JPH0532474A - New fertilizer and method for applying the same - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To prevent injury to root of crops by changeable aluminum which appears in a lower layer soil (subsoil) and provide such a new fertilizer as to remarkably contribute to increase yield of the crops and methoe for applying the fertilizer by applying the fertilizer to a non-allophane black soil. CONSTITUTION:A new fertilizer consisting essentially of calcium sulfate or the new fertilizer and other chemical fertilizer are applied to the surface or the surface layer of a non-allophane black soil and the main component is gradually dissolved by rain water, melted snow water or watering to permeate the component into the soil, or the above-mentioned new fertilizer or the new fertilizer and other fertilizer are injected and permeated into the lower layer soil of non-allophane black soil as liquid or mud with water. Thereby the injury in this non-allophane black soil by aluminum can be removed or reduced.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a novel fertilizer and a fertilizer application method for eliminating or reducing aluminum damage in non-allophenic Andosols, which inhibits the improvement of agricultural productivity.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art About 50% of the volcanic ash soil in the Tohoku region of Japan is a highly acidic soil called non-allophenic black soil, which inhibits the growth of crops such as barley, burdock, carrots and sorghum. Because the cause is strong acidity, calcium carbonate and lime have been applied, but due to its low solubility, subsoil (earth soil at the bottom of the soil with a depth of about 10 to 15 cm from the surface of the soil) It is not effective in improving acidity. On the other hand, in Japan, gypsum is sold as a soil improver for agricultural land, but this is not intended to remove obstacles to crops of the above-mentioned non-alofenic black soil, and is also sold as fertilizer. (In order to sell it as fertilizer, it must be recognized by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries etc. by the required legal procedure as a fertilizer prescribed in Article 2 of the Fertilizer Control Law).

[0003]

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention is intended to eliminate the above-mentioned obstacles to non-allophenic Andosols crops, and to the roots of agricultural crops by the exchangeable aluminum of the non-alophaneous Andosols. (EN) A novel fertilizer capable of labor-saving and economically prevented and a fertilizer application method thereof.

[0004]

Means for Solving the Problems As a result of intensive studies conducted by the present inventors in view of the above-mentioned problems, the non-allophenic Kuroboku soil is independent in soil classification because it is different in nature from other soils. In addition, the non-allophenic black soil is strongly acidic and has a high content of exchangeable aluminum, which causes significant damage to the roots of crops and prevents the damage. Therefore, they found that dihydrate gypsum had a specific effect and completed the present invention.

The invention according to claim 1 of the present invention is a novel fertilizer containing calcium sulfate as a main constituent for removing aluminum obstacles of non-allophenic Andosols.

[0006] The invention of claim 2 of the present invention is a novel invention of claim 1 in order to remove or reduce the aluminum obstacle of the non-alofenic black soil by dissolving in rainwater or irrigation and infiltrating into the soil. It is a fertilization method in which a fertilizer or the new fertilizer and another chemical fertilizer are applied to the surface and / or the surface layer of the non-alofenic black soil.

The invention according to claim 3 of the present invention is a novel fertilizer according to claim 1 or a novel fertilizer and other chemical fertilizer in liquid form with water in order to remove or reduce aluminum damage in non-alofenic black soil. This is a fertilizer application method in which it is poured and infiltrated into the subsoil of non-alofenic black soil as a mud.

[0008] Conventionally, Kuroboku soil is a volcanic ash soil having a black to black-brown surface soil and a yellow-brown lower layer soil (loam layer). It contains minerals derived from volcanic emissions and is produced by weathering these. Clay is SiO ₂ · Al ₂ O ₃ · 5-6H ₂
It has been considered that it is composed of an amorphous clay composed mainly of allophane having a composition of O and oxides / hydroxides of Al and Fe. But then a large amount of 2: 1 without allophane
A lot of non-allophenic Andosols containing type-crystalline minerals have been found. This soil is derived from rhyolite, quartz andesite, and volcanic ash belonging to andesite and has an annual rainfall of 1.
It is said that it is a cumulative volcanic ash soil in which leaching of 100 mm or more is severe, and chronologically, ash fall and volatilization of volcanic ash were repeated between 10,000 and 1,000 years.

