JPH05224446A - Electrophotographic sensitive body - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To provide a laminated positive charge electrophotographic sensitive body having high sensitivity and excellent durability. CONSTITUTION:This laminated positive charge electrophotographic sensitive body has a charge generating layer and a charge transfer layer successively formed on a conductive supporting body. The charge generating layer contains a charge generating material (i.e., compds. expressed by formulae I, II, and III) which can produce conductive carrier by absorption of light, poly-N- vinylcarbazole, and an electron withdrawing material which can cause the transfer of electrons. Also, the electron transfer layer contains the same electron withdrawing material as the electron withdrawing material above described. (In formula, X1, X2 and X3 are azo components and A is a coupler residue).

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a laminated type electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge generating layer and a charge transfer layer are sequentially provided on a conductive support.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, inorganic photoconductive substances such as selenium, selenium-tellurium alloys, and zinc oxide have been widely used as photosensitive layers of electrophotographic photoconductors. In recent years, organic photoconductive substances have been used. The research on the electrophotographic photoconductor has progressed, and some of them have been put to practical use. Here, most of the photoconductors that have been put to practical use are laminated-type electrophotographic photoconductors that are composed of photoconductors having a charge generation layer and a charge transfer layer with separated functions, and are thus made of an inorganic photoconductive substance. Actively designing electrophotographic photoconductors that are improved in terms of sensitivity and photoconductor life, which are inferior to those of photoconductors, are low cost, and utilize the advantages of organic photoconductive materials such as safety and versatility. It came to be done.

This type of laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor is generally composed of a charge generating layer made of a charge generating substance such as a pigment and a dye, and a charge transferring substance made of a charge transferring substance such as hydrazone and pyrazoline on a conductive support. The layers are formed in order,
Due to the property of the electron-donating charge transfer material, it is of the hole transfer type and has sensitivity when the surface of the photoreceptor is negatively charged. However, with negative charging, the corona discharge used during charging is more unstable than with positive charging, and ozone, nitrogen oxides, etc., which are about 10 times as much as during positive charging, are generated, and physical deterioration such as adsorption on the surface of the photoconductor is caused. And easily cause chemical deterioration.
There is a problem of making the environment worse. Yet another issue is
To develop the negative charging photoreceptor, a positive polarity toner is required, but the positive polarity toner is difficult to manufacture in view of the triboelectrification series for the ferromagnetic carrier particles, and the two-component high resistance magnetic brush development method is used. In the case of, the toner / developer under negative charging is more stable, and the degree of freedom in selection and use conditions is greater,
Also in this respect, the range of application to the positive charging type photoconductor is wide, which is advantageous.

Various proposals have been made for positively charging an electrophotographic photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive substance. For example, a charge generation layer containing a phthalocyanine-based pigment as a main component is provided on a conductive support, and a charge transfer layer containing a charge-transferable substance such as a fluorenone-based or quinone-based charge as a main component is sequentially stacked (forward layer type). There are laminated photoreceptors. However, the forward layer type positively charged layered type photoconductor has a fatal defect that the residual potential is large at present (for example, Polymer Prepr).
ints, Japan Vol. 37, No, 3, 19
1988).

Another example is an inverse layer type laminated photoreceptor in which a charge transfer layer containing a charge donating substance as a main component is provided on a conductive support and then a charge generation layer is laminated. The reverse layer type photoreceptor has the advantage that the material used in the conventional negative charging can be used as it is, but since the thin charge generation layer is provided on the upper layer, it has poor wear resistance and an overcoat layer. Is required. Furthermore, dip coating becomes difficult.

Further, as a positively charged photoreceptor, US Pat.
No. 15,414 shows an example of using a eutectic complex of a thiapyrylium salt and a bisphenol A-polycarbonate resin. In this example, a memory phenomenon is large, wear resistance is poor, and a material selection range is narrow. It has the drawback of poor panchromaticity.

As described above, various attempts have been made to obtain a positively charged electrophotographic photosensitive member by using an organic photoconductive substance, but all of them are concerned with photosensitivity, mechanical strength, manufacturability and the like. There are many problems to be solved in.

[0008]

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a highly sensitive and durable forward-layer type positively charged electrophotographic photoreceptor having a charge generation layer and a charge transfer layer sequentially laminated on a conductive support. The purpose is to provide.

