JPH078662Y2 - Sound absorbing panel - Google Patents
Sound absorbing panelInfo
- Publication number
- JPH078662Y2 JPH078662Y2 JP1988143678U JP14367888U JPH078662Y2 JP H078662 Y2 JPH078662 Y2 JP H078662Y2 JP 1988143678 U JP1988143678 U JP 1988143678U JP 14367888 U JP14367888 U JP 14367888U JP H078662 Y2 JPH078662 Y2 JP H078662Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sound absorbing
- plate
- sound
- absorbing material
- plywood
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本考案は、板振動型の吸音による低周波吸音を目的とし
て、例えば建築物の室の内壁等に用いられる吸音パネル
に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Industrial field of application] The present invention relates to a sound absorbing panel used for, for example, an inner wall of a building room for the purpose of low-frequency sound absorption due to plate vibration type sound absorption.
前記吸音パネルとしては、従来、合板や石膏ボード等の
各種ボード類等の板状体単体で構成されたものが知られ
ている。そして、前記吸音構造を構成するにあたって
は、コンクリート製等の躯体壁に、それらの吸音パネル
を、縦横の胴縁からなる木造下地組を介して躯体壁から
離隔した状態に取り付け、それら吸音パネルと躯体壁と
の間の空間に、グラスウール等の吸音材を充填してい
た。As the sound absorbing panel, conventionally, there is known one constituted by a plate-shaped body alone such as various boards such as plywood and gypsum board. Then, in configuring the sound absorbing structure, to the body wall made of concrete, etc., those sound absorbing panels, in the state of being separated from the body wall through a wooden base set consisting of vertical and horizontal furring strips, and those sound absorbing panels The space between the body wall was filled with sound absorbing material such as glass wool.
しかし、上述した従来の吸音パネルにおいては、板状体
の取付作業と吸音材の充填作業とをそれぞれ別々に行な
うものであることから、施工に手間取るものであり、さ
らに、中高周波音は吸音材により吸収されるものの、低
周波音の吸音については、パネルである板状体の共振に
よる板振動に対する内部摩擦によるエネルギー消費で吸
音するだけなので、その吸音性能は不十分であった。However, in the above-described conventional sound absorbing panel, since the work of mounting the plate-shaped body and the work of filling the sound absorbing material are performed separately, it is time-consuming for the construction. Although it is absorbed by, the sound absorption performance of the low frequency sound is insufficient because it is only absorbed by the energy consumption due to the internal friction against the plate vibration due to the resonance of the plate-shaped body which is the panel.
本考案の目的は、上記実情に鑑み、板状体と吸音材との
施工上の作業性をよくするほか、低周波音の吸音性能を
さらに改善した、低周波さら高周波の広帯域の吸音にす
ぐれた吸音パネルを提供することにある。In view of the above situation, an object of the present invention is to improve workability in construction between a plate and a sound absorbing material, and further improve sound absorbing performance of low frequency sound. To provide a sound absorbing panel.
本考案による吸音パネルの特徴構成は、中実の板状体の
一方の面を、多量の空隙を内包した弾性の吸音材の一方
の面に、その板状体の前記吸音材に対する振動を許容す
る状態で、部分的に一体結合して、前記板状体の他方の
面を低周波音の受止め面に形成すると共に、前記吸音材
の他方の面を建築物の壁面への取付面に形成したことに
ある。The characteristic structure of the sound absorbing panel according to the present invention is that one surface of a solid plate-like body is allowed to vibrate with respect to the sound absorbing material of the plate-like body on one surface of an elastic sound absorbing material containing a large amount of voids. In the state of being partially joined together, the other surface of the plate-like body is formed as a receiving surface for low frequency sound, and the other surface of the sound absorbing material is used as a mounting surface to a wall surface of a building. It has been formed.
