JPH0551527B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0551527B2 JPH0551527B2 JP4763985A JP4763985A JPH0551527B2 JP H0551527 B2 JPH0551527 B2 JP H0551527B2 JP 4763985 A JP4763985 A JP 4763985A JP 4763985 A JP4763985 A JP 4763985A JP H0551527 B2 JPH0551527 B2 JP H0551527B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- melting point
- weight
- granules
- sodium nitrite
- granulation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003176 water-insoluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000010724 Wisteria floribunda Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004640 Melamine resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006193 diazotization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011551 heat transfer agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001495 poly(sodium acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J sodium diphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O FQENQNTWSFEDLI-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium polyacrylate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C=C NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940048086 sodium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019794 sodium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019832 sodium triphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019818 tetrasodium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001577 tetrasodium phosphonato phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Glanulating (AREA)
Description
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は粉末亜硝酸ナトリウムの造粒方法に関
する。
〔従来の技術〕
一般に亜硝酸ナトリウムは分子量69の白色又は
微黄色の結晶性粉末であり、粒度40〜150メツシ
ユ程度の粉末として種々の用途に使用されてい
る。例えば、染料の製造用のみならずジアゾ化な
どの有機合成、染色、絹や麻布等の漂白、写真、
医薬品、防錆剤、熱媒としてなど広範な用途に使
用されている。
しかしながら、従来市販されている粉末のまま
使用する時は、空気中で徐々に酸化するという欠
点があり、特に水分が存在する系などでは塊状化
したり、安定性に問題があつた。
特開昭57−73099号公報には粉末亜硝酸ナトリ
ウムを、融点40℃以上を示す有機物質の存在下で
造粒する方法が記載されている。
かかる造粒は、例えば押し出し造粒機などを用
い、細い網目から押し出すことにより行われるも
のである。
〔発明が解決しようとする問題点〕
しかしながら、上記方法による場合、押し出し
造粒で押し出された粒子は、造粒機により充分混
合されて押し出されるため、粒子が硬く溶解速度
が遅くなるという欠点があつた。
〔問題点を解決するための手段〕
そこで本発明者等は溶解速度を低下させること
のない粒剤を得るために検討を行つた結果、粉末
亜硝酸ナトリウムに対し、融点40℃以上を示す有
機物質と共に融点30℃以下の非イオン性界面活性
剤を添加して造粒を行うことにより、溶解速度を
低下させることのない粒剤を得ることを見出し
た。
即ち本発明は、粉末亜硝酸ナトリウムを、融点
40℃以上を示す有機物質及び融点30℃以下の非イ
オン性界面活性剤の存在下に造粒することを特徴
とする粉末亜硝酸ナトリウムの造粒方法である。
本発明に用いる粉末亜硝酸ナトリウムは、粉度
分布20〜400メツシユ、好ましくは50〜200メツシ
ユのもので、造粒物中の添加量は一般に20〜80重
量％、好ましくは30〜60重量％である。
融点40℃以上を示す有機物質として好ましいも
のは、ポリオキシエチレン誘導体であるポリエチ
レングリコール（分子量1500〜20000、好ましく
は4000〜20000）である。その他必要に応じて融
点40℃以上のC8〜C20を持つ高級脂肪酸グリセラ
イドも用いることができる。造粒物中の添加量は
５〜30重量％、好ましくは15〜25重量％である。
かかる有機物質の融点が40℃未満であると、造粒
能力が低下し生産性が悪くなる。
本発明に用いる界面活性剤は融点が30℃以下で
あれば使用できるが、中でも常温で液状の非イオ
ン性界面活性剤が好ましく、特に炭素数12〜22の
直鎖或いは分岐鎖高級アルコールのポリエチレン
オキサイド付加物で、エチレンオキサイド付加モ
ル数が15未満、好ましくは10以下のものが好まし
い。その他必要に応じて融点が30℃以下のオキシ
エチレン−オキシプロピレン重合体、ポリオキシ
エチレンノニルフエノール等も用いることができ
る。造粒物中の添加量は１〜30重量％、好ましく
は５〜25重量％である。かかる非イオン性界面活
性剤の融点が30℃を越えると、得られた粉末亜硝
酸ナトリウムの溶解性が悪くなる。
本発明では、更に水溶性高分子微粉末を併用し
て造粒を行えば、本発明の効果を損なうことなく
造粒能力を上げることができる。
その際に用いる水不溶性高分子微粉末としては
特にポリ塩化ビニル樹脂粉末が好ましく、その他
ポリエチレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリスチロー
ル、尿素−メラミン樹脂、ABS樹脂等のホモポ
リマー或いはコポリマーからなるものを用いるこ
とができる。これら水不溶性高分子の分子量は特
に限定するものではないが、一般的に300〜10000
程度のものが用いられる。水不溶性高分子微粉末
の粒度は微粒状ほどよく、60メツシユの篩を100
％通過（250μ以下）するものがよい。更に好ま
しくは325メツシユの篩（46μ）を50％以上通過
するものがよい。造粒物中の添加量は１〜10重量
％、好ましくは３〜８重量％である。
本発明の造粒物には更に必要に応じて、硫酸ナ
トリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、重炭酸ナトリウム、