[0009]

According to the present invention, in a laminated type electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge generating layer and a charge transfer layer are sequentially provided on a conductive support, the charge generating layer is provided with a light absorbing layer. Provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized by containing a charge-generating substance capable of generating a conductive carrier, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and an electron-withdrawing substance having electron-moving ability, and a charge-transporting layer. The above-mentioned electrophotographic photoreceptor is characterized by containing the same electron-withdrawing substance as the electron-withdrawing substance contained in the charge-generating layer. 2 and 3

Embedded image A−N = N−X ₁

Embedded image A−N = N−X ₂ −N = N−A An azo pigment selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the formulas: 1, 2, and 3, wherein X ₁ , X ₂ , and X ₃ represent an azo component, and A represents a coupler residue. There is provided the electrophotographic photoreceptor as described above.

As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have completed the present invention by combining a charge generation layer and a charge transfer layer having a specific composition.

That is, according to the present invention, in a laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor in which a charge generating layer and a charge transfer layer are sequentially laminated on a conductive support, conductive carriers are generated as the charge generating layer by light absorption. Of the charge-generating substance, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and electron-withdrawing substance having electron transfer ability as main components, and further as a charge-transfer layer, electron-withdrawing property contained in the charge-generating layer. By containing the same electron-withdrawing substance as the main component as the main component, it becomes highly sensitive and excellent in durability, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor for positive charging can be obtained. Further, since the layer structure is the same as that of the negatively charged laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor that has been put into practical use, the manufacturing facility can be used as it is.

Next, the structure of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. As the electrophotographic photoreceptor, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, a layer containing a charge generating substance and optionally a binder resin on a support 1 (a conductive support or a sheet provided with conductivity) ( A photoreceptor 4 having a laminated structure in which a charge generation layer 2 is a lower layer and a layer (charge transfer layer) 3 containing a charge transfer substance and optionally a binder resin is an upper layer is provided, as shown in FIG. Examples thereof include those in which a protective layer 5 is provided on the photoreceptor layer 4 in FIG. 1, and an intermediate layer may be provided between the support and the photoreceptor layer.

As the charge generating substance used in the present invention, either an inorganic substance or an organic substance can be used as long as it absorbs light to generate a conductive carrier. For example, amorphous selenium, trigonal selenium, selenium-arsenic alloy, selenium-tellurium alloy, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, cadmium sulfide selenide, mercury sulfide,
Inorganic substances such as lead oxide, lead sulfide, amorphous silicon,
Alternatively, bisazo dyes, polyazo dyes, triarylmethane dyes, thiazine dyes, oxazine dyes, xanthene dyes, cyanine dyes, styryl dyes, pyrylium dyes, quinacridone dyes, indigo dyes, perylene dyes. , Polycyclic quinone dyes, bisbenzimidazole dyes, indanthrone dyes, squarylium dyes, anthraquinone dyes, and phthalocyanine dyes.

Among them, the azo dyes represented by the following chemical formulas 1, 2, and 3 are effective.

Embedded image A−N = N−X ₁

Embedded image A−N = N−X ₂ −N = N−A (In the formulas 1, 2, and 3, X ₁ , X ₂ , and X ₃ represent an azo component, and A represents a coupler residue.)

A specific example of X ₁ is shown by the structural formula as shown in Table 1 below.

[Table 1]

Specific examples of X ₂ are shown in Table 2 below by structural formula.

[Table 2- (1)]

[0017]

[Table 2- (2)]

[0018]

[Table 2- (3)]

[0019]

[Table 2- (4)]

Specific examples of X ₃ are shown in Table 3 below as structural formulas.

[Table 3]

Examples of the coupler include compounds having a phenolic hydroxyl group such as phenols and naphthols, aromatic amino compounds having an amino group, or aminonaphthols having an amino group and a phenolic hydroxyl group, aliphatic or aromatic. A compound having an enolic ketone group (active methylene group) is used, and the coupler residue A is preferably the following chemical formula 4, chemical formula 5, chemical formula 6, chemical formula 7, chemical formula 8, chemical formula 9, chemical formula 11, chemical formula 11 below. , Which is represented by the general formula

[Chemical 4]

[Chemical 5]

[Chemical 6]

[Chemical 7][In the above Chemical formula 4, Chemical formula 5, Chemical formula 6 and Chemical formula 7, X, Y₁, Z,
m and n respectively represent the following.(R₁And R₂Is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted
Represents a kill group, R₃Is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl
Represents a group or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. )
Y₁: Hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl
Groups, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy groups, carboxy
Group, sulfo group, substituted or unsubstituted (R_FourIs hydrogen, an alkyl group or its substituted form, phenyl
Represents a group or a substituted product thereof, and Y₂Is a hydrocarbon ring group
Is a substituted form, a heterocyclic group or a Substituted product, heterocyclic group or its substituted product, or styryl group
Or a substitution product thereof, R₆Is hydrogen, alkyl group, phenyl
Represents a group or its substitution, or R_FiveAnd R₆
May form a ring with the carbon atom attached to them
Yes. ) Is shown. ) Z: Hydrocarbon ring group or a substitution product thereof, heterocycle product or the like.
Substituted product n: integer of 1 or 2 m: integer of 1 or 2]

[Chemical 8]

[Chemical 9] (In Chemical Formulas 8 and 9, R ₇ represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, and X is the same as above.)

