を講ずることが可能
であり、又クレーン等の工作機械の異常接近に対して
は、例えば特開昭49−28295号、特開昭54−55931号ある
いは実開昭56−69832号に開示されている様に、クレー
ン等に電極を設けて、送電線との間に生じる静電容量の
変化から送電線への異常接近を検出することにより事故
を未然に防止することが行われている。One of the accidents that occur in the high-voltage power transmission line is a ground fault accident caused by abnormal approach or contact of a tree, a machine tool such as a crane, or a building. Among these, for new construction, construction, etc., it is possible to take precautionary measures to prevent abnormal approaches by taking advance declarations and take preventive measures against accidents by attending work, and for abnormal approaches to machine tools such as cranes, For example, as disclosed in JP-A-49-28295, JP-A-54-55931 or JP-A-56-69832, electrostatic capacity generated between a crane and the like by providing electrodes with a power transmission line. Accidents are prevented in advance by detecting an abnormal approach to the power transmission line from the change in the.
しかし山間部の樹木の繁茂については、樹木の一本一本
に前記した検知装置を取付けることはできず、従って山
間部の樹木繁茂については人力による巡回点検以外に事
故の未然防止策がなかった。However, with regard to the growth of trees in the mountains, it is not possible to attach the above-mentioned detection device to each tree, so there is no preventative measure for accidents other than the patrol inspection by human power for the growth of trees in the mountains. .
[発明が解決しようとする課題] そのため、従来は点検作業自体が極めて困難な山間部を
含む長距離の送電線を巡視するために多大の労力を要し
ていた。また、巡視のみでは、常時監視することが不可
能なため、必ずしも完璧に事故を未然防止することがで
きないという問題点があった。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] Therefore, conventionally, a great deal of labor was required to patrol a long-distance power transmission line including a mountain portion where the inspection work itself is extremely difficult. In addition, there is a problem that it is not always possible to completely prevent accidents because it is impossible to constantly monitor only by patrol.
本発明の目的は前記した従来技術の欠点を解消し、送電
線への樹木等他物の異常接近を即座に検出し、これによ
り送電線に生じる重大事故を未然に防止可能な検知装置
を提供することにある。An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and provide a detection device capable of immediately detecting an abnormal approach of a tree or other object to a power transmission line, thereby preventing a serious accident occurring in the power transmission line. To do.
[課題を解決するための手段] 即ち、本発明の要旨とするところは、送電線に吊下げら
れると共に該送電線と絶縁されて電極を構成する検知装
置ケースと、該送電線と該検知装置ケース間に接続され
該検知装置ケースと大地電位の樹木との間に形成された
浮遊容量に対して該送電線から該検知装置ケースに流れ
込む充電電流の変化を計測する充電電流検出回路と、該
充電電流検出回路の計測値を該検知装置ケース外に設置
した受信装置に無線又は有線で送るための送信器とを設
けたことを特徴とする大地電位物体の送電線異常接近検
知装置にある。[Means for Solving the Problems] That is, the gist of the present invention is to provide a detection device case that is suspended from a power transmission line and is insulated from the power transmission line to form an electrode, the power transmission line, and the detection device. A charging current detection circuit connected between the cases for measuring a change in charging current flowing from the transmission line into the detection device case with respect to a stray capacitance formed between the detection device case and a tree of ground potential; A transmitter for transmitting a measured value of the charging current detection circuit to a receiver installed outside the detector case by radio or wire is provided as a transmission line abnormality approach detector for a ground potential object.
送信器は、充電電流検出回路の計測値を無線で送る場合
は無線送信器とし、有線で送る場合は、好ましくは検出
結果を光信号に変換する電気/光信号変換器とし、光フ
ァイバによって受信装置に伝送する。受信装置は地上又
は鉄塔の大地電位の場所等に接地する。The transmitter is a wireless transmitter when the measured value of the charging current detection circuit is wirelessly transmitted, and is preferably an electric / optical signal converter that converts the detection result into an optical signal when wiredly transmitted, and is received by an optical fiber. Transmit to device. The receiver shall be grounded or grounded on a steel tower.
上記は計測値を無線又は有線で送る形態であるが、評価
した結果を送る形態とすることができる。Although the above is a form in which the measured value is sent wirelessly or by wire, it is also possible to take a form in which the evaluation result is sent.