トリポリリン酸ナトリウム、ピロリン酸ナトリウ
ム、ケイ酸ナトリウム等の無機塩、カルボキシメ
チルセルロース、ポリアクリル酸ナトリウム、ポ
リビニルアルコール等の高分子物質、その他香
料、顔料、染料等も必要に応じて添加することが
できる。
本発明の方法に用いられる造粒手段としては、
加圧下に細かい網目を押し出す為に押し出し造粒
法がよく、特にスクリユー型押し出し造粒機がよ
い。その他必要によりラム式押し出し機、ロール
による押し出し機等も用いることができる。造粒
温度は45〜90℃が適当であり、この温度で融点40
℃以上を示す有機物質は溶融し、結合剤として作
用する。造粒物中に多少の水分が存在することは
かまわないが、水分が存在すると造粒後乾燥工程
が必要となるため好ましくない。
〔発明の効果〕
本発明によれば、溶解速度の優れた亜硝酸ナト
リウムの粒剤を得ることができる。得られた粒剤
は染色剤、漂白剤等の成分として多方面への応用
が可能である。
〔実施例〕
以下に実施例により本発明を説明するが、本発
明はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。
実施例１及び比較例１
表−１に示す配合品を60℃で混合し、造粒機
（エツクペレツターExDc−130；不二電機(株)製）
で造粒して、16〜32メツシユ篩の粒剤を得た。
そして粒剤の溶解速度の測定を行つた。その結
果を表−１に併せて示す。
[Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to a method for granulating powdered sodium nitrite. [Prior Art] Sodium nitrite is generally a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder with a molecular weight of 69, and is used for various purposes as a powder with a particle size of about 40 to 150 mesh. For example, not only for the production of dyes, but also organic synthesis such as diazotization, dyeing, bleaching of silk and linen, photography,
It is used in a wide range of applications, including medicines, rust preventives, and heat transfer agents. However, when conventionally used commercially available powders are used as they are, they have the disadvantage of being gradually oxidized in the air, and especially in systems where moisture is present, they may form lumps and have stability problems. JP-A-57-73099 describes a method of granulating powdered sodium nitrite in the presence of an organic substance having a melting point of 40°C or higher. Such granulation is performed by extruding through a thin mesh using, for example, an extrusion granulator. [Problems to be Solved by the Invention] However, in the above method, the particles extruded by extrusion granulation are sufficiently mixed by the granulator and extruded, so the particles are hard and the dissolution rate is slow. It was hot. [Means for Solving the Problems] Therefore, the present inventors conducted studies to obtain granules that would not reduce the dissolution rate, and found that an organic material with a melting point of 40°C or higher was used for powdered sodium nitrite. It has been discovered that by performing granulation by adding a nonionic surfactant with a melting point of 30° C. or lower together with the substance, granules can be obtained without reducing the dissolution rate. That is, the present invention provides powdered sodium nitrite with a melting point of
This is a method for granulating powdered sodium nitrite, which is characterized by granulating in the presence of an organic substance exhibiting a melting point of 40°C or higher and a nonionic surfactant having a melting point of 30°C or lower. The powdered sodium nitrite used in the present invention has a fineness distribution of 20 to 400 mesh, preferably 50 to 200 mesh, and the amount added to the granules is generally 20 to 80% by weight, preferably 30 to 60% by weight. It is. A preferred organic substance having a melting point of 40°C or higher is polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 1500-20000, preferably 4000-20000), which is a polyoxyethylene derivative. In addition, higher fatty acid glycerides having C 8 to C 20 and a melting point of 40° C. or higher can also be used if necessary. The amount added in the granules is 5 to 30% by weight, preferably 15 to 25% by weight.
