JPH0716022A - Mat-like ground-covering material and its production - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the mat-like ground-covering material suitable for the erosion prevention and vegetational greening of bare fields, especially tilled fields such as slopes, fields, mountains, lake shores, liver banks, etc. CONSTITUTION:The mat-like ground-covering material is produced by filling at least one filling material 3 selected from a group consisting of a plant- culturing material, an inorganic granular material and plant seeds in the space parts of a mat-like material 2 as a carrier, the mat-like material 2 comprising arbitrarily interlaced fibrous materials in a porosity of 50-99.5%. A sheet 4 for preventing the falling of the filling material 3 or a reinforcing net 5 may preferably be disposed on the surface of the mat-like ground-covering material.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a ground cover for vegetation for protection of topsoil or vegetation, and a ground cover for preventing erosion such as a lakeshore and a river bank, and a method for producing these ground covers.

[0002] That is, it is used as a bare land constructed by road construction, residential land, farmland, park development, etc., especially for protection of topsoil on slopes such as slopes and its vegetation, or as a material for topsoil protection and forest formation in the mountains. , And even thin ground,
(EN) Provided is a ground cover which can be favorably applied as a greening vegetation material for soil ground that is not suitable for plant growth such as degraded land. Also, to prevent soil erosion in water level fluctuation areas such as dam lake shores and river levees, and to provide vegetation cover in this area to stabilize soil and provide landscape cover It is also intended to do so.

[0003]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, several construction methods have been developed and implemented for preventing soil erosion and vegetation revegetation on bare land, especially slopes such as slopes. That is, although mortar spraying and construction of concrete frame structures are carried out to prevent soil erosion, these require enormous cost and require a long construction period.

As a method of utilizing the mutual relationship between soil protection and vegetation greening, a method of spraying plant seeds and plant culture material on the target area is also used. At times, it is cumbersome and expensive, such as the need to cover with sheets to prevent the sprayed objects from running away, and it is difficult to improve the vegetation rate. Therefore, a so-called laminated soil anticorrosive vegetation sheet having a structure in which plant seeds or plant culture materials are loaded on the upper surface of a non-woven fabric or the like and the upper portion thereof is covered with a mat or a non-woven fabric has been devised.

According to this method, runoff of plant seeds due to raindrop impact or rain current at the time of rainfall can be prevented to some extent, but in the case of uneven or floating ground, there is a problem with the adhesion to the ground, which is common. Even on the ground, there is a problem that the vegetation sheet floats due to strong wind and rain, and especially on inclined surfaces, the base soil is eroded due to the sweeping force generated between the sheet and the soil.

Therefore, it is desirable to increase the weight of the vegetation sheet by increasing the amount of the plant culture material to be loaded so as to measure the adhesion between the sheet and the ground and to contribute to the improvement of vegetation even on a thin ground or a degraded ground. However, in the above-mentioned sheet for soil anticorrosive vegetation, peeling or destruction between the laminated sheets is observed due to its laminated structure, and there is a limit to the amount of plant culture material that can be carried.

[0007] Further, since the form of carrying the plant culture material is generally such that the material is loaded on the upper surface of a non-woven fabric or the like and partially fixed to the mat coated thereabove, the support of the plant culture material is carried. As the amount is increased, the lower surface of the vegetation sheet becomes more uneven due to the presence of the fixed part and the carrying part of the material, the adhesion to the ground becomes poor, and the concave part becomes a water flow path, soil, etc. It also causes an increase in the exodus.

On the other hand, dams and rivers have become indispensable for water use in recent years, but terrestrial plants eventually suffocate and die due to submergence submergence on the lakeshore and river levee, which causes dry wind erosion of soil when exposed to the atmosphere. And frost collapse, and during rain, soil particles are destroyed by raindrop impact and soil is eroded. In addition, these lakeshores and river banks are generally sloping land, and soil is washed away by the scavenging force of rainwater.

In addition, when the water level fluctuates or the water surface fluctuates,
There is a risk that the destructive force acts on the eroded soil to enhance the erosion and gradually damage it. In order to prevent these problems, masonry, gabions, concrete, and concrete blocks, etc., have been used to fix revetments on lake shores and river levees, but these are protected by covering and fixing lake shore soil with a rigid weight. This is an attempt to build a large revetment and requires a long period of time for its construction.

