JPH06218313A - Non-contact coating device - Google Patents
Non-contact coating deviceInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06218313A JPH06218313A JP2605293A JP2605293A JPH06218313A JP H06218313 A JPH06218313 A JP H06218313A JP 2605293 A JP2605293 A JP 2605293A JP 2605293 A JP2605293 A JP 2605293A JP H06218313 A JPH06218313 A JP H06218313A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- web
- coating
- coating liquid
- liquid
- liquid film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C—APPARATUS FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05C5/00—Apparatus in which liquid or other fluent material is projected, poured or allowed to flow on to the surface of the work
- B05C5/005—Curtain coaters
Landscapes
- Coating Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は製紙機械のコータ、製鉄
機械のプロセス設備等に適用される非接触塗工装置に関
するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a non-contact coating apparatus applied to a coater of a papermaking machine, a process equipment of an ironmaking machine and the like.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】図６に従来の非接触塗工装置（カーテン
フローコータ）の１例を示す。この従来の装置では、ウ
エブ１上に均一に、かつ空気泡等の巻き込みのない塗工
液膜９を形成するために、液吐出ノズル２とウエブ１と
の垂直方向距離Ｈを大きく設定し、ノズル２から吐出さ
れた塗工液膜９のウエブ衝突速度を、重力加速度の作用
により速くすることで実現していた。2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 6 shows an example of a conventional non-contact coating apparatus (curtain flow coater). In this conventional apparatus, the vertical distance H between the liquid discharge nozzle 2 and the web 1 is set large in order to uniformly form the coating liquid film 9 on the web 1 without entrainment of air bubbles or the like. This has been realized by increasing the web collision speed of the coating liquid film 9 discharged from the nozzle 2 by the action of gravitational acceleration.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】従来の非接触塗工装置
では、ノズル２とウエブ１との間隔Ｈを小さくして、ノ
ズル吐出液１３のウエブ衝突流速ｖ〔＝√（ｖ0 ＋２ｇ
Ｈ）、ｖ0 ：ノズル吐出口における液流速〕を小さくし
た場合には、塗工液膜９とウエブ１の表面との間に空気
が侵入し、乾燥後の塗工品質を劣化させることがあっ
た。一方ノズル２とウエブ１の間隔Ｈを大きくし、かつ
ｖを大にして、塗工液膜９とウエブ１表面との間への空
気の侵入を防ごうとする場合には、ノズルからの吐出液
流速ｖ0 、即ち吐出流量Ｑが小さくなると、ノズル２と
ウエブ１間の液膜カーテンがノズル吐出口からウエブ表
面に達するまでの間で破れて図５に示す如く雨だれ状に
なるため、ウエブ１の表面上に比較的薄い塗工液膜９を
形成させることが難しかった（以下ノズル吐出口から吐
出塗工液膜が破れるまでの距離を有効液膜長Ｌと称す
る）。なお、図５における１３は塗工液、１４はスリッ
トノズル側壁板、１５はネックイン防止棒である。以上
の如く従来の非接触塗工装置では、塗工液１３のウエブ
１への衝突速度ｖ、若しくはノズル吐出口における初速
度ｖ0 が小さい時、即ち、図３に示す如く空気侵入発現
上限流速が１．２〜１．５ｍ／ｓｅｃより小さい時に
は、十分な塗工膜品質が確保できない虞れがある等の問
題があった。本発明は前記従来の課題を解決するために
提案されたものである。In the conventional non-contact coating apparatus, the distance H between the nozzle 2 and the web 1 is made small, and the web collision velocity v [= √ (v 0 + 2g) of the nozzle discharge liquid 13 is obtained.
H), v 0 : liquid flow velocity at the nozzle discharge port], air may enter between the coating liquid film 9 and the surface of the web 1 to deteriorate the coating quality after drying. there were. On the other hand, when the distance H between the nozzle 2 and the web 1 is increased and v is increased to prevent air from entering between the coating liquid film 9 and the surface of the web 1, the discharge from the nozzle is performed. When the liquid flow velocity v 0 , that is, the discharge flow rate Q becomes small, the liquid film curtain between the nozzle 2 and the web 1 is broken between the nozzle discharge port and the surface of the web and becomes a raindrop shape as shown in FIG. It was difficult to form a relatively thin coating liquid film 9 on the surface of No. 1 (hereinafter, the distance from the nozzle discharge port until the discharge coating liquid film is broken is referred to as the effective liquid film length L). In FIG. 5, 13 is a coating liquid, 14 is a slit nozzle side wall plate, and 15 is a neck-in prevention rod. As described above, in the conventional non-contact coating apparatus, when the collision velocity v of the coating liquid 13 on the web 1 or the initial velocity v 0 at the nozzle discharge port is small, that is, as shown in FIG. Is less than 1.2 to 1.5 m / sec, there is a problem that sufficient coating film quality may not be secured. The present invention has been proposed to solve the above conventional problems.
