JPH0554620B2 - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
JPH0554620B2
JPH0554620B2 JP1006485A JP1006485A JPH0554620B2 JP H0554620 B2 JPH0554620 B2 JP H0554620B2 JP 1006485 A JP1006485 A JP 1006485A JP 1006485 A JP1006485 A JP 1006485A JP H0554620 B2 JPH0554620 B2 JP H0554620B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
water
water supply
bypass pipe
pipe
supply pipe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP1006485A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS61169734A (en
Inventor
Satoshi Arima
Koji Mihara
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to JP1006485A priority Critical patent/JPS61169734A/en
Publication of JPS61169734A publication Critical patent/JPS61169734A/en
Publication of JPH0554620B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0554620B2/ja
Granted legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M3/00Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
    • G01M3/002Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using thermal means

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Examining Or Testing Airtightness (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)
  • Details Of Fluid Heaters (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 産業上の利用分野 本発明は、給湯器等の漏水検知装置に関するも
のである。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of Industrial Application The present invention relates to a water leak detection device for water heaters, etc.

従来の技術 近年、漏水検知装置は、給湯器等、水配管の必
要とされる広い分野で必要とされてきている。特
に集合住宅等では、水配管及び、水を使用する機
器等からの漏水が、大きな問題に直結することも
あり、適切でかつ簡便な、漏水検知装置の開発へ
の要望が高まつてきている。
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, water leak detection devices have been required in a wide range of fields where water piping is required, such as water heaters. Especially in apartment complexes, water leakage from water piping and equipment that uses water can directly lead to major problems, and there is a growing demand for the development of appropriate and simple water leakage detection devices. .

以下、図面を参照しながら、上述した漏水検知
装置の一例について説明する。
Hereinafter, an example of the water leak detection device mentioned above will be explained with reference to the drawings.

第2図は、従来の漏水検知装置の概略図を示す
ものである。第2図において、11は給湯器、1
2は給湯器12の給水口であり、13は同じく給
湯器12の給湯口である。14は給湯口13側の
バルブであり、同じく15は、給水口12側のバ
ルブである。16は給湯器11に給水するために
配管されている水道等の給水管であり、給水管1
6途中には、水道用の減圧逆止弁17が設けられ
ている。18は圧力センサであり、前記給水管1
6に設置されており、給水管16内の水圧を検知
するものである。19は漏水判定部であり、前記
圧力センサ18と電気的に配線されている。
FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a conventional water leak detection device. In Figure 2, 11 is a water heater;
2 is a water supply port of the water heater 12, and 13 is a water supply port of the water heater 12 as well. 14 is a valve on the side of the hot water supply port 13, and 15 is a valve on the side of the water supply port 12. 16 is a water supply pipe, such as a water supply pipe, which is piped to supply water to the water heater 11;
6, a pressure reducing check valve 17 for water supply is provided in the middle. 18 is a pressure sensor, and the water supply pipe 1
6 to detect the water pressure inside the water supply pipe 16. Reference numeral 19 denotes a water leak determination section, which is electrically wired to the pressure sensor 18.

以上のように構成された漏水検知装置につい
て、以下その動作について説明する。
The operation of the water leak detection device configured as described above will be described below.

給湯器11は、給水口12より給水された水を
加熱し、給湯口13より給湯することのできるも
のである。この場合、給水口12側及び、給湯口
13側両方にバルブ14,15が設けられてあ
り、一旦給湯器11に給水された後は両バルブ1
4,15共閉めることにより、給湯器11は密閉
容器となりうる構成となつている。一方給水口1
2は、水道管等の給水管16と配管されている。
給水管16の内圧は、前記バルブ15上流側に設
けられた水道用の減圧逆止弁17にて0.6Kg/cm2
ゲージ圧に調整されている。圧力センサ18は、
前記バルブ14,15間に構成される、閉ざされ
た水配管内に設けられている。従つて、圧力セン
サ18はバルブ14,15間に構成されている、
給湯器11及び水配管部に負荷されている水圧を
常時計測しうるものである。又、前記圧力センサ
18は、漏水判定部19と電気的に配線されてい
る。この漏水判定部19は、圧力センサ18から
送られてくる微小電圧をもとに、圧力変化を判定
する機能を有するものである。この様に構成する
ことにより、前記バルブ14,15間の水配管部
及び給湯器11で漏水が生じた場合、水道用の減
圧逆止弁17で0.6Kg/cm2ゲージ圧にて調整され
ていた水圧に変化が生じるという現象を利用する
ことで、漏水検知を行うことができるものであ
る。
The water heater 11 is capable of heating water supplied through a water supply port 12 and supplying hot water through a hot water supply port 13 . In this case, valves 14 and 15 are provided on both the water supply port 12 side and the hot water supply port 13 side, and once water is supplied to the water heater 11, both valves 14 and 15 are provided.
By closing both water heaters 4 and 15, the water heater 11 is configured to function as an airtight container. On the other hand, water supply port 1
2 is connected to a water supply pipe 16 such as a water pipe.
The internal pressure of the water supply pipe 16 is set to 0.6 kg/cm 2 by the water pressure reducing check valve 17 provided upstream of the valve 15.
Adjusted to gauge pressure. The pressure sensor 18 is
It is provided in a closed water pipe constructed between the valves 14 and 15. Therefore, the pressure sensor 18 is configured between the valves 14 and 15.
It is possible to constantly measure the water pressure applied to the water heater 11 and water piping. Further, the pressure sensor 18 is electrically wired to a water leakage determining section 19. The water leak determination section 19 has a function of determining pressure changes based on the minute voltage sent from the pressure sensor 18. With this configuration, if water leaks in the water piping between the valves 14 and 15 and the water heater 11, the water pressure reducing check valve 17 will adjust the pressure to 0.6 kg/cm 2 gauge pressure. Water leaks can be detected by utilizing the phenomenon of changes in water pressure.

