JPH06136693A - Coating solution composition for paper coating - Google Patents
Coating solution composition for paper coatingInfo
- Publication number
- JPH06136693A JPH06136693A JP4284103A JP28410392A JPH06136693A JP H06136693 A JPH06136693 A JP H06136693A JP 4284103 A JP4284103 A JP 4284103A JP 28410392 A JP28410392 A JP 28410392A JP H06136693 A JPH06136693 A JP H06136693A
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- coating
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- paper
- average particle
- volume average
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Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、新規な紙塗工塗液組成
物に関するものである。詳しくは、１０００／秒以上の
高剪断速度下での塗工に適した粘度挙動の改善された紙
塗工用塗液組成物に関する。FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a novel paper coating composition. More particularly, it relates to a coating liquid composition for paper coating having improved viscosity behavior suitable for coating under a high shear rate of 1000 / sec or more.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】塗工紙は、ＯＡ機器やコピー産業の発展
と歩調をあわせて成長して来ており、更に塗工紙品質の
高度保持やエネルギーの低減、生産効率の向上等が望ま
れている。その中にあって紙塗工用塗液は、一般にダイ
ラタンシー性を示すため、塗液固形分を上げたり、塗工
スピードの高速化をはかると、塗工障害を起こす欠点が
ある。2. Description of the Related Art Coated paper has grown in step with the development of OA equipment and the copying industry. Further, it is desired to maintain a high level of coated paper quality, reduce energy, and improve production efficiency. ing. Among them, the coating liquid for paper coating generally exhibits dilatancy, and therefore, there is a drawback that when the solid content of the coating liquid is increased or the coating speed is increased, coating failure occurs.
【０００３】従来、流動性改善に効果のあるものとし
て、ポリリン酸塩、ポリカルボン酸塩やカルボキシメチ
ルセルロース等が知られているが、効果が小さかったり
増粘が生じるなど、十分満足するものではなかった。ま
た紙塗工用塗液に微結晶セルロースを用いる方法として
特公昭４９−３６０４４号公報に記載がある。この公報
に記載の方法で得た１．０μｍ〜３００μｍの範囲の粒
子の大きさを有する微結晶セルロース粉末、およびＦＭ
Ｃ社「アビセル」（登録商標）ＰＨ−１０１、ＴＧ−１
０１について後述する方法で体積平均粒径を測定したと
ころ、体積平均粒径は２８μｍ以上であった。すなわ
ち、特公昭４９−３６０４４号公報は、体積平均粒径は
２８μｍ以上の微結晶セルロースを用いており、体積平
均粒径が２０μ以下のものは当時知られておらず、本発
明が目的とする剪断速度が１０００／秒以上の塗工条件
下で塗工される塗液組成物を満足させるものではない。Conventionally, polyphosphates, polycarboxylates, carboxymethylcellulose and the like have been known as those having an effect of improving fluidity, but they are not sufficiently satisfactory because of their small effects and thickening. It was Further, a method of using microcrystalline cellulose in a coating liquid for paper coating is described in JP-B-49-36044. Microcrystalline cellulose powder having a particle size in the range of 1.0 μm to 300 μm obtained by the method described in this publication, and FM
Company A "Avicel" (registered trademark) PH-101, TG-1
When the volume average particle diameter of 01 was measured by the method described later, the volume average particle diameter was 28 μm or more. That is, Japanese Patent Publication No. 49-36044 uses microcrystalline cellulose having a volume average particle size of 28 μm or more, and a volume average particle size of 20 μm or less was not known at that time, and an object of the present invention is to achieve the object. It does not satisfy a coating liquid composition applied under a coating condition of a shear rate of 1000 / sec or more.
【０００４】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする問題点】紙塗工の生産性向上
させるために、塗工スピードを上げたり固形分を上げよ
うとすると、ダイラタンシー流動を示す塗液は、塗工時
の剪断応力が大きく上昇し、高い見掛け粘度を示す。そ
の結果ストリークなどの塗工トラブルを発生し紙品質を
著しく低下させてしまうと言う問題点があった。[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] In order to improve the productivity of paper coating, when the coating speed is increased or the solid content is increased, the coating liquid exhibiting dilatancy flow has a shear stress during coating. It rises greatly and shows a high apparent viscosity. As a result, there is a problem that coating troubles such as streaks occur and the paper quality is significantly deteriorated.