【０００４】[0004]
【課題を解決するための手段】このため本発明は、鋼
板、紙、樹脂フィルム等のウエブ表面に、ウエブと非接
触状態にあるスリットノズルから吐出された塗工液を塗
布する塗工装置において、同スリットノズルより吐出さ
れた塗工液がウエブ表面に接触する位置よりウエブ走行
方向上流側に、薄液膜をウエブ表面に形成させる濡れ性
液膜形成装置を配設してなるものであり、また前記濡れ
性液膜形成装置は、濡れ性液蒸気発生装置及び被塗工面
に相対して開孔を有する同蒸気の噴出装置を有してなる
もので、これを課題解決のための手段とするものであ
る。Therefore, the present invention provides a coating apparatus for coating a web surface of a steel plate, paper, resin film or the like with a coating liquid discharged from a slit nozzle which is not in contact with the web. , A wettable liquid film forming device for forming a thin liquid film on the web surface is arranged upstream of the position where the coating liquid discharged from the slit nozzle contacts the web surface in the web running direction. Further, the wettable liquid film forming apparatus comprises a wettable liquid vapor generator and a spraying device for the vapor having an opening facing the surface to be coated, which is a means for solving the problems. It is what
【０００５】[0005]
【作用】塗工液とウエブ表面とが接触する以前に、ウエ
ブ表面上に濡れ性薄液膜を形成させることにより、この
薄液膜と塗工液が接触する位置において両液自由表面間
に界面張力を作用させる（濡れ性液の選択基準として、
前記界面張力がウエブ表面と塗工液間に作用する界面張
力よりも大きくとれることがあげられる）。この界面張
力によって、塗工液を濡れ性薄液膜を介してウエブ表面
へ向けて引き付けることにより、塗工液のウエブへの衝
突速度ｖが小さい場合における塗工液膜とウエブ表面間
への空気侵入を防止することが可能となる。By forming a wettable thin liquid film on the surface of the web before the coating liquid contacts the surface of the web, a wettable thin liquid film is formed between the two liquid free surfaces at the position where the thin liquid film contacts the coating liquid. Applying interfacial tension (as a selection criterion for the wetting liquid,
The interfacial tension can be set higher than the interfacial tension acting between the web surface and the coating liquid). By this interfacial tension, the coating liquid is attracted toward the web surface through the wettable thin liquid film, so that when the collision velocity v of the coating liquid with the web is small, the coating liquid film and the web surface are It is possible to prevent air from entering.
【０００６】[0006]
【実施例】以下本発明を図面の実施例について説明する
と、図１及び図２は本発明の実施例を示す。図において
スリットノズル２より吐出された塗工液１３がウエブ１
の表面と接触する位置よりウエブ走行方向上流側の位置
に、濡れ性液蒸気１１をウエブ１の表面に向けて噴出す
るノズル３を配設する。なお、この位置におけるウエブ
１の表面温度は、濡れ性液蒸気１１の凝縮温度以下にし
ておく。この様な状態下においては、蒸気噴出ノズル３
から噴出された蒸気は、ウエブ１の表面上において凝縮
により形成される薄液膜１０を形成する。この薄液膜１
０の液膜厚は、蒸気噴出量、凝縮開始位置から塗工液１
３の接触位置までの距離等によって制御する。なお、こ
の適正液膜厚は、実験の結果０．１〜１０μｍの範囲が
適正であることが分かった。また濡れ性薄液膜１０が有
機溶剤等環境に影響を及ぼすものである場合には、ウエ
ブ１の表面に凝縮しなかった蒸気を回収するための吸引
ボックス５を蒸気噴出ノズル３を囲む様に配設すること
も考えられる。この場合濡れ性液蒸気１１が、スリット
ノズル２より吐出された塗工液１３の表面にも凝縮する
よう、吸引ボックス５のスリットノズル２側の塗工液１
３部を開放する構造にすることも考えられる。また薄膜
液１０を形成する液としては、塗工液１３中に含まれる
溶媒、若しくは前記濡れ性を改善する液剤であれば、特
に限定するものではない。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described below with reference to the embodiments of the drawings. FIGS. 1 and 2 show the embodiments of the present invention. In the figure, the coating liquid 13 discharged from the slit nozzle 2 is the web 1
A nozzle 3 for ejecting the wettable liquid vapor 11 toward the surface of the web 1 is provided at a position upstream of the position in contact with the surface of the web 1 in the web traveling direction. The surface temperature of the web 1 at this position is kept below the condensation temperature of the wettable liquid vapor 11. Under such a state, the steam jet nozzle 3
The vapor spouted from forms a thin liquid film 10 formed by condensation on the surface of the web 1. This thin liquid film 1
The liquid film thickness of 0 is the amount of vapor jetted, the coating liquid 1 from the condensation start position.