If the melting point of such an organic substance is less than 40°C, granulation ability will be reduced and productivity will be poor. The surfactant used in the present invention can be used as long as it has a melting point of 30°C or less, but nonionic surfactants that are liquid at room temperature are preferred, particularly polyethylene of linear or branched higher alcohols having 12 to 22 carbon atoms. Among the oxide adducts, those in which the number of moles of ethylene oxide added is less than 15, preferably 10 or less are preferred. In addition, oxyethylene-oxypropylene polymers, polyoxyethylene nonylphenols, and the like having a melting point of 30° C. or lower can also be used as necessary. The amount added in the granules is 1 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 25% by weight. When the melting point of such a nonionic surfactant exceeds 30°C, the solubility of the obtained powdered sodium nitrite deteriorates. In the present invention, if granulation is performed using a water-soluble polymer fine powder in combination, the granulation ability can be increased without impairing the effects of the present invention. The water-insoluble polymer fine powder used in this case is particularly preferably polyvinyl chloride resin powder, and other homopolymers or copolymers such as polyethylene, polycarbonate, polystyrene, urea-melamine resin, ABS resin, etc. can also be used. . The molecular weight of these water-insoluble polymers is not particularly limited, but is generally 300 to 10,000.
A certain degree is used. The finer the particle size of the water-insoluble polymer fine powder, the finer it is.
% (less than 250μ) is better. More preferably, 50% or more of the material passes through a 325 mesh sieve (46μ). The amount added in the granules is 1 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 8% by weight. The granules of the present invention may further contain sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate,
Inorganic salts such as sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and sodium silicate, polymeric substances such as carboxymethylcellulose, sodium polyacrylate, and polyvinyl alcohol, and other fragrances, pigments, dyes, and the like may also be added as necessary. As the granulation means used in the method of the present invention,
An extrusion granulation method is preferred in order to extrude a fine mesh under pressure, and a screw-type extrusion granulator is particularly preferred. In addition, a ram type extruder, a roll extruder, etc. can also be used if necessary. The appropriate granulation temperature is 45 to 90℃, and at this temperature the melting point is 40℃.
Organic substances exhibiting temperatures above 0.degree. C. melt and act as binders. Although it is acceptable for some moisture to be present in the granulated product, the presence of moisture is not preferable because a drying step is required after granulation. [Effects of the Invention] According to the present invention, sodium nitrite granules with excellent dissolution rate can be obtained. The obtained granules can be used in many fields as a component of dyes, bleaches, etc. [Examples] The present invention will be explained below with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these Examples. Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 The blended products shown in Table 1 were mixed at 60°C and granulated using a granulator (ExDc-130; manufactured by Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.).
Granules with a mesh size of 16 to 32 were obtained. Then, the dissolution rate of the granules was measured. The results are also shown in Table-1.
【表】
ここで溶解速度の測定は以下の方法により行つ
た。
1000mlビーカーに水500mlを入れ、ビーカー底
部より３cmの所でモーターにより攪拌を行う。温
度は30℃である。そこに試料0.3gを入れ、電気伝
導度計により針が一定値を示すまでの時間を測定
して溶解速度とした。
実施例２，３
表−２に示した配合品を実施例１と同じ方法で
造粒した。そして粒剤の溶解速度及び造粒能力の
測定を行つた。その結果を表−２に併せて示す。[Table] Here, the dissolution rate was measured by the following method. Pour 500ml of water into a 1000ml beaker and stir with a motor at a distance of 3cm from the bottom of the beaker. The temperature is 30℃. 0.3 g of the sample was placed there, and the time until the needle showed a constant value was measured using an electrical conductivity meter, which was determined as the dissolution rate. Examples 2 and 3 The blended products shown in Table 2 were granulated in the same manner as in Example 1. Then, the dissolution rate and granulation ability of the granules were measured. The results are also shown in Table-2.