発明が解決しようとする問題点 しかしながら上記のような構成では、漏水検知
部は、配管構成上、密閉状態としておかねばなら
ず、従つて限られた箇所の漏水検知しかできない
という問題点を有していた。
Problems to be Solved by the Invention However, the above configuration has the problem that the water leak detection section must be kept in a sealed state due to the piping configuration, and therefore can only detect water leaks in limited locations. was.

本発明は上記問題点に鑑み、適切かつ簡便で凡
用性のある漏水検知装置を提供するものである。
In view of the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides an appropriate, simple, and versatile water leak detection device.

問題点を解決するための手段 上記問題点を解決するために本発明の漏水検知
装置は、給水管の途中に、給水管から分岐したバ
イパス管を形成し、前記バイパス管の途中に、加
熱装置を設け、かつ前記加熱装置の入口側と出口
側に水温検知素子を設け、前記バイパス管と分岐
した直後の給水管内に、流速開閉弁を設けるとい
う構成としたものである。
Means for Solving the Problems In order to solve the above problems, the water leakage detection device of the present invention forms a bypass pipe branched from the water supply pipe in the middle of the water supply pipe, and a heating device is installed in the middle of the bypass pipe. A water temperature detection element is provided on the inlet side and the outlet side of the heating device, and a flow rate opening/closing valve is provided in the water supply pipe immediately after branching from the bypass pipe.

作 用 本発明は上記した構成によつて、漏水により生
ずる、バイパス管内の微少な流れを、バイパス管
の途中に設けた加熱装置入口のバイパス管内の水
温と、加熱装置出口のバイパス管内の水温を比較
することで検知できるようにしたものである。即
ち、バイパス管内に微少な流れがある場合、加熱
装置出口のバイパス管内の水温は、加熱装置入口
のバイパス管内の水温より高くなる現象を利用す
ることで、漏水検知ができるようにしたものであ
る。このため、従来の漏水検知装置では、給水管
内の内圧の変化を検知して漏水の検知を行つてい
たため、配管構成上、漏水検知部は、一旦密閉構
造としなければならなかつたため、非常に限られ
た箇所の漏水検知しかできなかつたのに対し、本
発明の構成を用いることにより、設置場所にとら
われることなく、幅広い箇所の漏水検知ができる
ようになるとともに、使い勝手が向上されるた
め、非常に有効な漏水検知となるものである。
Effect The present invention has the above-mentioned configuration, and uses a minute flow in the bypass pipe caused by water leakage to be adjusted to the water temperature in the bypass pipe at the inlet of the heating device provided in the middle of the bypass pipe, and the water temperature in the bypass pipe at the exit of the heating device. This allows detection by comparison. In other words, water leakage can be detected by utilizing the phenomenon that when there is a slight flow in the bypass pipe, the water temperature in the bypass pipe at the outlet of the heating device becomes higher than the water temperature in the bypass pipe at the entrance of the heating device. . For this reason, conventional water leakage detection devices detect water leakage by detecting changes in the internal pressure inside the water supply pipes.Due to the piping configuration, the water leakage detection part had to have a sealed structure, which made it very difficult to detect water leakage. Whereas water leaks could only be detected in limited locations, by using the configuration of the present invention, water leaks can be detected in a wide range of locations regardless of the installation location, and the usability is improved. This is a very effective water leak detection method.