つまり、この吸音パネルを、その板状体が外側を向く状
態でその弾性の吸音材を躯体壁等に取付けることによっ
て、この吸音パネルの構成部材である吸音材自身をスペ
ーサとして、板状体が躯体壁等から適宜離隔された位置
に保持され、前記板状体が上述のように躯体壁から離隔
していて躯体壁等によってその振動が阻害されないこと
と、その板状体が吸音材に対して、例えばその周部等の
一部で取り付けられていて残りの板状体部分の吸音材に
対する振動が許容されていることで、板状体が自由に板
振動でき、板状体の受止める音波に板状体の面上で位相
のずれがある場合でも、その板状体の板振動によって低
周波に対する吸音が支障なく行われる。さらに、板体が
中実即ち通気性のない板であるので、その表面が低周波
音の受止め面として作用する結果、この板状体が弾性の
吸音材で支持されているので、音波振動に応じて板状体
が振動しようとして、板状体と吸音材とで振動系を形成
して、低周波音を吸収する。In other words, by mounting the elastic sound absorbing material to the body wall or the like in a state where the plate-shaped body faces the outside, the sound-absorbing material itself, which is a constituent member of the sound-absorbing panel, is used as a spacer to form the sound absorbing panel. The plate-shaped body is held at a position appropriately separated from the body wall and the like, and the plate-shaped body is separated from the body wall as described above so that the vibration is not hindered by the body-wall and the plate-shaped body with respect to the sound absorbing material. Since, for example, the plate-shaped body is attached at a part of its peripheral portion and vibration of the remaining plate-shaped body portion with respect to the sound absorbing material is allowed, the plate-shaped body can freely vibrate and receive the plate-shaped body. Even if the sound wave has a phase shift on the surface of the plate-like body, the plate vibration of the plate-like body causes sound absorption for low frequencies without any trouble. Furthermore, since the plate is a solid or non-breathable plate, its surface acts as a receiving surface for low-frequency sound, and as a result, this plate is supported by an elastic sound absorbing material, which causes sound wave vibration. In response to the vibration, the plate-shaped body tries to vibrate, and the plate-shaped body and the sound absorbing material form a vibration system to absorb low-frequency sound.
以上のように、中実の板状体を多量の空隙を内包した弾
性の吸音材にその一部で一体結合して吸音パネルを構成
してあるので、板状体は吸音材に対して自由に振動で
き、さらに、吸音材は、板状体を支持すると同時に、振
動系を構成するばねとして作用する。As described above, since the sound absorbing panel is configured by integrally joining the solid plate-like body to the elastic sound absorbing material containing a large amount of voids in a part thereof, the plate-like body is free from the sound absorbing material. Further, the sound absorbing material supports the plate-shaped body and at the same time acts as a spring constituting a vibration system.
その結果、空気層を躯体壁等との間に介在させた構造に
比して、作業性よく施工でき、殊に、吸音材の他方の面
を建築物壁面への取付面としたので、中高周波音につい
ては吸音材で、また、低周波音についても板状体の板振
動により吸音できるのは当然ながら、板状体と吸音材と
で振動系を構成する結果、板状体の振動により低周波音
を吸音するので、低周波の吸音の範囲を拡大した、低周
波から高周波の広帯域にわたる吸音性能の向上した吸音
パネルを提供できるようになった。As a result, compared to the structure in which the air layer is interposed between the body wall and the like, workability can be improved, and in particular, the other surface of the sound absorbing material is used as the mounting surface for the building wall surface. High-frequency sound can be absorbed by sound absorbing material, and low-frequency sound can also be absorbed by plate vibration of the plate-shaped body.As a result of vibrating system composed of plate-shaped body and sound-absorbing material, Since it absorbs low-frequency sound, it has become possible to provide a sound-absorbing panel with an expanded range of low-frequency sound absorption and improved sound absorption performance over a wide range from low to high frequencies.