【表】【table】
【表】
実施例４〜６及び比較例２〜４
表−３に示した配合品を60℃で混合し、造粒機
（エツクペレツターExDc−130；不二電気(株)製）
で造粒して、16〜32メツシユ篩の粒剤を得た。
そして粒剤の溶解速度を測定し、造粒速度と合
わせて判定した。その結果を表−３に示す。[Table] Examples 4 to 6 and Comparative Examples 2 to 4 The blended products shown in Table 3 were mixed at 60°C, and a granulator (ExDc-130; manufactured by Fuji Electric Co., Ltd.) was used.
Granules with a mesh size of 16 to 32 were obtained. Then, the dissolution rate of the granules was measured and judged together with the granulation rate. The results are shown in Table-3.
【表】【table】
【表】
る。
[Table]
Claims (1)
す有機物質及び融点30℃以下の非イオン性界面活
性剤の存在下に造粒することを特徴とする粉末亜
硝酸ナトリウムの造粒方法。 ２ 造粒物中の含量が粉末亜硝酸ナトリウム20〜
80重量％、融点40℃以上を示す有機物質５〜30重
量％、融点30℃以下の非イオン性界面活性剤１〜
30重量％である特許請求の範囲第１項記載の造粒
方法。 ３ 融点40℃以上を示す有機物質が分子量1500〜
20000のポリエチレングリコールである特許請求
の範囲第１項又は第２項記載の造粒方法。 ４ 融点30℃以下の非イオン性界面活性剤が炭素
数12〜22の直鎖或いは分岐鎖アルコールのポリエ
チレンオキサイド付加物である特許請求の範囲第
１項又は第２項記載の造粒方法。[Claims] 1. Powdered sodium nitrite, which is characterized in that powdered sodium nitrite is granulated in the presence of an organic substance with a melting point of 40°C or higher and a nonionic surfactant with a melting point of 30°C or lower. Granulation method. 2 The content of powdered sodium nitrite in the granules is 20~
80% by weight, 5 to 30% by weight of organic substances with a melting point of 40°C or higher, 1 to 30% of nonionic surfactants with a melting point of 30°C or lower
The granulation method according to claim 1, wherein the content is 30% by weight. 3 Organic substances with a melting point of 40°C or higher have a molecular weight of 1500 or more
20,000 polyethylene glycol. 4. The granulation method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the nonionic surfactant having a melting point of 30°C or less is a polyethylene oxide adduct of a linear or branched alcohol having 12 to 22 carbon atoms.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4763985A JPS61205609A (en) | 1985-03-11 | 1985-03-11 | Method of granulating sodium nitrite powder |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4763985A JPS61205609A (en) | 1985-03-11 | 1985-03-11 | Method of granulating sodium nitrite powder |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS61205609A JPS61205609A (en) | 1986-09-11 |
| JPH0551527B2 true JPH0551527B2 (en) | 1993-08-02 |
Family
ID=12780807
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4763985A Granted JPS61205609A (en) | 1985-03-11 | 1985-03-11 | Method of granulating sodium nitrite powder |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS61205609A (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3876913T2 (en) * | 1987-09-18 | 1993-05-27 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co | PRODUCTION OF CARBONATED POWDERS AND THEIR GRANULATION. |
| JP4734035B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2011-07-27 | 株式会社マグネス | Intermediate of magnesium or magnesium-based alloy and method for producing the same |
| JP4831424B2 (en) * | 2007-03-12 | 2011-12-07 | 株式会社マグネス | Method for producing anodized product of magnesium material, pretreatment composition for anodized magnesium material and chemical used in the production |
-
1985
- 1985-03-11 JP JP4763985A patent/JPS61205609A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS61205609A (en) | 1986-09-11 |
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