[Chemical 10] (In the formula, R ₈ represents an alkyl group, a carbamoyl group, a carboxyl group or an ester thereof, Ar ₁ represents a hydrocarbon ring group or a substituted product thereof, and X is the same as the above.)

[Chemical 11]

[Chemical 12] (In the above Chemical Formulas 11 and 12, R ₉ represents hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, Ar ₂ represents a hydrocarbon ring group or a substituted product thereof, and X is the same as the above.)

Examples of the hydrocarbon ring of Z in the above Chemical formula 4, Chemical formula 5, Chemical formula 6 or Chemical formula 7 include a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring, and examples of the heterocyclic ring include an indole ring, a carbazole ring and a benzofuran ring. .. Moreover, examples of the substituent in the ring of Z include halogen atoms such as chlorine atom and bromine atom.

The hydrocarbon ring group for Y ₂ or R ₅ is a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthryl group, a pyrenyl group or the like, and the heterocyclic group is a pyridyl group, a thienyl group, a furyl group, an indolyl group, a beryl group. Examples thereof include a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, and a dibenzofuranyl group. Further, examples of the ring formed by combining R ₅ and R ₆ include a fluorene ring.

The substituent on the hydrocarbon ring group or heterocyclic group of Y ₂ or R ₅ or the ring formed by R ₅ or R ₆ is a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group,
Alkyl group such as butyl group, methoxy group, ethoxy group,
Alkoxy group such as propoxy group and butoxy group, halogen atom such as chlorine atom and bromine atom, dimethylamino group,
Dialkylamino group such as diethylamino group, diaralkylamino group such as dibenzylamino group, halomethyl group such as trifluoromethyl group, nitro group, cyano group, carboxyl group or ester thereof, hydroxyl group, -SO ₃ N
Examples thereof include sulfonate groups such as a.

Examples of the substituted phenyl group of R ₄ include halogen atoms such as chlorine atom and bromine atom. R
Typical examples of the hydrocarbon group for ₇ or R ₉ include an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group and a butyl group, an aralkyl group such as a benzyl group, an aryl group such as a phenyl group or a substitution product thereof. It can be illustrated.

Examples of the substituent of the hydrocarbon group represented by R ₇ or R ₉ include alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group and butyl group, alkoxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group and butoxy group, Examples thereof include halogen atoms such as chlorine atom and bromine atom, hydroxyl group, and nitro group.

Typical examples of the hydrocarbon ring group in Ar ₁ or Ar ₂ include phenyl group and naphthyl group, and the substituents in these groups include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group and butyl group. Groups such as alkyl groups, methoxy groups, ethoxy groups, propoxy groups, butoxy groups, and other alkoxy groups, nitro groups, chlorine atoms, bromine atoms, and other halogen atoms, cyano groups, dimethylamino groups, diethylamino groups, and other dialkylamino groups, etc. Can be illustrated.

Further, among X, a hydroxyl group is particularly suitable. Among the above-mentioned coupler residues, those represented by the above Chemical formula 5, Chemical formula 8, Chemical formula 9, Chemical formula 10, Chemical formula 11 and Chemical formula 12 are preferable, and among these, X in the general formula is preferably a hydroxyl group. Among these, the following formula 5- (1)

[Chemical 5- (1)] (Y ₁ and Z are the same as the above), and a coupler residue represented by the following is preferable, and more preferably the following chemical formula 5- (2)

[Chemical 5- (2)] (Z, Y ₂ and R ₂ are the same as above). Furthermore, among the above-mentioned preferred coupler residues, Chemical formula 5- (3) or Chemical formula 5- (4)

[Chemical 5- (3)]

[Chemical 5- (4)] (Z, R ₄ , R ₅ and R ₆ are the same as above, and R
Examples of ₁₀ are the above-mentioned Y ₂ substituents. ) Is suitable.

Specific examples of the coupler residue are shown in Table 4 below by structural formula.