即ち、送電線に吊下げられると共に該送電線と絶縁され
て電極を構成する検知装置ケースと、該送電線と該検知
装置ケース間に接続され該検知装置ケースと大地電位の
樹木との間に形成された浮遊容量に対して該送電線から
該検知装置ケースに流れ込む充電電流の変化を計測する
充電電流検出回路と、該充電電流検出回路の計測値に基
づき大地電位物体の送電線への異常接近を検知する評価
手段と、該評価結果を該検知装置ケース外に設置した受
信装置に無線又は有線で送るための送信器とを設けたこ
とを特徴とする大地電位物体の送電線異常接近検知装置
にある。That is, a sensing device case that is suspended from a power transmission line and is insulated from the power transmission line to form an electrode, and is connected between the power transmission line and the sensing device case, and between the sensing device case and a tree of ground potential. A charging current detection circuit that measures a change in charging current flowing from the power transmission line into the detection device case with respect to the formed stray capacitance, and an abnormality of the ground potential object to the power transmission line based on the measurement value of the charging current detection circuit. Detection of abnormalities in the transmission line of a ground potential object, characterized in that an evaluation means for detecting the approach and a transmitter for transmitting the evaluation result to a receiving device installed outside the detection device case by radio or wire are provided. On the device.
上記いずれの形態においても、検知装置ケースの一部を
送電線に沿って延在させ、それにより送電線の検知区間
を決定することができる。この場合、検知装置ケースの
一部を直接に送電線に沿って伸ばしてもよく、あるいは
筒、線、撚線、棒などの形状の検知エレメントを送電線
に絶縁して沿わせてもよい。In any of the above embodiments, it is possible to extend a part of the detection device case along the power transmission line and thereby determine the detection section of the power transmission line. In this case, a part of the detection device case may be directly extended along the power transmission line, or a detection element having a shape such as a tube, a wire, a twisted wire, or a rod may be insulated from the power transmission line.
[作用] 送電線に樹木等の大地電位の物体が接近した場合、送電
線部と大地との間の浮遊容量が変化し、充電電流検出回
路により送電線から流れ込む充電電流の変化が計測され
る。この計測値は、送信器により受信装置に無線又は優
先で直接に送られて、受信装置側の適当な評価手段で樹
木等が送電線が送電線へ異常接近したことが検知される
か、検知装置ケース内に設けた評価手段により送信され
る前に検知されて、その異常接近検出結果が送信器によ
り無線又は有線にて受信装置へ送られる。このため、送
電線への樹木等他物の異常接近が常時正確に監視でき
る。[Operation] When a ground potential object such as a tree approaches the power transmission line, the stray capacitance between the power transmission line and the ground changes, and the charge current detection circuit measures the change in the charging current flowing from the power transmission line. . This measured value is sent directly or wirelessly to the receiving device by the transmitter, and whether or not a tree etc. has detected an abnormal approach of the power transmission line to the power transmission line by an appropriate evaluation means on the receiving device side The abnormal approach detection result, which is detected before being transmitted by the evaluation means provided in the device case, is sent to the receiving device wirelessly or by wire by the transmitter. For this reason, abnormal approaches of other objects such as trees to the power transmission line can always be accurately monitored.
検知区間については、検知装置ケースの一部を送電線に
沿って延在させることにより、一合の検知装置で必要な
区間をカバーすることができる。Regarding the detection section, by extending a part of the detection device case along the power transmission line, it is possible to cover the necessary section with a single detection device.
[実施例] 以下、本発明の具体的内容を実施例によって詳細に説明
する。[Examples] Hereinafter, specific contents of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples.
第1図(a)は本発明の送電線異常接近検知装置の動作
を説明する原理図、第1図(b)はその等価回路であ
り、送電線1に吊下げた検知装置2は大地面5との間に
浮遊容量Csを形成する。検知装置2は送電線1と低いイ
ンピーダンスの充電電流測定回路3を介して接続されて
いるため、常時は充電電流測定回路3によって次式で示
される充電電流Isが測定される。FIG. 1 (a) is a principle diagram for explaining the operation of the power transmission line abnormal approach detection device of the present invention, and FIG. 1 (b) is an equivalent circuit thereof, and the detection device 2 suspended on the power transmission line 1 is a ground plane. A stray capacitance Cs is formed between this and 5. Since the detection device 2 is connected to the power transmission line 1 via the charging current measuring circuit 3 having a low impedance, the charging current Is expressed by the following equation is always measured by the charging current measuring circuit 3.