実施例 以下本発明の一実施例の漏水検知装置を、図面
を参照しながら説明する。
Embodiment A water leak detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.

第1図は本発明の漏水検知装置の一実施例の概
略図を示すものである。第1図において1は給湯
器、2は給湯器の給水口、3は同じく給湯器1の
給湯口、4はバルブ、5aは給水管、5bはバイ
パス管、6a,6bは水温検知素子、7は加熱装
置、8は漏水判定部、9は流速開閉弁を示す。以
上のように構成された漏水検知装置について、そ
の動作を説明する。給湯器1は、給水口2より給
水された水は加熱し、給湯口3より給湯すること
のできるものである。この場合、給湯口3側にバ
ルブ4を設けてあることで、先止め配管となつて
いる。一方給水口2は水道管等の給水管5aと配
管されている。また、バイパス管5bは、給水管
5aの途中より分岐して設けてあり、バイパス管
5bの管径は給水管5aの管径より細くなつてい
る。またバイパス管5bの途中には、バイパス管
5b内の水を電気ヒーター等で加熱することので
きる加熱装置7がバイパス管5b表面の一部をお
おうように設けられており、常に、バイパス管5
b内の水を、小電力で加熱している。水温検知素
子6a,6bは、加熱装置7は入口側と出口側
の、バイパス管5b内の水温を測定しうるもので
あり、バイパス管5b内の水に直接接触する様に
設置してある。又この水温検知素子6a,6b
は、加熱装置7の中心部から、等しい距離に設置
されてある。水温検知素子6a,6bが検知した
水温は、微少電圧にて漏水判定部8に送られる。
漏水判定部8は、水温検知素子6a,6bから送
られてくる微少電圧を常に監視できるものであ
る。更にバイパス管5bと分岐した直後の給水管
5a内には、減速開閉弁9が設けられており、給
水管5a内の流速が非常に小さい場合、流速開閉
弁9は閉じられた状態となることにより、給水管
内の水は、バイパス管5b内を流れる仕組みとな
つている。従つて例えば、給湯器1からの漏水及
び、配管部での漏水がある場合、給湯管5a内に
微少な流れが生ずることになる。給水管5a内の
微少な流れは給水管5a内に設けられた流速開閉
弁9が閉じた状態となつていることにより、バイ
パス管5b内に流れ込むこととなる。バイパス管
5b内に微少な流れが生ずると、バイパス管5b
途中に設けられた加熱装置7で熱せられた水が移
動することになり、水温検知素子6a,6bでは
異なる水温を検知することとなる。漏水判定部8
は、水温検知素子6a,6bから送られてくる電
圧の違いを検知し、漏水の発生の有無を判定し音
又は光等で使用者に漏水を知らせることができる
ものである。又漏水が無い場合は、バイパス管5
b内に流れが生じないため、バイパス管5bの入
口側、出口側の水温は均一に上昇することによ
り、加熱装置7の入口側、出口側の加熱装置7の
中心部から等距離に設けられた水温検知素子6
a,6bは、同一の温度は測定することとなり、
水温検知素子6a,6bからほぼ同一の微少電圧
を受け取る漏水判定部8は、漏水は無いと判定す
ることができるものである。更に給湯器1給湯口
3側に設けられたバルブ4を開くことにより通常
の状態で給湯器1内の湯を使用した場合、バイパ
ス管5b内の流れは急となり、バイパス管5b内
の水は、加熱装置7を通過しても、その温度は変
化ないため、漏水判定部8は、この場合も漏水無
しと判定しうるものである。
FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the water leakage detection device of the present invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a water heater, 2 is a water inlet of the water heater, 3 is a hot water inlet of the water heater 1, 4 is a valve, 5a is a water supply pipe, 5b is a bypass pipe, 6a and 6b are water temperature detection elements, and 7 numeral 8 indicates a heating device, numeral 8 indicates a water leakage determination unit, and numeral 9 indicates a flow rate opening/closing valve. The operation of the water leak detection device configured as described above will be explained. The water heater 1 is capable of heating water supplied from a water supply port 2 and supplying hot water from a hot water supply port 3. In this case, by providing the valve 4 on the hot water supply port 3 side, the piping is first stopped. On the other hand, the water supply port 2 is connected to a water supply pipe 5a such as a water pipe. Moreover, the bypass pipe 5b is provided by branching from the middle of the water supply pipe 5a, and the pipe diameter of the bypass pipe 5b is smaller than the pipe diameter of the water supply pipe 5a. Further, a heating device 7 that can heat the water in the bypass pipe 5b with an electric heater or the like is installed in the middle of the bypass pipe 5b so as to cover a part of the surface of the bypass pipe 5b.
The water in b is heated with small electric power. The water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b are capable of measuring the water temperature in the bypass pipe 5b on the inlet side and the outlet side of the heating device 7, and are installed so as to be in direct contact with the water in the bypass pipe 5b. Also, these water temperature detection elements 6a, 6b
are placed at equal distances from the center of the heating device 7. The water temperature detected by the water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b is sent to the water leak determination section 8 using a very small voltage.
The water leak determination section 8 can constantly monitor the minute voltages sent from the water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b. Furthermore, a deceleration on-off valve 9 is provided in the water supply pipe 5a immediately after branching from the bypass pipe 5b, and when the flow velocity in the water supply pipe 5a is very small, the flow velocity on-off valve 9 is in a closed state. Therefore, water in the water supply pipe is configured to flow within the bypass pipe 5b. Therefore, for example, if there is water leakage from the water heater 1 or water leakage from the piping section, a slight flow will occur within the hot water supply pipe 5a. The minute flow in the water supply pipe 5a flows into the bypass pipe 5b because the flow rate on/off valve 9 provided in the water supply pipe 5a is in a closed state. When a slight flow occurs in the bypass pipe 5b, the bypass pipe 5b
The water heated by the heating device 7 provided midway moves, and the water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b detect different water temperatures. Water leakage determination section 8
The sensor detects the difference in voltages sent from the water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b, determines whether or not a water leak has occurred, and can notify the user of the water leak with sound or light. If there is no water leakage, bypass pipe 5
Since no flow occurs in the bypass pipe 5b, the water temperature on the inlet side and the outlet side of the bypass pipe 5b rises uniformly, so that the water temperature on the inlet side and the outlet side of the heating device 7 is provided equidistant from the center of the heating device 7. Water temperature sensing element 6
a and 6b will measure the same temperature,
The water leak determination section 8, which receives substantially the same minute voltage from the water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b, can determine that there is no water leak. Furthermore, when the hot water in the water heater 1 is used under normal conditions by opening the valve 4 provided on the hot water supply port 3 side of the water heater 1, the flow in the bypass pipe 5b becomes rapid, and the water in the bypass pipe 5b becomes , even if the water passes through the heating device 7, its temperature does not change, so the water leakage determination section 8 can determine that there is no water leakage in this case as well.