[0030]

[Table 4- (1)]

[0031]

[Table 4- (2)]

[0032]

[Table 4- (3)]

[0033]

[Table 4- (4)]

[0034]

[Table 4- (5)]

[0035]

[Table 4- (6) ▲ [0036]

[Table 4- (7)]

[0037]

[Table 4- (8)]

[0038]

[Table 4- (9)]

[0039]

[Table 4- (10)]

[0040]

[Table 4- (11)]

[0041]

[Table 4- (12)]

[0042]

[Table 4- (13)]

[0043]

[Table 4- (14)]

As the electron-withdrawing substance having charge transfer ability contained in the charge generating layer, chloranil, bromanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetracyanoquinodimethane, 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, 2,
4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone, 2,
4,5,7-tetranitroxanthone, 2,4,8-trinitrothioxanthone, 2,8-dinitrothioxanthone, 2,6,8-trinitro-4H-indeno [1,
2-b] thiophen-4-one, 1,3,7-trinitro-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, 3-
Examples include t-butyl-anthraquinone and 2,2 ′, 6,6′-dimethyl-di-t-butyldipheno-quinone.

The charge generation layer of the present invention contains poly-N-vinylcarbazole having film forming ability.
Further, for the purpose of improving adhesiveness and mechanical strength, polyester resin, polycarbonate resin, butyral resin,
A binder resin such as a phenoxy resin, a urethane resin, or a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer may be further added.

The composition of the charge generation layer was as follows: 100 parts by weight of poly-N-vinylcarbazole and 10 parts of the electron-withdrawing substance.
˜200 parts by weight, and the charge generating substance is preferably 5 to 200 parts by weight. The binder resin that can be added if necessary is preferably 50 parts by weight or less based on the total weight of polyvinylcarbazole, the electron-withdrawing substance and the charge generating substance.

In the charge generating layer, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, an electron-withdrawing substance, a solvent is added to the charge generating substance and the mixture is uniformly dispersed by ball milling, a homomixer or the like, and the dispersion is bead-coated, slit-coated or gravure-coated. It can be provided by a suitable coating method such as coating, blade coating or dipping.

The thickness of the charge generation layer formed as described above is 0.1 to 10 μm, preferably 0.5 to 5 μm.

The charge transfer layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention contains an electron-withdrawing substance contained in the charge generating layer as a main component, and is made of a polycarbonate resin, a polyester resin, an acrylic resin, a phenoxy resin, a urethane resin, It can be provided by using a silicone resin, an epoxy resin, a phenol resin or the like as a binder resin, dissolving it in a solvent, coating and drying.

When the charge transfer material is contained in the binder resin, the amount of the electron-withdrawing material is preferably 20 to 200 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. The thickness of the charge transfer layer is 5 to 100 μm, preferably 1
It is 0 to 30 μm.

As the electroconductive support for supporting the electrophotographic photoreceptor layer of the present invention, a metal plate of aluminum, nickel or the like, a metal drum or a metal foil, a plastic film deposited with aluminum, tin oxide, indium oxide or the like, or A film or drum such as paper, plastic or the like coated with a conductive material can be used.

[0052]

The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. Example 1 Poly-N-vinylcarbazole (Luvican M-
170: manufactured by BASF) 10 parts by weight, 5 parts by weight of a bisazo pigment (Chemical Formula 13) having the following structural formula, and 2.5 parts by weight of 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone together with 87.5 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran for 48 hours. Tetrahydrofuran was added to the mill base prepared by milling and red-down was performed to prepare a 2.5 wt% charge generation layer coating liquid. Bisazo pigment

[Chemical 13] The prepared charge generation layer coating solution is cast and coated with a doctor blade on a 75 μm-thick polyester film on which aluminum is evaporated to a thickness of 1000 Å as a conductive layer, and a charge generation layer having a thickness of 1 μm after drying is provided. It was Next 2,
6,7-Trinitrofluorenone 6 parts by weight, polycarbonate resin (Polycarbonate Z: Teijin Chemicals Ltd.) 10
Parts by weight, silicone oil (phenylmethyl silicone, K
(F50: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 0.01 part by weight was dissolved in 84 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran to prepare a charge transfer layer coating solution. The prepared coating solution is flow-coated on the charge generation layer with a doctor blade, and a charge transfer layer having a thickness of 20 μm after drying is laminated to form a conductive layer / charge generation layer / charge transfer layer for electrophotography. A photoconductor was prepared.

Comparative Example 1 As the electron-withdrawing substance to be contained in the charge transfer layer,
Instead of 4,7-trinitrofluorenone, 2,
A comparative electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 except that 2 ', 6,6'-dimethyl-di-t-butyldiphenoquinone was used.