【０００５】塗工技術の進歩により塗工スピードの高速
化が進み、剪断速度が１０００／秒以上の高い剪断力の
かかる塗工方法が可能となっており、この時に塗液の見
掛け粘度ができるだけ上昇しないような流動性の改善さ
れた紙塗工用塗液が強く所望されていた。Due to the progress of coating technology, the coating speed has been increased, and a coating method with a high shearing force at a shearing rate of 1000 / sec or more has become possible. At this time, the apparent viscosity of the coating liquid is as high as possible. There has been a strong demand for a coating liquid for paper coating with improved fluidity that does not rise.
【０００６】[0006]
【問題を解決するための手段】以上のような問題点に対
し、本発明者は鋭意検討した結果、本発明をなすに至っ
た。即ち、本発明は、紙塗工用顔料と、体積平均粒径が
２０μｍ以下の微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶セルロ
ース複合体、及び接着剤を含有する紙塗工用塗液組成物
であって、紙塗工用顔料１００重量部に対し、体積平均
粒径が２０μｍ以下の微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶
セルロース複合体が０．１〜２．０重量部、接着剤が全
固形分に対し２〜４０重量％含有することを特徴とする
高剪断速度塗工用に好適な紙塗工用塗液組成物に関す
る。[Means for Solving the Problems] As a result of intensive studies made by the present inventor on the above problems, the present invention has been accomplished. That is, the present invention provides a coating liquid composition for paper coating, which comprises a pigment for paper coating, microcrystalline cellulose or a microcrystalline cellulose composite having a volume average particle size of 20 μm or less, and an adhesive. 0.1 to 2.0 parts by weight of microcrystalline cellulose or a microcrystalline cellulose composite having a volume average particle size of 20 μm or less, and 2 to 40 parts by weight of the adhesive based on 100 parts by weight of the coating pigment, based on the total solid content. %, And relates to a coating liquid composition for paper coating suitable for high shear rate coating.
【０００７】以下、本発明について詳細に説明する。本
発明において微結晶セルロースは、セルロースを酸加水
分解またはアルカリ酸化分解して得られる実質的に一定
の重合度を有するセルロース結晶集合体を言い、例え
ば、インダストリアル・アンド・エンジニアリング・ケ
ミストリー、第４２巻、第５０２貢〜第５０７貢に記載
されているオー・エー・バチスタ氏の報文によって定義
されているものであり、更にこれを微粒化するために湿
式または乾式で磨砕したものを用いることができる。ま
た、微結晶セルロース複合体とは、微結晶セルロースと
水溶性高分子、更にはデンプン分解物等を水分の存在下
で磨砕練合して得られるものであり、例えば特公昭４０
−１２１７４号公報や特公昭５７−１４７７１号公報記
載のものである。The present invention will be described in detail below. In the present invention, microcrystalline cellulose refers to a cellulose crystal aggregate having a substantially constant degree of polymerization obtained by subjecting cellulose to acid hydrolysis or alkaline oxidative decomposition, and for example, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 42. , No. 502 to No. 507, and is defined by the report of Mr. A.A. Batista, and the one that is ground by a wet or dry method is used to further atomize it. You can The microcrystalline cellulose composite is obtained by milling and kneading microcrystalline cellulose, a water-soluble polymer, and a starch decomposition product in the presence of water.
No. 12174 and Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-14771.
【０００８】微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶セルロー
ス複合体は、体積平均粒径が２０μｍ以下のものが使用
できるが、好ましくは１０μｍ以下である。体積平均粒
径が２０μｍを越えるものを用いた場合は、塗液の流動
性改善効果が小さく、ストリークなどの塗工障害を発生
し紙品質を低下させる。尚、体積平均粒径とは、ＨＯＲ
ＩＢＡレーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置（ＬＡ−５００
型、（株）堀場製作所製）を用いて測定した時の、粒子
全体の体積に対して積算体積が５０％になるときの粒子
の球形換算直径をいい、微結晶セルロースもしくは微結
晶セルロース複合体は水中に分散して測定する。The microcrystalline cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose composite having a volume average particle size of 20 μm or less can be used, but it is preferably 10 μm or less. If the volume average particle diameter exceeds 20 μm, the effect of improving the fluidity of the coating liquid is small, and coating defects such as streaks occur and the paper quality deteriorates. The volume average particle size means HOR
IBA Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer (LA-500
Type, the spherical equivalent diameter of the particles when the cumulative volume becomes 50% of the total volume of the particles when measured using a mold, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd., and is referred to as microcrystalline cellulose or microcrystalline cellulose composite. Is dispersed in water and measured.