[0009] Generally, in strongly acidic soil, the growth inhibitory effect of aluminum on crops is known. This aluminum is called active aluminum extracted with acidic oxalic acid solution and exchangeable aluminum extracted with potassium chloride. Activated aluminum is generally abundant in black soil (both allophane and non-allophane),
Inhibits crop growth by rendering phosphates in the soil inadequate. On the other hand, the exchangeable aluminum, which is a problem in the present invention, is present in strongly acidic non-allophenic Andosols having a pH of 5.5 or less and directly inhibits the growth of crop roots. As a result, the crop's water absorption, growth, and yield are greatly affected.

The non-allophenic Andosols contain large amounts of exchangeable aluminum in soil solution and in adsorbed form on soil colloids. FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the growth inhibition condition of burdock root in the subsoil of the non-allophanic Kuroboku soil that is present in the lower part of the improved cropping soil. By the improvement,
At the boundary between the soil (surface soil) where the activity of exchangeable aluminum was suppressed and the subsoil with a large amount of exchangeable aluminum, the elongation of the main roots stopped, the root tips were enlarged, browning, and branch roots were generated.
Has developed a typical excess of aluminum. It is estimated that the distribution of such non-allophenic Kuroboku soil is half of that in the Tohoku region, especially on the Sea of Japan side.

The novel fertilizer used in the present invention is natural gypsum, chemical gypsum derived from phosphate rock, or waste gypsum, and is composed mainly of dihydrate gypsum and of any shape and particle size unless it contains harmful heavy metals. It can be used regardless of the method and is not particularly limited. Among these, chemical gypsum is preferably used because fine particles are easily obtained and water solubility is excellent. When the novel fertilizer used in the present invention is used on the surface or surface of soil, it may be used alone or mixed with magnesia. In addition, other chemical fertilizers effective for plant growth, trace components, and special components may be added in effective amounts. The new fertilizer of the present invention is to be designated by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries based on the Fertilizer Control Law as a special fertilizer for removing or reducing aluminum damage in non-alofenic black soil.

The fertilizer application method of the novel fertilizer of the present invention includes applying the novel fertilizer to the surface and / or surface layer of the non-allophenic black soil and gradually dissolving and infiltrating it with rainwater or irrigation water to form an underlayer soil. This is a method to prevent damage to the roots of crops of exchangeable aluminum. The amount of fertilizer applied is p of soil
Depending on H, the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the soil, the type of the target crop, and the like, about 100 kg to 1,500 kg / 10 are are preferable. Applying too much Mg ion,
It is not preferable because it has a function of exchanging with useful components such as K ions and discharging it out of the system. On the other hand, if the amount of fertilizer applied is too small, the effect of the exchangeable aluminum for preventing damage is small, which is not preferable.

When the amount of fertilizer applied is appropriate, the effect of preventing the damage of the exchangeable aluminum in the subsoil to the roots of agricultural crops becomes high, and the roots extend to the lower layer.
It absorbs active ingredients such as O ₃ ions and prevents them from being discharged out of the system. Therefore, there is also an effect of preventing environmental pollution due to NO ₃ ions being discharged out of the system. As an application method, it is desirable to mix it in the surface soil,
You may just spray it on the surface. Once applied, additional application is often unnecessary during the season, but the type of crop,
Since it depends on the amount of rainfall and the like, it is preferable to carry out it appropriately. Calcareous fertilizers such as calcium carbonate, quick lime, and magnesia lime are extremely sparingly soluble in water, and are not suitable for improving the subsoil of non-alophane black arboreal soil by surface application.