以上のように本実施例によれば、給水管5aの
途中に給水管5aから分岐したバイパス管5bを
形成し、前記バイパス管5bの途中に、加熱装置
7を設け、かつ前記加熱装置7の入口側と出口側
に水温検知素子6a,6bを設け、前記バイパス
管5bと分岐した直後の給水管5a内に、流速開
閉弁9を設けることにより給湯器自身の漏水、及
びバルブのわずかな締め忘れ、配管部から漏水等
の検知が可能となり、省エネルギーに寄与すると
ころ大であるとともに、給湯器及び、配管部のメ
ンテナンスの一助となるものである。
As described above, according to this embodiment, the bypass pipe 5b branched from the water supply pipe 5a is formed in the middle of the water supply pipe 5a, the heating device 7 is provided in the middle of the bypass pipe 5b, and the heating device 7 is Water temperature detection elements 6a and 6b are provided on the inlet and outlet sides, and a flow rate on/off valve 9 is provided in the water supply pipe 5a immediately after branching from the bypass pipe 5b to prevent leakage of the water heater itself and slight tightening of the valve. This makes it possible to detect leakage of water from the piping, which greatly contributes to energy saving, and also helps with maintenance of the water heater and piping.

なお、実施例では、水温検知素子6a,6bは
バイパス管5b内の水と直接接触するように設置
するとしたが、水温検知素子6a,6bは、バイ
パス管5b表面に設けるようにしてもよい。又、
加熱装置7にサーモスタツトを併設することで、
無駄なエネルギーを使わないようにする方法もあ
る。
In the embodiment, the water temperature detection elements 6a, 6b are installed so as to be in direct contact with the water in the bypass pipe 5b, but the water temperature detection elements 6a, 6b may be provided on the surface of the bypass pipe 5b. or,
By installing a thermostat in the heating device 7,
There are ways to avoid wasting energy.