以下、図面に基づいて、本考案の実施例を説明する。 An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
第１図に示すように、低周波吸音用の板状体である厚さ
が［4mm］の合板（１）の片面側に、吸音材である密度
が［80kg/m3］で厚さが［25mm］のグラスウール（２）
を配設し、前記合板（１）の片面の四周部分を前記グラ
スウール（２）に接着して一体に取り付けるとともに、
前記合板（１）の前記グラスウール（２）との接着面と
は反対側面に、比重が［180g/m2］のレーヨンクロス
（３）を全面に接着して、建物の室の内壁を構成する吸
音性を持った内装材としての吸音パネル（Ｘ）を構成し
てある。As shown in Fig. 1, one side of plywood (1), which is a plate for low frequency sound absorption and has a thickness of [4 mm], has a sound absorbing material with a density of [80 kg / m 3 ] and a thickness of [25mm] glass wool (2)
And the four peripheral portions of one surface of the plywood (1) are bonded to the glass wool (2) and integrally attached,
A rayon cloth (3) having a specific gravity of [180 g / m 2 ] is adhered to the entire surface of the plywood (1) opposite to the surface to which the glass wool (2) is adhered to form the inner wall of the room of the building. A sound absorbing panel (X) is constructed as an interior material having sound absorbing properties.
この吸音パネル（Ｘ）は、［890mm×2450mm］の大きさ
に揃えられており、室の内壁を構成するにあたっては、
第２図および第３図に示すように、コンクリート製の躯
体壁（４）に、吸音パネル（Ｘ）の前記グラスウール
（２）の前記合板（１）との接着面とは反対側面を全面
で接着し、その吸音パネル（Ｘ）の複数を、隣接するも
のどうしの間にジョイナー（５）を介装する状態で躯体
壁（４）に沿って並設し、天井（６）との取合部分には
見切り（７）を取り付け、床（８）との取合部分には木
製の幅木（９）を取り付けてある。なお、幅木（９）は
木材のような剛体に替えて、弾性体としてもよい。ま
た、図中（10）は弾性体からなるスペーサである。This sound absorbing panel (X) has a size of [890 mm x 2450 mm], and when constructing the inner wall of the room,
As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, on the entire frame wall (4) made of concrete, the surface opposite to the surface of the sound absorbing panel (X), which is adhered to the plywood (1) of the glass wool (2), is entirely covered. A plurality of the sound absorbing panels (X) are adhered to each other, and the plurality of sound absorbing panels (X) are juxtaposed along the body wall (4) with the joiner (5) interposed between the adjacent ones, and combined with the ceiling (6). A parting line (7) is attached to the part, and a wooden skirting board (9) is attached to the part where the floor (8) is joined. The skirting board (9) may be an elastic body instead of a rigid body such as wood. Further, (10) in the figure is a spacer made of an elastic body.
そして、この吸音パネル（Ｘ）において、合板（１）が
その四周部分においてのみグラスウール（２）に接着さ
れていて合板（１）の中央部分はグラスウール（２）に
対する振動が許容されており、しかも、躯体壁（４）と
の間にグラスウール（２）が介在していて躯体壁（４）
によって合板（１）の振動が阻害されることがないか
ら、第２図および第３図に示す施工済状態において、従
来の合板（１）と躯体（４）との間に吸音材を充填した
吸音構造に比して、本考案の吸音パネル（Ｘ）は合板
（１）とグラスウール（２）が一体化しており、グラス
ウール（２）を直接躯体壁（４）に接着するだけで吸音
パネル（Ｘ）を躯体（４）に取り付ける施工工程は終わ
っており、室内で発生する音に対して、低周波音域に対
しては、合板（１）が音圧を受け、その合板（１）が自
由に板振動し、その振動に伴う合板（１）の内部摩擦に
よるエネルギー消費で、合板（１）の共振周波数をピー
クとして低周波部分が吸音されるほか、その合板（１）
とグラスウール（２）とで振動系を形成して、その合板
（１）の低周波音振動に応じた振動によっても低周波音
を吸音する。In the sound absorbing panel (X), the plywood (1) is adhered to the glass wool (2) only at its four peripheral portions, and the central portion of the plywood (1) is allowed to vibrate against the glass wool (2). , The glass wool (2) is interposed between the body wall (4) and the body wall (4)
Since the vibration of the plywood (1) is not hindered by the plywood (1), a sound absorbing material is filled between the conventional plywood (1) and the skeleton (4) in the installed state shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Compared with the sound absorbing structure, the sound absorbing panel (X) of the present invention has the plywood (1) and the glass wool (2) integrated, and the glass wool (2) is directly adhered to the body wall (4). The construction process of attaching (X) to the frame (4) has been completed, and the plywood (1) receives sound pressure for the low-frequency range of the sound generated in the room, and the plywood (1) is free. The plate vibrates and the energy consumption due to the internal friction of the plywood (1) accompanying the vibration absorbs the low frequency part at the resonance frequency of the plywood (1) as a peak.