In addition, vegetation cannot be expected due to the above-mentioned immobilization of the soil cover by masonry, concrete blocks, etc., and it is currently very difficult to maintain and reconstruct the landscape by vegetation greening.

[0011]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above-mentioned situation, the present invention solves these conventional problems and prevents erosion of bare land, especially slopes such as slopes, mountains, lakes, river banks, etc. It is an object to provide a ground cover that can be suitably used for vegetation greening.

That is, the target geology is not limited, and it can be well applied to soil which is conventionally difficult to vegetate, such as thin land and degraded land, and has a high vegetation effect. There is almost no movement of plant culture materials or soil erosion, and it is easy to handle irregularities on the ground during construction, has excellent workability, has a short construction period, and is cost-effective. Is to provide ground coverings.

[0013] Further, the present invention provides a ground cover for preventing soil erosion during exposure of a water level fluctuation area such as a lake shore or a river dike or during submersion and effective for vegetation and greening by plants resistant to submersion. Intended to.

[0014]

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention has been conducted by repeatedly conducting various experiments,
It has been found that good results can be obtained by directly filling a mat-like material under specific conditions with a plant culture material or the like.

That is, according to the present invention, a mat-like material in which fibrous materials are arbitrarily entangled and having a porosity of 50 to 99.5% is used as a carrier, and a plant culture material or an inorganic powder granule is provided in the void portion of the mat-like material. A mat-like ground object, which is filled with at least one kind of filling material selected from the group consisting of a product and a plant seed.

As the plant culture material, an inorganic or organic soil improving material, a slow-release fertilizer, effective vegetative fungi, etc. may be used alone or in a suitable combination. Further, as the inorganic powdery granular material, any one or more of earth / sand, slag powder and the like can be used.

In the embodiment in which the plant culture material, the inorganic powdery granular material and the plant seed filling material are filled in the voids of the mat-like material, the filling material is almost evenly distributed over the entire mat-like material. In addition to the filling mode, it may be partially filled. In the latter case, the regular filling mode is preferably adopted.

In the present invention, the following peculiar method is most desirable and recommended as a means for filling the void portion of the mat-like material with the filling material. That is, it is a method of supplying the filling material to the upper surface of the mat-like material and applying vibration to the mat-like material in a substantially horizontal and / or vertical direction for filling.

The mat-like base material thus obtained can be used as it is, but generally, a suitable material for preventing falling of the filling material on one or both of the front and back surfaces of the mat-like base material. Alternatively, and / or a reinforcing net is preferably used in practice.

The mat-like base material of the present invention can be constructed either for vegetation or for erosion prevention, or for both, by appropriately selecting the filling material according to the purpose.

[0021]

The present invention uses a specific mat-like material as a carrier for a filling material. The mat-like material has a large porosity of 50 to 99.5%, and the fibrous material is arbitrarily entangled. Therefore, when the filling material is filled, the fibrous material that is entangled with each other as the filling material is filled expands, and the void portion of the mat-like material further increases,
A large amount of filling material can be filled in the void portion. For this reason, it is possible to provide sufficient plant culture materials for vegetation even on soils that were conventionally difficult to vegetate, such as thin lands and degraded land.

Further, since the mat-like material has a so-called "cotton" shape in which fibrous materials are arbitrarily entangled with each other to have a large porosity, the filling material such as the filled plant culture material is mat-shaped. Even if the mat-shaped ground covering of the present invention is stably held in an object and constructed to prevent erosion from sloping land, lake shore, or river levee, runoff of the filling material due to external conditions such as water level fluctuations such as wind and rain. However, since the mat-like ground cover adheres to and integrates with the soil to protect the soil, erosion and runoff of the construction site is effectively prevented.

Furthermore, due to the capillarity of the cotton-like tissue, the moisturizing property is kept good even when the atmospheric environment is dried, giving excellent vegetation conditions such as germination and rooting, and cultivated plants and plants that grow spontaneously on the ground to be constructed. The mat-like ground object is easily entangled with the cotton-like structure and is stably connected to the construction ground.