It is controlled by the distance to the contact position of 3 or the like. As a result of the experiment, it was found that the appropriate liquid film thickness is appropriate in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm. When the wettable thin liquid film 10 has an influence on the environment such as an organic solvent, a suction box 5 for collecting the vapor that has not condensed on the surface of the web 1 is formed so as to surround the vapor ejection nozzle 3. Arrangement is also conceivable. In this case, the wetting liquid vapor 11 is condensed on the surface of the coating liquid 13 discharged from the slit nozzle 2, so that the coating liquid 1 on the slit nozzle 2 side of the suction box 5 is condensed.
It is also conceivable to open the three parts. The liquid forming the thin film liquid 10 is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent contained in the coating liquid 13 or a liquid agent that improves the wettability.
【０００７】以上の様にしてウエブ１の表面上に濡れ性
薄液膜１０が凝縮して形成される際、蒸気噴出ノズル３
の表面及び吸引ノズル５の内面に濡れ性液蒸気１１が凝
縮し、ウエブ１の表面上へ落下してウエブ１の表面上の
薄液膜１０の膜厚を不均一にし、塗工品質を損なうこと
を防ぐため、蒸気噴出ノズル３の表面及び吸引ボックス
５の内面を加熱するヒータ、若しくは加温ジャケット
４，６をそれぞれ配設しておくのがよい。またウエブ１
の表面上に形成された濡れ性薄液膜１０は、ウエブ１の
移送と共に搬送され、スリットノズル２より吐出された
塗工液１３と接触し、両液間に作用する界面張力により
引き合って、図２に示すような接液自由表面形状をとっ
て塗工液１３をウエブ１の表面上に付着させ、ウエブ１
の表面上に塗工液膜９を形成させる。その後塗工液膜９
を形成したウエブ１は、乾燥炉へ搬送されて乾燥塗工膜
を形成して製品となる。As described above, when the wettable thin liquid film 10 is condensed and formed on the surface of the web 1, the vapor jet nozzle 3
The wettable liquid vapor 11 is condensed on the surface of the web and the inner surface of the suction nozzle 5 and drops onto the surface of the web 1 to make the thin liquid film 10 on the surface of the web 1 non-uniform in thickness and impair the coating quality. In order to prevent this, a heater for heating the surface of the vapor jet nozzle 3 and the inner surface of the suction box 5, or the heating jackets 4 and 6 are preferably provided. See also web 1
The wettable thin liquid film 10 formed on the surface of the liquid is conveyed with the transfer of the web 1 and comes into contact with the coating liquid 13 discharged from the slit nozzle 2 and attracted by the interfacial tension acting between both liquids, The coating liquid 13 is applied onto the surface of the web 1 so that the web 1 has a wetted free surface shape as shown in FIG.
A coating liquid film 9 is formed on the surface of the. After that, coating liquid film 9
The web 1 on which is formed is conveyed to a drying furnace to form a dry coating film and becomes a product.
【０００８】[0008]
【発明の効果】以上詳細に説明した如く本発明は、塗工
液とウエブ表面とが接触する以前に、ウエブ表面上に濡
れ性薄液膜を形成させるようにしたので、スリットノズ
ルから吐出された塗工液のウエブ表面への衝突速度を低
下させて薄塗工液膜をウエブ表面へ塗布する場合におい
ても、塗工液膜とウエブ表面間への空気の侵入を防止で
き、塗工品質を向上させることが出来る。またスリット
ノズルから吐出される塗工液の有効液膜長が長くできる
と共に、装置も安価に提供でき、かつ従来装置よりも高
速で、薄膜の高品質塗工が可能となる。更に塗工液の固
形分濃度よりも高濃度の塗工液を使用しても、従来装置
よりも薄膜の塗工層が形成可能となり、図３に示す如く
本発明の塗工障害発現上限流速が、従来に比べて低減効
果に優れていることが分かる。As described in detail above, according to the present invention, the wettable thin liquid film is formed on the surface of the web before the coating liquid comes into contact with the surface of the web. Even when a thin coating liquid film is applied to the web surface by reducing the collision speed of the coating liquid on the web surface, air can be prevented from entering between the coating liquid film and the web surface, and the coating quality can be improved. Can be improved. In addition, the effective liquid film length of the coating liquid discharged from the slit nozzle can be increased, the device can be provided at low cost, and high-quality thin film coating can be performed at a higher speed than conventional devices. Furthermore, even if a coating solution having a higher concentration than the solid content of the coating solution is used, a thinner coating layer can be formed than in the conventional apparatus, and as shown in FIG. However, it can be seen that the reduction effect is superior to the conventional one.