Is=jωCs×V0 ……(1) 但し、V0は送電線1の対地電圧である。Is = jωCs × V 0 (1) where V 0 is the ground voltage of the transmission line 1.
もし、樹木4等が送電線1に接近すると、浮遊容量Csに
Cxが加算され、充電電流測定回路3によって測定される
充電電流は、次式で示されるように、樹木4等によって
増加した容量Cxの充電電流Ixだけ増加する。If trees 4 etc. approach the transmission line 1, the stray capacitance Cs
Cx is added, and the charging current measured by the charging current measuring circuit 3 increases by the charging current Ix of the capacity Cx increased by the tree 4 and the like, as shown by the following equation.
Is+Ix=jωCs・V0+jωCx・V0 =jω(Cs+Cx)・V0 ……(2) 従って、充電電流測定回路3によって充電電流の変化
(増加)を常時監視することによって、樹木繁茂等他物
の送電線への異常接近を、いちはやく検知することが可
能である。Is + Ix = jωCs · V 0 + jωCx · V 0 = jω (Cs + Cx) · V 0 (2) Therefore, by constantly monitoring the change (increase) in the charging current with the charging current measuring circuit 3, other things such as trees grow It is possible to detect an abnormal approach to the power transmission line of the vehicle as soon as possible.
第2図は、本発明の送電線異常接近検知装置の一実施例
を示す構成図であり、送電線1には検知ケース2が吊下
げられ、この検知装置ケース2の内部において、検知装
置ケース2と送電線1との間に充電電流測定回路3が接
続されている。更に、検知装置ケース2の内部には無線
送信器8が設置されており、充電電流測定回路3によっ
て測定した充電電流値を、無線信号によって、検知装置
ケース2の内部から外部へ現出させた無線アンテナ9か
ら、遠方の地上の受信装置(図示せず)に送るものであ
る。これらの検知装置ケース2内の各回路の電源は、送
電線1に取付けた貫通型電流トランス6と、検知装置ケ
ース2内に設けた電源回路7とによって、送電線1に流
れる電流自体から得ている。そのため、電池交換等の保
守が不必要である。受信装置に送られた充電電流値は、
図示してない評価装置により評価され、送電線1に樹木
等の大地電位の物体が接近したかどうかが判断される。FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram showing an embodiment of the power transmission line abnormal approach detection device of the present invention. A detection case 2 is hung on the power transmission line 1, and inside the detection device case 2, the detection device case is placed. A charging current measuring circuit 3 is connected between the power transmission line 2 and the power transmission line 1. Further, a wireless transmitter 8 is installed inside the detecting device case 2, and the charging current value measured by the charging current measuring circuit 3 is made to appear from the inside of the detecting device case 2 to the outside by a wireless signal. The data is sent from the radio antenna 9 to a receiving device (not shown) on the ground far away. The power supply of each circuit in the detection device case 2 is obtained from the current itself flowing in the transmission line 1 by the feedthrough current transformer 6 attached to the transmission line 1 and the power supply circuit 7 provided in the detection device case 2. ing. Therefore, maintenance such as battery replacement is unnecessary. The charging current value sent to the receiving device is
It is evaluated by an evaluation device (not shown), and it is determined whether or not a ground potential object such as a tree approaches the power transmission line 1.
第3図は本発明による送電線異常接近検知装置の他の実
施例を示す構成図である。原理的には第1図によって説
明した通りであり、第2図の実施例と同様であるが、第
3図の実施例においては、検知装置ケース2内に有線送
信器として電気/光信号変換器10を設け、充電電流測定
回路3の出力を電気/光信号変換器10によって光信号に
変換し、光ファイバ11によって、遠方の地上の受信装置
に伝送しているものである。FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the transmission line abnormality approach detection device according to the present invention. The principle is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 1 and the same as the embodiment of FIG. 2, but in the embodiment of FIG. 3, electric / optical signal conversion is performed as a wired transmitter in the detection device case 2. A device 10 is provided, the output of the charging current measuring circuit 3 is converted into an optical signal by the electric / optical signal converter 10, and the optical signal is transmitted by the optical fiber 11 to the receiving device on the ground far away.