Further, by adding an appropriate inorganic powdery or granular material such as soil, sand, or slag powder as a filling material to make the specific gravity of the mat-like ground cover larger than that of water, erosion control of lake shores and river banks is prevented. Even if it is constructed for use, it is possible to prevent the mat-like ground object from floating or floating due to fluctuations in water level.

Furthermore, since the ground covering material of the present invention is mat-like and has a high flexibility, it can easily deal with and make close contact with irregularities of the construction ground, and has excellent workability and construction period. It is short, relatively easy to manufacture, and cost effective.

[0026]

The present invention will be described in more detail below. Figure 1
FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a typical embodiment of the mat-like ground object of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the ground object 1 of the present invention is
It is generally in the form of a sheet having a thickness of about 5 to 50 mm, and the shape thereof is not particularly limited, and a long aspect having a predetermined width is usually adopted. It is collectively referred to as "mat-like".

The greatest feature of the present invention is that a specific carrier is used and a filling material such as a plant culture material is naturally and integrally filled in the carrier. For example, a mode in which a plant culture material is loaded on the upper surface of a non-woven fabric or the like, and the upper side thereof is covered with a protective sheet such as a mat or a non-woven fabric, the protective sheet tends to peel off when the carried amount of the plant culture material is increased, For this reason, it has the drawbacks that it is difficult to support the plant culture material necessary and sufficient for vegetation, the target geology is easily limited, and the number of manufacturing steps is large and the cost is high.

On the other hand, in the embodiment of the present invention in which the plant culture material and the like are filled in the carrier as a whole, the plant culture material and the like necessary and sufficient for vegetation can be carried and the external condition such as wind and rain can be supported. However, the plant culture material is not directly affected, and almost no runoff of the plant culture material is observed. Furthermore, the number of steps in manufacturing is small and the cost is advantageous.

The mat-like material used as a carrier in the present invention has a porosity of 50 to 99.5%, preferably 60 to 99.5, before the fibrous material is optionally entangled and filled with the filling material.
% Of the so-called "cotton" shape.

The fibrous material generally has a diameter of 20 μm to
Those having a thickness of 1,000 μm, which can withstand the resistance when the filling material is filled and which can hold the filled filling material in a stable manner, are preferably polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate or other synthetic fibers or cotton, and further glass fibers. ,
Metal fibers and the like are preferably used. In addition, these fibrous materials are preliminarily crimped and partially spun to form a low melting point material which is heat-bonded and reinforced to increase flexibility and strength, and the upper limit of the filling amount of the filling material. Also has the advantage of becoming even larger. The filling material to be filled in the mat-like carrier is at least one selected from the group consisting of plant culture materials, inorganic powder and granular materials, and plant seeds. Plant culture material is a generic term for materials suitable for plant growth, materials that promote plant growth, and materials that are useful for preventing and preventing damage to plant growth. Specifically, diatomaceous earth firing as a soil improvement material. Substance, zeolite, permiculite, inorganic type such as perlite, peat, bark compost, corrosive material, organic type such as charcoal, and various slow-release advanced chemical fertilizers as slow-release fertilizers, more effective for vegetation The fungi include various endophytic or exogenous mycorrhizal fungi. Further, the inorganic powdery granular material prevents the mat-like ground covering of the present invention from floating or floating when the mat-like ground covering is submerged due to fluctuations in the water level when the mat-like ground covering is used for erosion control of a lake shore or river bank. From the meaning, it is often used to make its specific gravity larger than that of water, for example, a specific gravity of 1.2 or more. For this purpose, soil, sand, slag powder, etc. are generally used.

The plant seeds are appropriately selected depending on the purpose of vegetation. For example, when the mat-like ground covering of the present invention is applied to bare ground, grasses, fescue, legumes or When using Hagi, Pinaceae, etc. to prevent erosion of lakeshores and river banks, willows, shovels, irises,
Seeds of submerged-resistant plants such as kanzos are used together with appropriate vegetation means such as roots and cuttings.