As another fertilizing method of the novel fertilizer of the present invention, the new fertilizer alone or in combination with the new fertilizer and other chemical fertilizers in the subsoil of non-alofenic black soil
There is a method to prevent damage to the roots of agricultural crops by the exchangeable aluminum in the subsoil of the non-alofenic Andosols mixed with water under pressure and injected. The amount of fertilizer is based on the above case. In any fertilizer application method, since the new fertilizer is harmless to humans and animals, its application may be carried out manually or mechanically. It is desirable to appropriately select which fertilization method to use, depending on the rainfall, the degree of aluminum aluminum damage, the type of plant, the presence or absence of fertilization in the previous year, the area applied, the amount of fertilization, and the like.

Examples of crops effective by applying the novel fertilizer of the present invention are: 1) Aluminum-sensitive crops such as barley, cotton, alfalfa, burdock, carrot, etc. 2) Acid-sensitive crops. Examples include chisha, barley, barley, pea, eggplant, spinach, leek, red clover, adzuki bean, lotus root, tomato, wheat, potato, broad bean, white clover, etc. 3) Examples of deep-rooted crops are wheat and rye. ,
Examples include oats, barley, corn, sorghum, soybeans, radish and the like.

[0016]

[Action]

1. The non-allophenic black soil is a non-alofenic black soil because the calcium sulfate of the novel fertilizer of the present invention dissolved by rainwater or irrigation and infiltrated into the subsoil reacts chemically with the exchangeable aluminum in the soil to reduce the absolute amount of exchangeable aluminum. Aluminum obstacles can be eliminated or mitigated. This can be demonstrated by quantifying exchangeable aluminum in the soil after application and observing the growth results of crops using the soil. 2. C in soil by applying the novel fertilizer of the present invention
The increase of a ion and SO ₄ ion relatively lowers the activity of Al ion (Al ³⁺ ion), and Al ion and SO ₄ ion are chemically bonded (AlSO ₄ ⁺ ), thereby Al It is presumed that it reduces the toxicity of ions (Al ³⁺ ions).

[0017]

The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples without departing from the gist of the present invention. (Test method) Substitutional aluminum analysis method (Yokendo, soil nutrient analysis method p.86-94) 1) 20.00 g of air-dried soil was collected in a 200 ml beaker, and 50 ml of N-KCl was added with a whole pipette. . 2) After stirring for 2 minutes with a glass rod, leave for 30 minutes. 3) Connect the Buchner funnel to a suction can, place a filter paper, transfer all samples onto the Buchner funnel, and filter with suction. The filtrate is received in a 300 ml Erlenmeyer flask placed in a glass can. 4) Wash 3 times with 50 ml of N-KCl. 5) Add 10 drops of phenolphthalein and add at room temperature to 0.
Titrate with 1N NaOH. 6) Add a drop of 0.1N HCl to eliminate the color development of phenolphthalein.

7) Add 10 ml of 4% NaF with a whole pipette. Stir by hand for 30 seconds. If the displacing aluminum is leached, the red color of phenolphthalein develops again. If no color is developed, the displacing aluminum is not leached (the following operation is unnecessary). 8) Titrate with 0.1N HCl until colorless. 9) After becoming colorless, 2 drops of phenolphthalein are added, and if color is developed, further titration is carried out (titration value A). Replaceable aluminum (meq) / dry soil 100 g = (titration value A) × 0.1 × 100/20 × air dry soil moisture factor The replaceable aluminum is exchangeable aluminum.

Properties of non-allophanic Andosols (Kitakami soil) used in the test pH (H ₂ O) 5.3 pH (KCl) (measured value when 1N-KCl is used as a solution) 4.1 Electricity Conductivity μS / cm 28 Exchangeable aluminum (meq / 100g) 2.41 Y ₁ 12.6 Volume weight (dry weight of 100 g of soil) 0.95 Maximum water capacity 75 Phosphoric acid absorption coefficient (mgP ₂ O ₅ / 100g) 2050 Organic matter (%) 1.08 However, Y ₁ is exchanged acidity, and 1N-KCl is added to 100 g of soil.
250 ml of the solution was added, 125 ml of the filtrate was taken, and 0.1N-NaOH was used with phenolphthalein as an indicator.
Titrate with the solution, and use the ml required for neutralization as the exchange acidity.