And the glass wool (2) form a vibration system, and the low frequency sound is also absorbed by the vibration corresponding to the low frequency sound vibration of the plywood (1).
次に、本考案による吸音パネル（Ｘ）の吸音特性につい
て、試験結果に基づいて説明する。試験は、先に述べた
［890mm×2450mm］のものを用い、試料面積を［8.65
m2］とし、背後空気層を［0mm］として、JIS A1409の
「残響室法吸音率の測定方法」によって行った。なお、
試験当日の気温は［23℃］、湿度は［71％］であった。
試験の結果を、次表に揚げる。この結果から低周波領域
において高い吸音率を示していることが分かる。Next, the sound absorbing characteristics of the sound absorbing panel (X) according to the present invention will be described based on the test results. For the test, use the above-mentioned [890 mm x 2450 mm] and set the sample area to [8.65
m 2 ] and the back air layer was [0 mm], and the measurement was performed according to JIS A1409 “Reverberation room sound absorption coefficient measurement method”. In addition,
On the day of the test, the temperature was [23 ° C] and the humidity was [71%].
The results of the test are listed in the table below. From this result, it can be seen that the sound absorption coefficient is high in the low frequency region.
〔別実施例〕 次に、本考案の別の実施例を列記する。 [Other Embodiments] Next, other embodiments of the present invention will be listed.
＜１＞板状体としては、合板（１）に替えて、振動によ
って低周波成分を吸音できる種々の材料を用いることが
できる。例を挙げれば、石綿セメント板、金属板、プラ
スチック板等があるが、低周波成分を吸音できるよう
な、中実の板で、吸音材（２）と結合して振動系を形成
し、その固有振動数が低周波域になるようなものであれ
ば何でもよい。また、その厚さは、その板振動の必要な
共振周波数ならびに必要な仕上厚さを勘案して適宜変更
可能である。As the <1> plate-shaped body, various materials that can absorb low-frequency components by vibration can be used instead of the plywood (1). Examples include asbestos cement plate, metal plate, plastic plate, etc., but it is a solid plate that can absorb low frequency components and forms a vibration system by combining with the sound absorbing material (2). Any material may be used as long as the natural frequency is in the low frequency range. Further, the thickness can be appropriately changed in consideration of the required resonance frequency of the plate vibration and the required finishing thickness.
＜２＞多孔質吸音材としては、グラスウール（２）に替
えて、各種の材料を用いることができる。例を挙げれ
ば、ロックウールやスラグウール等の無機繊維材料、或
いは、有機繊維材料、さらには、軟質ウレタンフォーム
等の合成高分子発泡材料等がある。なお、吸音材の密度
は、［24kg/m3〜240kg/m3］の範囲で適宜洗濯すること
が可能である。また、吸音材（２）の厚さは、必要な吸
音特性ならびに必要な仕上厚さを勘案して前記振動系の
ばねを構成するに適合する範囲で適宜変更可能である。<2> As the porous sound absorbing material, various materials can be used instead of the glass wool (2). Examples include inorganic fiber materials such as rock wool and slag wool, organic fiber materials, and synthetic polymer foam materials such as soft urethane foam. The density of the sound absorbing material can be appropriately washed in the range of [24 kg / m 3 to 240 kg / m 3 ]. Further, the thickness of the sound absorbing material (2) can be appropriately changed within a range suitable for constituting the spring of the vibration system in consideration of required sound absorbing characteristics and required finishing thickness.