The following method is most preferably recommended as a means for filling the mat-like material as a carrier with the filling material such as the plant culture material, the inorganic powdery or granular material and the plant seed. That is, by supplying the filling material to the upper surface of the mat-like material that is a carrier and applying vibration to the mat-like material in a substantially horizontal direction and / or a vertical direction, fibers that are entangled arbitrarily by the vibration of the filling material. This is a method of passing through the gaps and gradually moving in the downward direction so as to be held and locked in the inter-fiber void portions. The present inventor calls this a vibration filling method.

Specifically, first, an impermeable body of a filling material such as paper or non-woven fabric is glued on the bottom surface of the mat-like material which is a carrier. In addition, a frame having a required shape is fixed on the upper surface of the mat-like material, and a predetermined amount of the filling material is supplied into the frame. Next, when vibration is applied to the mat-like material in a substantially horizontal direction and / or a vertical direction, the filling material gradually moves downward between the entangled fibers and is filled. The fibers generally elongate according to the filling, and the mat-like material,
A mat-like base material having a thickness of 2 to 3 times the initial thickness and filled with and holding a filling material having a volume corresponding to this thickness can be obtained.

Before filling, the mat-like material of the carrier is generally 5
It has a thickness of about 20 mm, but usually 5 after filling.
It reaches a thickness of about 50 mm. The filling mode of the filling material is
In addition to the embodiment in which the mat-like material is filled almost uniformly, it may be partially filled. For example, only the upper layer portion of the mat-like material, or partially layered in the thickness direction, further layered depending on the type of the filling material, or partially filling at a suitable spacing in plan view, etc. Any filling mode is adopted depending on the application.

In order to facilitate the vibration filling method of the present invention, the filling material other than plant seeds is generally powdered, and specifically, the fibers constituting a mat-like material. Although it depends on the roughness of the voids between the particles, it is usually used as a powder or granular material having a diameter of 2 mm or less.

Further, among the filling materials, a mode in which fungi are fixed with charcoal or a cellulosic substance immobilized as a carrier is useful from the standpoint of the sustainability of the effect. FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a vertical cross section of the mat-like ground object in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the space between the fibrous materials of the mat-shaped material 2 as a carrier is filled with the filling material 3 and is held and locked.

Normally, the filled filling material does not almost fall off, but one or both of the surfaces of the mat-like material is appropriately added as necessary to prevent the filling material near the surface from falling off. It is also possible to attach a falling-off prevention sheet 4. As the falling-off prevention sheet, it is preferable to fix a non-woven fabric, paper or the like, which has little influence on vegetation.

Further, a mode in which a reinforcing net 5 for imparting strength and protection is attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the mat-like material directly or through the fall-preventing sheet 4 on the upper surface thereof is also appropriately adopted. As the reinforcing net 5, it is preferable that the reinforcing net 5 has water resistance and is soft in terms of adhesion to the soil surface. For example, a high density polyethylene net is preferably used.

When the mat-like ground covering of the present invention is constructed, it may be simply laid or simply anchored by an appropriate method such as an anchor pin, but fluctuations in water level at the lake shore, river bank, etc. When constructing the area to prevent erosion, it is preferable to use anchor ropes or ropes with weights to secure the area.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described based on examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

Examples 1 to 3 As a mat-like material (hereinafter also referred to as "random web sheet") which is a holding carrier for the filling material, the fiber diameter is 20 μm4.
0%, 30 μm fiber diameter 60% polyester fiber as raw material, average thickness without load 9 mm, density (weight per unit area) 50 g
Random web sheet with a porosity of 98% / m ² (manufactured by Unitika Ltd., trade name: special spunbond)
It was used.

As the filling material to be filled in this, 42% of the zeolite-based inorganic soil improving material passed through a sieve having an opening of 1.5 mm, 54.6% of the organic compost material fully ripening humus and the like, and a loose material 3% of synthetic fertilizers manufactured by Central Glass Co., Ltd. (trade name: Ceracoat CK) are weighed at respective weight ratios, and 0.4% of plant seed mixture of fescue, legumes and bluegrass is further added. It was prepared by thoroughly mixing. The apparent density of the filling material is 0.74 kg / l. The method for filling the random web sheet with the filling material was as follows.