【０００９】微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶セルロー
ス複合体は、紙塗工用顔料１００重量部に対し、０．１
〜２．０重量部が使用できる。０．１重量部未満では、
本発明の効果が発現できない。一方、２．０重量部を越
えると紙塗工用塗液粘度が高く成りすぎてしまう。本発
明における紙塗工用顔料には、炭酸カルシウム、シリ
カ、酸化チタン、クレー、焼成クレー、水酸化アルミニ
ウム等の無機顔料や尿素樹脂などの有機顔料、など一般
的に紙塗工用塗液に使用されているものが挙げられる。The microcrystalline cellulose or the microcrystalline cellulose composite is 0.1 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the pigment for paper coating.
~ 2.0 parts by weight can be used. Below 0.1 parts by weight,
The effect of the present invention cannot be expressed. On the other hand, if it exceeds 2.0 parts by weight, the viscosity of the coating liquid for paper coating becomes too high. In the paper coating pigment in the present invention, calcium carbonate, silica, titanium oxide, clay, calcined clay, inorganic pigments such as aluminum hydroxide, organic pigments such as urea resin, etc. Those used are mentioned.
【００１０】本発明の紙塗工用塗液中には、塗液の全固
形分に対して２〜４０重量％、好ましくは、５〜２０重
量％の範囲で接着剤が添加される。接着剤の具体例とし
ては、例えば、酸化澱粉、酵素変性澱粉、エステル化澱
粉エーテル化澱粉等の澱粉類、メチルセルロース、エチ
ルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース・ナトリウ
ム、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース等のセルロース誘導
体、完全（または不完全）鹸化ポリビニルアルコール、
カルボキシ変性ポリビニルアルコール、アセトアセチル
化ポリビニルアルコール等のポリビニルアルコール類、
ポリアクリル酸ソーダ、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリビニ
ルピロリドン、アクリル酸アミド／アクリル酸エステル
共重合体、アクリル酸アミド／アクリル酸エステル／メ
タクリル酸三元共重合体、スチレン／無水マレイン酸共
重合体アルカリ塩、アルギン酸ソーダ、ゼラチン、カゼ
イン等の水溶性高分子、ポリ酢酸ビニル、ポリウレタ
ン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリアクリル酸エステル、ポリブ
チルメタクリレート、スチレン／ブタジエン共重合体、
塩化ビニル／酢酸ビニル共重合体、エチレン／酢酸ビニ
ル共重合体、スチレン／ブタジエン／アクリル系共重合
体等のラテックス類が挙げられる。An adhesive is added to the coating liquid for paper coating of the present invention in the range of 2 to 40% by weight, preferably 5 to 20% by weight, based on the total solid content of the coating liquid. Specific examples of the adhesive include starches such as oxidized starch, enzyme-modified starch, esterified starch and etherified starch, cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxyethyl cellulose, complete (or incomplete) Saponified polyvinyl alcohol,
Polyvinyl alcohols such as carboxy-modified polyvinyl alcohol and acetoacetylated polyvinyl alcohol,
Sodium polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylic acid amide / acrylic acid ester copolymer, acrylic acid amide / acrylic acid ester / methacrylic acid terpolymer, styrene / maleic anhydride copolymer alkali salt, alginic acid Water-soluble polymers such as soda, gelatin, casein, polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid ester, polybutyl methacrylate, styrene / butadiene copolymer,
Examples of the latex include vinyl chloride / vinyl acetate copolymer, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, and styrene / butadiene / acrylic copolymer.
【００１１】本発明には、必要に応じて分散剤、消泡
剤、紫外線吸収剤等の各種助剤を添加することができ
る。また、紙塗工方法については特に限定されず、例え
ばブレードコーティング、バーコーティング、グラビア
コーティング等の各種公知の塗工方法が適宜選択して使
用される。さらに、基紙としては、紙、プラスチックフ
ィルム、合成紙等が用いられる。In the present invention, various auxiliaries such as a dispersant, a defoaming agent, and an ultraviolet absorber can be added if necessary. Further, the paper coating method is not particularly limited, and various known coating methods such as blade coating, bar coating, and gravure coating are appropriately selected and used. Further, as the base paper, paper, plastic film, synthetic paper or the like is used.
【００１２】本発明の紙塗工用塗液の作成方法は、特に
限定しないが、例えば所定量の微結晶セルロースを粉末
で添加するよりも、予め微結晶セルロースをできるだけ
剪断力のかかる分散機（例：ホモミキサー、ホモゲナイ
ザー等）で十分分散したものと、接着剤その他分散剤な
どの各種助剤とを顔料に添加し、一般に使用されている
分散機（例：コーレス分散機、偏心テーブル型ミキサ）
を用いて塗液を作成するのが好ましい。The method for preparing the coating liquid for paper coating of the present invention is not particularly limited, but for example, a dispersing machine to which microcrystalline cellulose is preliminarily subjected to shearing force as much as possible rather than adding a predetermined amount of microcrystalline cellulose as a powder ( Example: A homogenizer, homogenizer, etc.) and various auxiliary agents such as adhesives and other dispersants are added to the pigment, and a commonly used disperser (eg, Choles disperser, eccentric table mixer) is added. )
It is preferable to prepare a coating liquid using.