[Embodiment 1] Change of Exchangeable Aluminum in Soil] 20 g of test-air dry fine soil (non-allophen soil) was placed in a wide-mouthed plastic bottle (100 ml), and a certain amount of gypsum was added to each test section and well stirred, and then pure water was added. The soil water content is adjusted to 60% of the maximum volume of water, and the lid is closed and left in a thermostat at 30 ° C for 1 week. When the amount of exchangeable aluminum was quantified after standing, it decreased in inverse proportion to the increase of the application amount of gypsum as follows.

[Embodiment 2] Effect on barley root elongation (when gypsum is mixed in all layers)] No. 4 clay pot is filled with 400 g of non-allophen soil, and a fixed amount of gypsum is added to each test section and mixed. 4 days later, 5 seeds of barley
Sow one pot at a time. The growth conditions thereafter are shown in Table 1, and when the root length was observed, a remarkable effect of gypsum was observed. The root length grows proportionally up to 400 mg / 100 g of soil according to the increase in the amount of plaster applied. Figure 2 is a photograph showing the growth situation,
(A) is without gypsum, (b) is 100 mg / soil 100
g gypsum application, (c) 200 mg / soil 100 g gypsum application, (d) 300 mg / soil 100 g soil gypsum application,
(E) is 400 mg / 100 g of soil, and (f) is
The results are shown for the case of applying 500 g / 100 g of soil gypsum.

[0022] (Table 1)           Test area April 25, 1991 (April 13, seeding)                       Plant height (cm) Left index (%) Root length (cm) Left index (%)     No plaster 12.3 100 12.8 100   Gypsum 100 mg / soil 100 g 19.0 154 24.9 195       200 20.3 165 27.1 212       300 22.8 185 27.6 216       400 23.3 189 29.4 230       500 22.7 185 26.9 210   However, the left index shows the rate of increase.

[Embodiment 3] Effect on barley root elongation (when gypsum is applied to the surface layer)] On April 4, 1991, a vinyl cylindrical tube (internal diameter 100 mm x height 400 mm) is filled with about 3000 g of non-allophenic soil. In addition, a fixed amount of gypsum is added to the upper 1200 g of soil for each test section and mixed. Sufficient watering (about half of the annual rainfall in Tohoku) will be given every day for 8 days. Fertilization on April 14 of the same year, sowing on the same day. On May 5, the same year, when the cylindrical tube was opened and the root elongation was investigated, as shown in Table 2, a remarkable effect of gypsum application was recognized. Figure 3 is a photograph showing the growth situation. (A) is the case without gypsum application, (b) is 100 mg / soil 100 g gypsum application, (c) is 200 mg / soil 100 g gypsum application,
(D) shows the result in the case of applying 300 mg / 100 g of soil gypsum.

[0024] (Table 2)       Test area May 5, 1991                       Plant height (cm) Left index (%) Root length (cm) Left index (%)     No plaster 19.5 100 18.5 100   Gypsum 100 mg / soil 100 g 21.5 110 32.6 176       200 22.5 115 39.5 214       300 22.7 113 38.5 208   However, the left index shows the rate of increase.

[0025]

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION By applying the novel fertilizer of the present invention to the surface layer and subsoil of non-allophenic Kuroboku soil, exchangeable aluminum developed in the subsoil of non-allophenic Kuroboku soil causes damage to the roots of crops. Is prevented, which significantly contributes to the increase in crop yield. In addition, it is possible to contribute to the prevention of groundwater pollution by NO ₃ ions that pass through fertilization, which has recently become a problem in environmental protection, by improving the absorption rate.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the growth inhibition state of burdock root in non-allophanic Andosols.

FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the growth condition of barley when gypsum is applied over the entire surface. (A) shows the case without gypsum, and (b) shows 10
0 mg / 100 g of soil In case of gypsum application, (c) is 200 mg /
100 g of soil In the case of gypsum application, (d) is 300 mg / 100 g of soil
In the case of gypsum application, (e) shows the result in the case of 400 mg / 100 g of soil and (f) shows the result in the case of 500 mg / 100 g of soil.

FIG. 3 is a photograph showing the growth condition of barley when gypsum is applied to the surface, (a) shows the case where gypsum is not applied, and (b) shows 10
0 mg / 100 g of soil In case of gypsum application, (c) is 200 mg /
100 g of soil In the case of gypsum application, (d) is 300 mg / 100 g of soil
The results in the case of gypsum application are shown.

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[Procedure amendment]

[Submission date] November 27, 1991

[Procedure Amendment 1]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0012

[Correction method] Change

[Correction content]

The fertilizer application method of the novel fertilizer of the present invention includes:
Applying the new fertilizer to the surface and / or surface of non-allophanic Andosols, and gradually dissolving and infiltrating it with rainwater, snowmelt water or irrigation to prevent damage of the exchangeable aluminum of the subsoil to the roots of crops. Is the way. The amount of fertilizer applied is preferably about 100 kg to 1,500 kg / 10 are depending on the pH of the soil, the amount of exchangeable aluminum in the soil, the type of the target crop, and the like. If it is applied in an excessively large amount, it has the effect of exchanging with useful components such as Mg ions and K ions and discharging it out of the system, which is not preferable. On the other hand, if the amount of fertilizer applied is too small, the effect of the exchangeable aluminum for preventing damage is small, which is not preferable. ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───

[Procedure amendment]

[Submission date] December 5, 1991

[Procedure Amendment 1]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Name of item to be corrected] Claim 2

[Correction method] Change

[Correction content]

[Procedure Amendment 2]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0006

[Correction method] Change

[Correction content]

[0006] The invention of claim 2 of the present invention is to dissolve or dissolve in rainwater, snow-melting water or irrigation water and permeate it into the soil to remove or reduce the aluminum obstacle of the non-allophenic Andosols. It is a fertilization method in which the new fertilizer described above or the new fertilizer and other chemical fertilizers are applied to the surface and / or surface layer of the non-alofenic black soil.

[Procedure 3]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] 0016

[Correction method] Change

[Correction content]

[0016]

[Operation] 1. The non-allophenic substance is dissolved because the calcium sulfate of the novel fertilizer of the present invention dissolved in rainwater, snow-melting water or irrigation and permeated into the subsoil reacts chemically with exchangeable aluminum in the soil to reduce the absolute amount of exchangeable aluminum. It is possible to eliminate or reduce the aluminum obstacle of the black soil. This can be demonstrated by quantifying exchangeable aluminum in the soil after application and observing the growth results of crops using the soil. 2. C in soil by applying the novel fertilizer of the present invention
The increase of a ion and SO ₄ ion relatively lowers the activity of Al ion (Al ³ ++ ion), and the Al ion and SO ₄ ion are chemically bonded (AlSO ⁴⁺ ) to form Al ion. It is presumed that it reduces the toxicity of (Al ³⁺ ion).

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A new fertilizer containing calcium sulfate as a main constituent for removing aluminum obstacles in non-allophenic Andosols. 2. The novel fertilizer according to claim 1, or the novel fertilizer and other fertilizers for eliminating or reducing aluminum damage of non-allophenic black soil by dissolving in rainwater or irrigation and infiltrating into soil. A fertilization method in which a chemical fertilizer is applied to the surface and / or the surface of the non-allophenic Andosols. 3. The new fertilizer according to claim 1, or the new fertilizer and other chemical fertilizers in the form of liquid or mud in water to remove or reduce aluminum damage in the non-allophenic black soil. Fertilization method to inject and infiltrate the lower soil.