First, a non-woven fabric (manufactured by Unitika Ltd., product name: Rayon Spunlace CRX-030) was pasted on the entire surface of one side of the random web sheet with glue. The glue used in Examples 1 and 3 was a water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol film having a thickness of 20 μm (manufactured by Nigo Film Co., Ltd., hereinafter abbreviated as PVA film), which was sprayed with water to impregnate it. In Example 2, starch was used. (Cornstarch) was heated and dissolved in water at a concentration of 5% and applied to a nonwoven fabric. In all cases, the adhesion in the dry state was good over the entire surface.

Secondly, on a plate having a vibration source at the bottom,
A random web sheet having a non-woven fabric attached to the bottom was set, and a frame having a height of 5 cm surrounding the planned filling surface was fixed on the random web sheet. In Examples 1 and 2, the entire surface was surrounded by a frame, and in Example 3, a frame having a side of 20 cm square and a frame of 10 cm square was attached at equal intervals.

Thirdly, a sufficient amount of filling material, which is a surplus, was put in this frame, and the installed vibrator was started. The vibrator uses an eccentric motor and has an amplitude of 0.3 to 1 mm and a frequency of 1600 V / min. After 1 minute of vibration, the excess filling material that could not be filled on the upper surface of the radam web sheet in the frame and the fixed frame were removed, and the filling material of the vegetation ground cover was filled to the limit. A partially filled packing base was completed.

Table 1 collectively shows the measurement results and properties of the filling amount of the filling material of the basic body.

[0046]

[Table 1]

The vegetation ground cover produced here was attached to a soft rock formation slope (inclination angle 32 °), and a field test was conducted for 3 months. As a result, adhesion to the ground is good in any case, erosion of the construction site soil and runoff of the filling material due to external conditions such as wind and rain are not seen, germination of plant seeds,
The subsequent growth was also good, and I was able to obtain unexpected results.

Comparative Example 1 As a lower layer, a gauze-like cotton cloth having a basis weight of 65 g / m ^{2 and} a width of 1 m was used. The same filling material was loaded, and the upper part thereof was covered with the same random web sheet having a width of 1 m as that of the example containing the binder fiber as an upper layer to obtain a vegetation land cover. To fix the upper and lower layers, the A test piece was heat-sealed and the B test piece was sandwiched with a PVA film between the upper layer and the lower layer of the glue margin part of 20 × 1000 mm and both ends of the gauze-like cotton cloth with a width of 1 m, each 30 mm. ,
Water was sprayed from the upper layer, and the PVA film was melt-gelatinized and pressure-bonded.

Five A and B test bodies were prepared and tested by changing the loading amount of the filling material. When both A and B test bodies had a loading amount of 1.8 kg / m ² , adhesion between the upper and lower layers was unsatisfactory. Stabilized, average of 9 places in A specimen and 6 places in B specimen out of 15 places of adhesive margin of 20 mm width existing in 1 m in length direction of gauze-like cotton cloth at loading amount of 2.2 kg / m ² . Peeling and falling off were observed.

Comparative Example 2 In Comparative Example 1, the loading amount of the filling material was 1.6 kg / m ^2.
Five A and B test specimens were prepared, and a field test was conducted at the same place as in Example 1 over the same period and period. As a result, in both the A and B test pieces, the surface on which the filling material is loaded has groove-like unevenness in the width direction of the sheet, so that the adhesion to the ground is poor, and the groove in the width direction is The land-like depressions served as running water channels, and soil runoff near the position of the groove-like depressions was considerably observed, and the rooting condition of vegetation in these portions was about one-fourth that in Examples 1 to 3.

[0051]

As described above, the mat-shaped ground object of the present invention is not limited in the target geology, and is applied to thin land, degraded land or sloping land, and the filling material floats even under external conditions such as wind and rain. Almost no upward movement was observed, so soil erosion and runoff can be prevented, and it can be applied well to soil where vegetation was difficult in the past and has a high vegetation effect. It is easy to deal with unevenness, etc., has excellent workability, has a short construction period, and is cost effective.