【０００９】即ち、本発明によると、衝突速度ｖが小さ
い場合においても、塗工液とウエブ表面間への空気の侵
入が発生しないことから、従来の非接触塗工装置の如
く、塗工液衝突速度ｖをノズル高さＨと重力加速度の作
用によって大きくする必要がなくなり、ノズル高さＨを
小さくすることが可能となるため、従来のノズルから吐
出する液膜流量Ｑ（若しくは吐出流速ｖ0 ）が小さい時
に、塗工液がノズル吐出口からウエブ表面に達するまで
の間で破れて図５に示す如く雨だれ状になり、ウエブ表
面上に塗工液膜を形成することが不可能である様な場合
においても、ノズルとウエブ表面間距離Ｈを有効液膜長
Ｌ以下に設定することが可能となり、図４に示す如く、
本発明（塗工液Ａ）の場合には、従来（塗工液Ｂ）に比
べウエブ表面上に比較的薄い塗工液膜を形成することが
可能となる。更にノズルとウエブ表面間距離Ｈが、有効
液膜長Ｌよりも長くなり、塗工液がノズル吐出口からウ
エブ表面に到達するまでに破れた場合においても、ウエ
ブ表面に塗布した濡れ性薄液膜と塗工液との間に働く界
面張力の作用により、塗工液を幅方向に安定させること
が可能となり、結果として有効液膜長Ｌが濡れ性薄液膜
がない従来の場合よりも長くなる。That is, according to the present invention, even if the collision velocity v is small, no air invades between the coating liquid and the surface of the web. Therefore, unlike the conventional non-contact coating apparatus, Since it is not necessary to increase the collision velocity v by the action of the nozzle height H and the gravitational acceleration, it is possible to reduce the nozzle height H. Therefore, the liquid film flow rate Q (or the discharge flow velocity v 0 discharged from the conventional nozzle). ) Is small, the coating liquid breaks up from the nozzle outlet to reach the web surface, forming a raindrop shape as shown in FIG. 5, and it is impossible to form a coating liquid film on the web surface. Even in such a case, the distance H between the nozzle and the web surface can be set to be equal to or less than the effective liquid film length L, and as shown in FIG.
In the case of the present invention (coating liquid A), it becomes possible to form a relatively thin coating liquid film on the web surface as compared with the conventional case (coating liquid B). Further, even when the distance H between the nozzle and the web surface becomes longer than the effective liquid film length L and the coating liquid is broken before it reaches the web surface from the nozzle outlet, the wettable thin liquid applied to the web surface is applied. The effect of the interfacial tension acting between the film and the coating liquid makes it possible to stabilize the coating liquid in the width direction, and as a result, the effective liquid film length L is smaller than that in the conventional case where the wettable thin liquid film is not provided. become longer.
【図１】本発明の実施例に係る非接触塗工装置の側断面
図である。FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of a non-contact coating apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
【図２】本発明における塗工液膜接液状況の説明図であ
る。FIG. 2 is an explanatory view of a coating liquid film contact state in the present invention.
【図３】本発明と従来における塗工液衝突必要速度低減
効果を示す説明図である。FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing the effect of reducing the required speed for coating liquid collision in the present invention and the related art.
【図４】本発明（塗工液Ａ）における濡れ性改善液必要
塗布膜厚（ウエブ表面材質一定）を説明する線図であ
る。FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a required coating film thickness of a wettability improving liquid (constant material of web surface) in the present invention (Coating liquid A).
【図５】ノズルより吐出される塗工液の有効液膜長を示
す説明図である。FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing an effective liquid film length of a coating liquid discharged from a nozzle.
【図６】従来の塗工装置（カーテンフローコータ）の１
例を示す側断面図である。FIG. 6: 1 of conventional coating apparatus (curtain flow coater)
It is a side sectional view showing an example.