＜３＞先の実施例では、合板（１）の仕上面側となる面
に、レーヨンクロス（３）を接着したものを説明した
が、レーヨンクロス（３）に替えて、天然繊維、化学繊
維、合成繊維、無機繊維等からなるクロスや不織布クロ
ス、或いは各種のシート材料を仕上材として付設しても
よい。また、躯体壁（４）への吸音パネル（Ｘ）の接着
状態において上述の各種のクロス仕上或いは塗装仕上を
施して最終的な仕上げを得るべく、各種ボードや合板を
素地のままとしてもよい。<3> In the above embodiment, the rayon cloth (3) is bonded to the surface of the plywood (1) that is the finishing surface side. However, natural fiber or chemical fiber is used instead of the rayon cloth (3). Alternatively, cloth or non-woven cloth made of synthetic fibers or inorganic fibers, or various sheet materials may be attached as a finishing material. Further, various boards and plywood may be left as they are in order to obtain the final finish by applying the above various cloth finishes or paint finishes in the adhered state of the sound absorbing panel (X) to the body wall (4).
＜４＞先の実施例では、板状体である合板（１）と吸音
材であるグラスウール（２）との接着を、合板（１）の
四周部分のみについて行っていたが、四周部分の全ての
部分で接着しなくても適宜箇所のみを接着してもよく、
また、それに替えて、或いは、それに加えて、四周部分
以外の適宜箇所でそれら両者を接着してもよく、要する
に、板状体（１）と多孔質吸音材（２）とは、板状体
（１）の吸音材（２）に対する振動を許容する状態であ
れば、その接着方法や接着箇所については問わない。そ
の振動特性が低周波音の吸音に適していればよい。<4> In the above embodiment, the plywood (1) which is a plate-like body and the glass wool (2) which is a sound absorbing material are adhered only to the four circumferences of the plywood (1). Even if you do not bond at the part, you may bond only the appropriate part,
Further, instead of or in addition to them, the both may be bonded at appropriate places other than the four circumferential portions. In short, the plate-shaped body (1) and the porous sound-absorbing material (2) are the plate-shaped bodies. As long as the vibration of the sound absorbing material (2) of (1) is allowed, the bonding method and the bonding position are not limited. It suffices that the vibration characteristic is suitable for absorbing low frequency sound.
＜５＞先の実施例では、板状体である合板（１）の仕上
面となる面に、仕上材としてのレーヨンクロス（３）を
全面接着したのを説明したが、それに替えて、接着箇所
を適宜箇所のみとしたり、或いは、レーヨンクロス
（３）に限るものではないがクロス材の端部をグラスウ
ール等の吸音材（２）の裏面にまで折り曲げて吸音材
（２）に接着することによって、仕上材（３）と板状体
（１）、ならびに、板状体（１）と吸音材（２）とを互
いに接着することなく、それら三者を一体化して吸音パ
ネル（Ｘ）を構成してもよい。この場合も、前記振動系
の固有振動数が不適切なものにならなければよい。<5> In the above embodiment, it was explained that the rayon cloth (3) as a finishing material was wholly adhered to the surface to be the finishing surface of the plywood (1) which was a plate-shaped body. Adhere to the sound absorbing material (2) by bending the end of the cloth material to the back surface of the sound absorbing material (2) such as glass wool, but not limited to the rayon cloth (3). Thus, the finishing material (3) and the plate-like body (1), and the plate-like body (1) and the sound absorbing material (2) are not bonded to each other, but these three members are integrated to form the sound absorbing panel (X). You may comprise. Also in this case, the natural frequency of the vibration system should not be inappropriate.
＜６＞先の実施例では、吸音パネル（Ｘ）の端部を切端
したままとして複数の吸音パネル（Ｘ）を並設する場合
には間にジョイナー（５）を介装するようにしたものを
説明したが、それに替えて、図示はしないが、吸音パネ
ル（Ｘ）の端部に、額縁材を付設したり、実継ぎが可能
な加工を施した部材を付設したりしてもよい。<6> In the above embodiment, when a plurality of sound absorbing panels (X) are arranged side by side with the end of the sound absorbing panel (X) being cut off, a joiner (5) is interposed therebetween. Although described above, a frame member may be attached to the end of the sound absorbing panel (X), or a member that has been subjected to actual joint processing may be attached to the end of the sound absorbing panel (X).