検知区間をより拡大するため、検知装置ケース2の一部
を送電線1に沿って伸ばしたり、あるいは筒、線、撚
線、棒などの形状の検知エレメントとして送電線1に絶
縁して沿わせておけば、一台の検知装置で必要な区間を
カバーすることができる。In order to further expand the detection section, a part of the detection device case 2 is extended along the power transmission line 1, or is installed along the power transmission line 1 as a detection element having a shape such as a cylinder, a wire, a twisted wire, or a rod. If so, one detection device can cover the required section.
上記実施例では、充電電流測定回路3の計測値を直接に
無線又は有線で送る形態であったが、伝送するに先立ち
評価し、その結果を送る形態とすることができる。即
ち、送電線に吊下げた検知装置ケース2内に、充電電流
測定回路3の計測値に基づき大地電位物体の送電線への
異常接近を検知する評価手段(図示せず)を設け、評価
結果を送信器により検知装置ケース2外に設置した受信
装置に無線又は有線で送る構成とすることができる。こ
の場合の評価手段は、測定値を所定のしきい値と比較す
る比較器で構成することができる。In the above embodiment, the measurement value of the charging current measuring circuit 3 is directly sent by radio or wire, but it may be evaluated before transmission and the result may be sent. That is, an evaluation unit (not shown) for detecting an abnormal approach of the ground potential object to the power transmission line based on the measurement value of the charging current measurement circuit 3 is provided in the detection device case 2 suspended on the power transmission line, and the evaluation result Can be sent by a transmitter to a receiving device installed outside the detection device case 2 wirelessly or by wire. The evaluation means in this case can be composed of a comparator that compares the measured value with a predetermined threshold value.
[発明の効果] 以上説明した通り、本発明の送電線異常接近検知装置に
よれば、従来不可能であった樹木繁茂等による他物の送
電線への異常接近を常時監視することが可能であり、こ
れによって他物の異常接近あるいは接触によって生じる
送電線の地絡事故を未然に防止できるという顕著な効果
を有するものである。[Effects of the Invention] As described above, according to the power transmission line abnormal approach detection device of the present invention, it is possible to constantly monitor the abnormal approach of another object to the power transmission line due to the overgrowth of trees, which has been impossible in the past. This has a remarkable effect that a ground fault of a power transmission line caused by an abnormal approach or contact of another object can be prevented.
第1図(a)(b)は本発明の送電線異常接近検知装置
の動作を説明する原理図及び等価回路図、第2図は本発
明の送電線異常接近検知装置の一実施例を示す構成図、
第3図は本発明の送電線異常接近検知装置の他の実施例
を示す構成図である。 図中、1は送電線、2は検知装置ケース、3は充電電流
測定回路、4は樹木、5は大地面、6は貫通型電流トラ
ンス、7は電源回路、8は無線送信器、9は無線アンテ
ナ、10は電気/光信号変換器、11は光ファイバを示す。1 (a) and 1 (b) are principle diagrams and an equivalent circuit diagram for explaining the operation of the power transmission line abnormality approach detecting device of the present invention, and FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of the power transmission line abnormality approach detecting device of the present invention. Diagram,
FIG. 3 is a configuration diagram showing another embodiment of the transmission line abnormality approach detection device of the present invention. In the figure, 1 is a power line, 2 is a detection device case, 3 is a charging current measuring circuit, 4 is a tree, 5 is a ground plane, 6 is a through current transformer, 7 is a power supply circuit, 8 is a wireless transmitter, and 9 is A radio antenna, 10 is an electric / optical signal converter, and 11 is an optical fiber.
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (56)参考文献 特開 昭49−28295(JP,A) 特開 昭54−55931(JP,A) 特開 昭60−50475(JP,A) 実開 昭56−69832(JP,U) 特公 昭58−52418(JP,B1) 米国特許4611207(US,A) 米国特許4384289(US,A) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (56) Reference JP-A-49-28295 (JP, A) JP-A-54-55931 (JP, A) JP-A-60-50475 (JP, A) Actual development Sho-56- 69832 (JP, U) Japanese Patent Publication Sho 58-52418 (JP, B1) US Patent 4611207 (US, A) US Patent 4384289 (US, A)
Claims (3)
縁されて電極を構成する検知装置ケースと、該送電線と
該検知装置ケース間に接続され該検知装置ケースと大地
電位の樹木との間に形成された浮遊容量に対して該送電
線から該検知装置ケースに流れ込む充電電流の変化を計
測する充電電流検出回路と、該充電電流検出回路の計測
値を該検知装置ケース外に設置した受信装置に無線又は
有線で送るための送信器とを設けたことを特徴とする大
地電位物体の送電線異常接近検知装置。1. A detector case that is suspended from a transmission line and is insulated from the transmission line to form an electrode, and a detector case and a tree of ground potential that are connected between the transmission line and the detector case. A charging current detection circuit that measures a change in charging current flowing from the power transmission line into the detection device case with respect to the stray capacitance formed between the charging line and the measurement value of the charging current detection circuit is installed outside the detection device case. And a transmitter for transmitting by wire or wirelessly to the receiving device described above.