１ ウエブ（塗工基材） ２ スリットノズル ３ 蒸気噴出ノズル ４ ノズル加熱源 ５ 余剰蒸気吸引ボックス ６ 吸引ボックス加熱源 ７ 蒸気供給管 ８ 余剰蒸気回収管 ９ 塗工液膜 １０ 薄液膜 １１ 濡れ性液蒸気 １２ 回収蒸気 １３ 塗工液 1 Web (coating base material) 2 Slit nozzle 3 Steam jet nozzle 4 Nozzle heating source 5 Excess steam suction box 6 Suction box heating source 7 Steam supply pipe 8 Excess steam recovery pipe 9 Coating liquid film 10 Thin liquid film 11 Wettability Liquid vapor 12 Recovery vapor 13 Coating liquid
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 橋本 律男 広島市西区観音新町四丁目６番22号 三菱 重工業株式会社広島研究所内 (72)発明者 竹岡 康良 広島市西区観音新町四丁目６番22号 三菱 重工業株式会社広島研究所内 (72)発明者 甲斐 洋一 広島市西区観音新町四丁目６番22号 三菱 重工業株式会社広島製作所内 (72)発明者 渡邊 和彦 大阪市中央区北浜４丁目５番33号 住友金 属工業株式会社内 (72)発明者 浅野 和夫 茨城県鹿島郡鹿島町大字光３番地 住友金 属工業株式会社鹿島製鉄所内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Inventor Ritsuo Hashimoto 4-6-22 Kannon Shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima City Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Hiroshima Research Institute (72) Inventor Yasuyoshi Takeoka 4-6-22 Kannon Shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Hiroshima Research Laboratory (72) Inventor Yoichi Kai 6-22 Kannon Shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima City Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Hiroshima Works (72) Inventor Kazuhiko Watanabe 4-53 Kitahama, Chuo-ku, Osaka At Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. (72) Inventor Kazuo Asano 3 Hikari, Kashima-cho, Kashima-cho, Kashima-gun, Ibaraki Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Kashima Works
Claims (2)
に、ウエブと非接触状態にあるスリットノズルから吐出
された塗工液を塗布する塗工装置において、同スリット
ノズルより吐出された塗工液がウエブ表面に接触する位
置よりウエブ走行方向上流側に、薄液膜をウエブ表面に
形成させる濡れ性液膜形成装置を配設したことを特徴と
する非接触塗工装置。1. A coating apparatus for coating a coating liquid discharged from a slit nozzle in a non-contact state with a web onto the surface of a web such as steel plate, paper, resin film, etc. A non-contact coating apparatus comprising a wettable liquid film forming device for forming a thin liquid film on the web surface upstream of a position where the liquid contacts the web surface in the web traveling direction.
気発生装置及び被塗工面に相対して開孔を有する同蒸気
の噴出装置を有することを特徴とする請求項１記載の非
接触塗工装置。2. The wettable liquid film forming apparatus comprises a wettable liquid vapor generator and a steam jetting device having an opening facing a surface to be coated. Contact coating equipment.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2605293A JPH06218313A (en) | 1993-01-22 | 1993-01-22 | Non-contact coating device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2605293A JPH06218313A (en) | 1993-01-22 | 1993-01-22 | Non-contact coating device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06218313A true JPH06218313A (en) | 1994-08-09 |
Family
ID=12182921
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2605293A Pending JPH06218313A (en) | 1993-01-22 | 1993-01-22 | Non-contact coating device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06218313A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1142647A2 (en) | 2000-04-03 | 2001-10-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Coating apparatus and coating method |
| JP2002275793A (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2002-09-25 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | Method and device for promoting permeability of coating liquid for coater |
| WO2007108156A1 (en) * | 2006-03-16 | 2007-09-27 | Metso Paper, Inc. | Noncontact coater and papermaking machine equipped with the same |
-
1993
- 1993-01-22 JP JP2605293A patent/JPH06218313A/en active Pending
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1142647A2 (en) | 2000-04-03 | 2001-10-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Coating apparatus and coating method |
| EP1142647A3 (en) * | 2000-04-03 | 2002-09-25 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Coating apparatus and coating method |
| JP2002275793A (en) * | 2001-03-15 | 2002-09-25 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | Method and device for promoting permeability of coating liquid for coater |
| WO2007108156A1 (en) * | 2006-03-16 | 2007-09-27 | Metso Paper, Inc. | Noncontact coater and papermaking machine equipped with the same |
| DE112006003799T5 (en) | 2006-03-16 | 2009-01-15 | Metso Paper, Inc. | Non-contact coating device and papermaking machine equipped therewith |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20010529 |