【００１３】[0013]
【実施例】以下、実施例により本発明をさらに詳細に説
明するが、これらは本発明の範囲を制限するものではな
い。EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples below, but these do not limit the scope of the present invention.
【００１４】[0014]
【実施例１】焼成クレー１００重量部に、３２重量％ポ
リアクリル酸ソーダを１．５６重量部、５重量％ピロリ
ン酸ソーダを２０重量部、２５重量％水酸化ナトリウム
を０．８重量部、さらに水８５．１９重量部を加え、偏
心テーブル型ミキサで混合する。これをマスターバッチ
とする。この組成物を１０３７．８重量部取り、予め十
分分散させた体積平均粒径９．２μｍの微結晶セルロー
ス複合体（「アビセル」ＲＣ−５９１；旭化成工業
（株）製）の５重量％分散液を１０重量部、２０重量％
ポリビニルアルコールを１５０重量部、５０重量％ＳＢ
ラテックス（Ｌ−１５３７；旭化成工業（株）製）を１
２０重量部、更に水を加え固形分４４．２重量％に調整
し、家庭用ミキサで混合して塗液を得た。Example 1 100 parts by weight of calcined clay, 1.56 parts by weight of 32% by weight sodium polyacrylate, 20 parts by weight of 5% by weight sodium pyrophosphate, 0.8 parts by weight of 25% by weight sodium hydroxide, Further, 85.19 parts by weight of water is added and mixed with an eccentric table type mixer. This is a masterbatch. 1037.8 parts by weight of this composition was taken, and a 5% by weight dispersion of a microcrystalline cellulose composite (“Avicel” RC-591; manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.) having a volume average particle size of 9.2 μm, which was sufficiently dispersed in advance. 10 parts by weight, 20% by weight
Polyvinyl alcohol 150 parts by weight, 50% by weight SB
1 latex (L-1537; manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation)
20 parts by weight and further water were added to adjust the solid content to 44.2% by weight, and mixed with a household mixer to obtain a coating liquid.
【００１５】[0015]
【実施例２】予め十分分散させた体積平均粒径９．２μ
ｍの微結晶セルロース複合体（「アビセル」ＲＣ−５９
１；旭化成工業（株）製）の配合量を１０重量部から３
０重量部に増量した以外は、実施例１と同様にして塗液
を得た。Example 2 Volume average particle size of 9.2μ which was sufficiently dispersed in advance.
m microcrystalline cellulose composite ("Avicel" RC-59
1; the compounding amount of Asahi Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd. from 10 parts by weight to 3
A coating liquid was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount was increased to 0 parts by weight.
【００１６】[0016]
【実施例３】微結晶セルロース複合体に代えて、湿式磨
砕法にて得られた体積平均粒径が４．５μｍの微結晶セ
ルロースの１３重量％を１１．５４重量部加えた以外
は、実施例１と同様にして塗液を得た。[Example 3] Example 3 was repeated except that 11.54 parts by weight of 13% by weight of microcrystalline cellulose having a volume average particle size of 4.5 µm obtained by a wet grinding method was added in place of the microcrystalline cellulose composite. A coating liquid was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
【００１７】[0017]
【比較例１】実施例１で得たマスターバッチを１０３
７．８重量部取り、２０重量％ポリビ（株）製）を１２
０重量部、更に水を加え固形分４４．２重量％に調整
し、家庭用ミキサで混合して塗液を得た。Comparative Example 1 The masterbatch obtained in Example 1 was used as 103
7.8 parts by weight, 12% by weight of 20% Polyvi Co., Ltd.
0 part by weight and further water was added to adjust the solid content to 44.2% by weight, and the mixture was mixed with a household mixer to obtain a coating liquid.