発明の効果 以上のように本発明は、給水管の途中に、給水
管から分岐したバイパス管を形成し、前記バイパ
ス管の途中に加熱装置を設け、かつ前記加熱装置
の入口側と出口側に水温検知素子を設け、前記バ
イパス管と分岐した直後の給水管内に、流速開閉
弁を設けることにより、給湯器自身の漏水、配管
部での漏水、バルブのわずかな締め忘れ等の検知
が可能となり、省エネルギーに寄与するもの大で
あるとともに、給湯器のメンテナンスの一助とな
るものである。又、実施例のごとくバイパス管の
管径を給水管の管径よりも細くすることで、加熱
装置の容量をより小さくすることができるもので
ある。
Effects of the Invention As described above, the present invention forms a bypass pipe branched from the water supply pipe in the middle of the water supply pipe, provides a heating device in the middle of the bypass pipe, and connects the heating device to the inlet side and the outlet side. By installing a water temperature detection element and a flow rate on/off valve in the water supply pipe immediately after branching from the bypass pipe, it becomes possible to detect water leakage from the water heater itself, water leakage at the piping section, slight forgetting to tighten the valve, etc. This not only greatly contributes to energy conservation, but also assists in the maintenance of water heaters. Further, by making the diameter of the bypass pipe smaller than the diameter of the water supply pipe as in the embodiment, the capacity of the heating device can be further reduced.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は本発明一実施例の漏水検知装置の概略
図、第2図は従来の漏水検知装置の概略図であ
る。 1……給湯器、2……給水口、3……給湯口、
4……バルブ、5a……給水管、5b……バイパ
ス管、6a,6b……水温検知素子、7……加熱
装置、8……漏水判定部、9……流速開閉弁。
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a water leak detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional water leak detection device. 1...Water heater, 2...Water supply port, 3...Hot water supply port,
4...Valve, 5a...Water supply pipe, 5b...Bypass pipe, 6a, 6b...Water temperature detection element, 7...Heating device, 8...Water leakage determination section, 9...Flow velocity opening/closing valve.

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1 給水管の途中に、給水管から分岐したバイパ
ス管を形成し、前記バイパス管の途中に、加熱装
置を設け、かつ前記加熱装置の入口側と出口側に
水温検知素子を設け、前記バイパス管を分岐した
直後の給水管内に、前記給水管内の流速が非常に
小さい場合閉じられる流速開閉弁を設けた漏水検
知装置。 2 水温検知素子を、先止め配管となつている給
水管に設けるようにした、特許請求の範囲第1項
記載の漏水検知装置。 3 バイパス管の管径は、給水管の管径より細く
した、特許請求の範囲第1項記載の漏水検知装
置。 4 加熱装置にサーモスタツトを設けた特許請求
の範囲第1項記載の漏水検知装置。
[Scope of Claims] 1. A bypass pipe branched from the water supply pipe is formed in the middle of the water supply pipe, a heating device is provided in the middle of the bypass pipe, and water temperature detection elements are provided on the inlet and outlet sides of the heating device. A water leak detection device comprising: a flow velocity on-off valve that is closed when the flow velocity in the water supply pipe is extremely low, provided in the water supply pipe immediately after branching off from the bypass pipe. 2. The water leakage detection device according to claim 1, wherein the water temperature detection element is provided in a water supply pipe serving as a first stopping pipe. 3. The water leak detection device according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the bypass pipe is smaller than the diameter of the water supply pipe. 4. The water leak detection device according to claim 1, wherein the heating device is provided with a thermostat.
JP1006485A 1985-01-23 1985-01-23 Water leakage detector Granted JPS61169734A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1006485A JPS61169734A (en) 1985-01-23 1985-01-23 Water leakage detector

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1006485A JPS61169734A (en) 1985-01-23 1985-01-23 Water leakage detector

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS61169734A JPS61169734A (en) 1986-07-31
JPH0554620B2 true JPH0554620B2 (en) 1993-08-13

Family

ID=11739946

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP1006485A Granted JPS61169734A (en) 1985-01-23 1985-01-23 Water leakage detector

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS61169734A (en)

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CN103983404B (en) * 2014-05-22 2016-09-28 浙江省太阳能产品质量检验中心 A kind of detection device of solar water heater water tank
JP2019128077A (en) * 2018-01-23 2019-08-01 株式会社ワイ・ジェー・エス. Hot water storage type water heater
CN111307013B (en) * 2020-03-17 2021-08-31 宁波田湖阀门科技有限公司 Multifunctional detection table for valve machining and use method
CN111307014B (en) * 2020-03-17 2022-01-04 浙江东辰阀门科技有限公司 Valve processing is with subassembly of multi-functional test table that examines

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9167946B2 (en) 2001-01-24 2015-10-27 Irobot Corporation Autonomous floor cleaning robot
US8838274B2 (en) 2001-06-12 2014-09-16 Irobot Corporation Method and system for multi-mode coverage for an autonomous robot

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS61169734A (en) 1986-07-31

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