＜７＞第４図に示すように、本考案による吸音パネル
（Ｘ）に重ねて、グラスウール等からなるパネル状の吸
音材（11）を接着等の手段によって付設してもよい。こ
の場合、吸音部材（11）が高周波成分に対して高い吸音
効果を示すことから、本考案による吸音パネル（Ｘ）が
低周波成分に対して高い吸音効果を示すことと相俟っ
て、低周波から高周波にわたる広い範囲で優れた吸音効
果を発揮させることができる。<7> As shown in FIG. 4, the sound absorbing panel (X) according to the present invention may be superposed and a panel-like sound absorbing material (11) made of glass wool or the like may be attached by means such as bonding. In this case, since the sound absorbing member (11) exhibits a high sound absorbing effect for high frequency components, the sound absorbing panel (X) according to the present invention exhibits a high sound absorbing effect for low frequency components, and It is possible to exert an excellent sound absorbing effect in a wide range from high frequency to high frequency.
＜８＞吸音パネル（Ｘ）の形状や寸法等の具体的構成に
ついては、適宜変更可能である。<8> The specific configuration such as the shape and size of the sound absorbing panel (X) can be appropriately changed.
＜９＞尚、実用新案登録請求の範囲の項に図面との対照
を便利にする為に符号を記すが、該記入により本考案は
添付図面の構造に限定されるものではない。<9> In the claims of utility model registration, reference numerals are given for convenience of comparison with the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the structure of the accompanying drawings by the entry.
図面は本考案に係る吸音パネルの実施例を示し、第１図
は断面図、第２図は施工状態での断面図、第３図は施工
状態での立面図である。第４図は別の実施例を示す第１
図に相当する断面図である。 （１）……板状体、（２）……吸音材。The drawings show an embodiment of the sound absorbing panel according to the present invention. Fig. 1 is a sectional view, Fig. 2 is a sectional view in a construction state, and Fig. 3 is an elevational view in the construction state. FIG. 4 is a first diagram showing another embodiment.
It is sectional drawing equivalent to a figure. (1) ... plate-like body, (2) ... sound absorbing material.
Claims (2)
空隙を内包した弾性の吸音材（２）の一方の面に、その
板状体（１）の前記吸音材（２）に対する振動を許容す
る状態で、部分的に一体結合して、前記板状体（１）の
他方の面を低周波音の受止め面に形成すると共に、前記
吸音材（２）の他方の面を建築物の壁面への取付面に形
成してある吸音パネル。1. A sound absorbing material (2) having one surface of a solid plate-like body (1) and an elastic sound absorbing material (2) containing a large amount of voids, and the sound absorbing material of the plate-like body (1). While partially permitting vibration to (2), the other surface of the plate-like body (1) is formed as a low-frequency sound receiving surface while the sound absorbing material (2) is formed. A sound absorbing panel whose other surface is formed as a mounting surface on the wall surface of a building.
（１）の取付部分が前記板状体（１）の周部である請求
項１記載の吸音パネル。2. The sound absorbing panel according to claim 1, wherein a mounting portion of the plate-shaped body (1) to the sound-absorbing material (2) is a peripheral portion of the plate-shaped body (1).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1988143678U JPH078662Y2 (en) | 1988-11-02 | 1988-11-02 | Sound absorbing panel |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1988143678U JPH078662Y2 (en) | 1988-11-02 | 1988-11-02 | Sound absorbing panel |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0264608U JPH0264608U (en) | 1990-05-15 |
| JPH078662Y2 true JPH078662Y2 (en) | 1995-03-06 |
Family
ID=31410712
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1988143678U Expired - Lifetime JPH078662Y2 (en) | 1988-11-02 | 1988-11-02 | Sound absorbing panel |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH078662Y2 (en) |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3029938C2 (en) * | 1979-09-21 | 1982-08-12 | Armstrong World Industries, Inc., 17604 Lancaster, Pa. | Process for the production of a sound-absorbing wall panel |
-
1988
- 1988-11-02 JP JP1988143678U patent/JPH078662Y2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0264608U (en) | 1990-05-15 |
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