【００１８】[0018]
【比較例２】特公昭４９−３６０４４号記載の方法で得
た体積平均粒径２８μｍの９５重量％微結晶セルロース
粉末１．５８重量部を加えた以外は、比較例１と同様に
して塗液を得た。Comparative Example 2 A coating liquid was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that 1.58 parts by weight of 95% by weight microcrystalline cellulose powder having a volume average particle diameter of 28 μm and obtained by the method described in JP-B-49-36044 was added. Got
【００１９】[0019]
【比較例３】微結晶セルロースをＦＭＣ社「アビセル」
ＴＧ−１０１（体積平均粒径３３μｍ：９６重量％）
１．５６部に代えた以外は、比較例１と同様にして塗液
を得た。以上の実施例１〜３、比較例１〜３の６種類の
塗液を用い低剪断速度粘度（Ｂ形粘度計；（株）東京計
器製）、高剪断速度粘度（ハーキュレス高剪断粘度計；
ハーキュレス社製）を測定し、その結果を表１に示し
た。[Comparative Example 3] Microcrystalline cellulose was added to FMC's "Avicel"
TG-101 (volume average particle size 33 μm: 96% by weight)
A coating liquid was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the amount was changed to 1.56 parts. Low shear rate viscosity (B-type viscometer; manufactured by Tokyo Keiki Co., Ltd.), high shear rate viscosity (Hercules high shear viscometer;
Hercules) was measured and the results are shown in Table 1.
【００２０】[0020]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００２１】[0021]
【発明の効果】本発明は、１０００／秒以上の高い剪断
速度のかかる紙塗工時において、著しく粘度上昇を抑え
た、粘度挙動の改善された紙塗工用塗液組成物である。EFFECT OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a coating liquid composition for paper coating, which has a significantly improved viscosity when the paper is coated with a high shearing rate of 1000 / sec or more and in which the viscosity behavior is improved.
Claims (1)
ｍ以下の微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶セルロース複
合体、及び接着剤を含有する紙塗工用塗液組成物であっ
て、紙塗工用顔料１００重量部に対し、体積平均粒径が
２０μｍ以下の微結晶セルロースもしくは微結晶セルロ
ース複合体が０．１〜２．０重量部、接着剤が全固形分
に対し２〜４０重量％である紙塗工用塗液組成物。1. A pigment for paper coating, having a volume average particle diameter of 20 μm.
A coating liquid composition for paper coating containing m or less of microcrystalline cellulose or a microcrystalline cellulose composite, and an adhesive, wherein the volume average particle diameter is 20 μm or less relative to 100 parts by weight of the pigment for paper coating. A coating liquid composition for paper coating, wherein the microcrystalline cellulose or the microcrystalline cellulose composite is 0.1 to 2.0 parts by weight, and the adhesive is 2 to 40% by weight based on the total solid content.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4284103A JPH06136693A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1992-10-22 | Coating solution composition for paper coating |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4284103A JPH06136693A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1992-10-22 | Coating solution composition for paper coating |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH06136693A true JPH06136693A (en) | 1994-05-17 |
Family
ID=17674245
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4284103A Withdrawn JPH06136693A (en) | 1992-10-22 | 1992-10-22 | Coating solution composition for paper coating |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06136693A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08199110A (en) * | 1994-10-11 | 1996-08-06 | Aqualon Co | Emulsion paint containing water-based clay and having improved application performance |
| JPH0975747A (en) * | 1995-09-11 | 1997-03-25 | Okaya Electric Ind Co Ltd | Method for caking photocatalyst |
| WO2001081482A1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-11-01 | Worldwide Coatings Ip Pty Ltd | Coating composition |
| WO2009151018A1 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2009-12-17 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Composition containing crystalline cellulose composite |
-
1992
- 1992-10-22 JP JP4284103A patent/JPH06136693A/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH08199110A (en) * | 1994-10-11 | 1996-08-06 | Aqualon Co | Emulsion paint containing water-based clay and having improved application performance |
| JPH0975747A (en) * | 1995-09-11 | 1997-03-25 | Okaya Electric Ind Co Ltd | Method for caking photocatalyst |
| WO2001081482A1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-11-01 | Worldwide Coatings Ip Pty Ltd | Coating composition |
| JP2003535159A (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2003-11-25 | ワールドワイド コーティング アイピー ピティ リミテッド | Coating composition |
| EA005507B1 (en) * | 2000-04-20 | 2005-02-24 | Уорлдвайд Коутингс Ип Пти Лтд | Coating composition |
| US7566493B2 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2009-07-28 | Worldwide Coatings Ip Pty Ltd | Coating composition |
| WO2009151018A1 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2009-12-17 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Composition containing crystalline cellulose composite |
| US8420175B2 (en) | 2008-06-09 | 2013-04-16 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation | Composition containing crystalline cellulose composite |
| JP5610628B2 (en) * | 2008-06-09 | 2014-10-22 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Composition comprising crystalline cellulose composite |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A300 | Withdrawal of application because of no request for examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A300 Effective date: 20000104 |