In addition, soil erosion is prevented through exposure of water level fluctuation areas such as lakeshores and river levees, and when water is submerged, and it is extremely effective for vegetation greening by submerged plants. In addition,
More specifically, it is as follows. Also, in the following, the filling material is also referred to as a medium. (1) Regarding the germination and growth of plant seeds that are the target of vegetation, compared to other vegetation materials, the ratio of medium amount to seeds is high, the flexibility is good and the adhesion to the ground is good, In addition, since a medium layer is formed from the part that adheres to the ground surface to the outer surface, and there are few obstacles to germination and growth of plants, high germination and growth rate can be obtained, and the vegetative power of the surface protection plants or trees can be improved. Are better. (2) The ground cover has a temperature-humidity buffering action and has an effect of preventing freezing and frost collapse because it is formed by using a cotton-like mat-like material as a carrier. (3) When the partial medium layer structure in which an appropriate space is kept in a plane is maintained with respect to the entire medium layer structure, the side surface area of the medium portion increases as the relative surface area for germination and growth, and the portion without the medium is initially formed. It is possible to freely select the protection function of the original topsoil such as drainage, and the function of secondary vegetation zone in the next period. (4) The mat-like material has a strong medium-retaining property, and erosion and runoff due to wind and rain is small even on the inclined surface. This is a great advantage in comparison with the point that construction surface protection work is required with other construction methods. (5) It is lightweight and highly flexible, and does not require any other protective work, that is, the work is easy. (6) The mat-like material can be used only in a state of being filled with a medium, but it is also easy to additionally integrate a protective sheet or a reinforcing net on this surface for environmental conditions, and the range of application can be expanded. (7) The application target ground of the vegetation ground cover according to the present invention is
Natural conditions that require vegetation of plants such as grass and trees, or all of the ground that has been created, especially thin land, rocky slopes, or even the creation of forests on degraded land Can be adapted. (8) When the ground cover of the present invention is used for preventing erosion of a lake shore, a river embankment, etc., it not only measures the stabilization of soil in the target area, but also prevents the vegetation greening by the ground cover, and is more positive. Although it is to promote vegetation, the ground cover of the present invention has the following effects by adhering to soil regardless of water level fluctuations on slopes such as lakeshores and river banks. First, since the ground cover adheres closely to the soil surface against the scavenging force generated when the water level changes, the fibers constituting the mat-like material as a carrier and the soil particles are entangled with each other to prevent runoff of the soil.

Further, when the atmospheric environment of soil such as a lakeshore or a river embankment is exposed, particle destruction and acceleration of surface rainwater flow due to raindrop impact at the time of rainfall are prevented, and the water flow is dispersed to suppress the sweeping force on the soil. .

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a typical embodiment of a mat-like ground object of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged vertical cross-sectional view of the mat-like ground object in FIG.

[Explanation of symbols]

 1 mat-like ground object 2 mat-like material as carrier 3 filling material 4 sheet for preventing falling of filling material 5 reinforcing net

Claims (7)

[Claims] 1. A fibrous material is entangled arbitrarily and has a porosity of 50.
~ 99.5% of the mat-like material is used as a carrier, and the voids of the mat-like material are filled with at least one filling material selected from the group consisting of plant culture materials, inorganic powdery granules and plant seeds. A mat-like ground object characterized by being formed. 2. The mat-like ground material according to claim 1, wherein the plant culture material is at least one selected from the group consisting of inorganic or organic soil improving materials, slow-release fertilizers, and effective fungi on vegetation. 3. The mat-like ground material according to claim 1, wherein the inorganic powdery or granular material is at least one selected from the group consisting of soil, sand and slag powder. 4. The mat-like base material according to claim 1, wherein the filling material is filled substantially uniformly or partially with regularity over the entire mat-like material. 5. The mat-like ground covering according to claim 1, wherein a sheet for preventing the filling material from falling off and / or a reinforcing net is attached to at least one surface of the mat-like ground covering. 6. The mat-like ground covering is used for vegetation or /
The mat-like ground covering according to claim 1, which is for preventing erosion. 7. A fibrous material is entangled arbitrarily and has a porosity of 50.
~ 99.5% of the mat-like material is provided on the upper surface thereof with at least one filling material selected from the group consisting of plant culture material, inorganic powdery granular material and plant seed, and the mat-like material is almost The mat-like material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the filling material is filled in the void portions of the mat-like material by applying horizontal or / and vertical vibrations. Method of manufacturing object.