縁されて電極を構成する検知装置ケースと、該送電線と
該検知装置ケース間に接続され該検知装置ケースと大地
電位の樹木との間に形成された浮遊容量に対して該送電
線から該検知装置ケースに流れ込む充電電流の変化を計
測する充電電流検出回路と、該充電電流検出回路の計測
値に基づき大地電位物体の送電線への異常接近を検知す
る評価手段と、該評価結果を該検知装置ケース外に設置
した受信装置に無線又は有線で送るための送信器とを設
けたことを特徴とする大地電位物体の送電線異常接近検
知装置。2. A detection device case that is suspended from a power transmission line and is insulated from the power transmission line to form an electrode, and a detection device case connected between the power transmission line and the detection device case and a tree of ground potential. A charging current detection circuit that measures a change in charging current flowing from the power transmission line into the detection device case with respect to the stray capacitance formed between the two, and a power transmission line of the ground potential object based on the measurement value of the charging current detection circuit. And a transmitter for transmitting the evaluation result to a receiver installed outside the detector case by radio or wire, and a transmission line of a ground potential object. Abnormal approach detection device.
在させたことを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2記載の
大地電位物体の送電線異常接近検知装置。3. The apparatus for detecting an abnormal approach to a transmission line of a ground potential object according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a part of the detection device case is extended along the transmission line.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP63239761A JPH0789710B2 (en) | 1988-09-27 | 1988-09-27 | Equipment for detecting abnormalities in the transmission line of earth potential objects |
US07/737,633 US5150038A (en) | 1988-09-27 | 1991-07-30 | System for detecting the extraordinary approach of objects having earth potential toward a power transmission line |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP63239761A JPH0789710B2 (en) | 1988-09-27 | 1988-09-27 | Equipment for detecting abnormalities in the transmission line of earth potential objects |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0295130A JPH0295130A (en) | 1990-04-05 |
JPH0789710B2 true JPH0789710B2 (en) | 1995-09-27 |
Family
ID=17049526
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP63239761A Expired - Lifetime JPH0789710B2 (en) | 1988-09-27 | 1988-09-27 | Equipment for detecting abnormalities in the transmission line of earth potential objects |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPH0789710B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11443155B2 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2022-09-13 | Lindsey Manufacturing Company | Insulator leakage current detector and method of detecting insulator leakage current |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9559516B2 (en) | 2013-03-13 | 2017-01-31 | Astec International Limited | Arc prevention in DC power systems |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4384289A (en) | 1981-01-23 | 1983-05-17 | General Electric Company | Transponder unit for measuring temperature and current on live transmission lines |
US4611207A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1986-09-09 | Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation | Apparatus for monitoring voltage on a high voltage overhead transmission line |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4928295A (en) * | 1972-07-08 | 1974-03-13 | ||
JPS5455931A (en) * | 1977-10-07 | 1979-05-04 | Toyo Communication Equip | Device of detecting obstacle for fire fighting |
JPS6217719Y2 (en) * | 1979-11-02 | 1987-05-07 | ||
JPS5953327B2 (en) * | 1981-09-22 | 1984-12-24 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | Method for producing 18% Ni maraging steel with excellent fracture toughness |
JPS6050475A (en) * | 1983-08-31 | 1985-03-20 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Electric field type human body detector |
-
1988
- 1988-09-27 JP JP63239761A patent/JPH0789710B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4384289A (en) | 1981-01-23 | 1983-05-17 | General Electric Company | Transponder unit for measuring temperature and current on live transmission lines |
US4611207A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1986-09-09 | Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation | Apparatus for monitoring voltage on a high voltage overhead transmission line |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11443155B2 (en) * | 2018-01-19 | 2022-09-13 | Lindsey Manufacturing Company | Insulator leakage current detector and method of detecting insulator leakage current |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH0295130A (en) | 1990-04-05 |
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