Example 2 Poly-N-vinylcarbazole (Luvican M-
170: BASF Corporation) 10 parts by weight, 5 parts by weight of a trisazo pigment (Chemical Formula 14) having the following structural formula, 2.5 parts by weight of 1,3,7-trinitro-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide were added to tetrahydrofuran 87. Tetrahydrofuran was added to the mill base prepared by ball milling together with 5 parts by weight for 48 hours to red down, and 2.5
A coating solution for the charge generation layer of wt% was prepared. Trisazo pigment

[Chemical 14] The prepared charge generation layer coating solution is cast and coated with a doctor blade on a 75 μm-thick polyester film on which aluminum is vapor-deposited to a thickness of 1000 Å as a conductive layer, and a charge generation layer having a thickness of 1 μm after drying is provided. It was Next 1,
6,7 parts by weight of 3,7-trinitro-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, 10 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (polycarbonate Z: manufactured by Teijin Chemicals Ltd.), silicone oil (phenylmethylsilicon, KF50: manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) 01 parts by weight was dissolved in 84 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran to prepare a charge transfer layer coating solution. The prepared coating liquid is flow-coated on the charge generation layer with a doctor blade, and a charge transfer layer having a thickness of 20 μm after drying is laminated to form a conductive layer / charge generation layer / charge transfer layer for electrophotography. A photoconductor was prepared.

Comparative Example 2 As the electron-withdrawing substance to be contained in the charge transfer layer,
A comparative electrophotographic photoreceptor was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 2 except that 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone was used instead of 3,7-trinitro-dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide. did. The electrophotographic photosensitive member produced as described above was charged by performing corona discharge of +6 KV for 20 seconds using an electrostatic copying paper tester (Kawaguchi Denki Seisakusho: SP428 type), and then charged for 20 seconds in a dark place. Then, the surface potential V ₀ (volt) at that time is measured, and then the illuminance on the surface of the photoreceptor is measured by a tungsten lamp.
Exposure is performed for 30 seconds so as to obtain 5 lux, and the decay of the surface potential at that time is recorded paper, V ₀ is 1/2, 1 /
Exposure required to attenuate to 10 E1 / 2 (Looks
Sec), E1 / 10 (lux · sec) and the surface potential V ₃₀ (volt) after 30 seconds of exposure were measured. The results are shown in Table 5.

[0056]

[Table 5]

As shown in the results of Table 5, in the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, poly-N which is a charge generating substance and a donor substance capable of generating conductive carriers by light absorption in the charge generating layer. -High sensitivity by containing vinylcarbazole and an electron-withdrawing substance having electron transfer ability, and further adding the same electron-withdrawing substance contained in the charge generation layer to the charge-transfer layer. Thus, it can be seen that the photosensitive member is less likely to generate residual potential.

[0058]

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY In the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention, poly-N-vinylcarbazole which is a hole transfer material, an electron-attracting material which is a charge transfer material, and conductive carriers are generated by light absorption in the charge generation layer. By containing the charge generating substance, the holes and the electrons generated by the charge generating substance are hard to recombine and can move in the charge generating layer. Further, when the same electron-withdrawing substance as in the charge-generating layer is present in the charge-transporting layer, the electrons generated in the charge-generating layer are smoothly injected into the charge-transporting layer in terms of energy level. Therefore, highly sensitive characteristics can be obtained.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an example of an electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is another example of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Support body 2 ... Charge generation layer 3 ... Charge transport layer 4 ... Photoconductor layer (laminated structure) 5 ... Protective layer

Front page continuation (72) Inventor Emi Kawahara 1-3-6 Nakamagome, Ota-ku, Tokyo In Ricoh Co., Ltd. (72) Inventor Tetsuro Suzuki 1-3-6 Nakamagome, Ota-ku, Tokyo In Ricoh, Inc.

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A laminate type electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support and a charge generation layer and a charge transfer layer sequentially provided on the charge generation layer, the charge being capable of generating conductive carriers by light absorption. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a generating substance, poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and an electron-withdrawing substance having an electron transfer ability. 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1, wherein the charge transfer layer contains an electron withdrawing substance which is the same as the electron withdrawing substance contained in the charge generating layer. 3. The charge-generating substance is represented by the following chemical formula 1, chemical formula 2, and chemical formula 3 below. AN = N-X ₁ ## STR2 ## AN = N-X ₂ -N = NA An azo pigment selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the formulas: 1, 2, and 3, wherein X ₁ , X ₂ , and X ₃ represent an azo component, and A represents a coupler residue. The electrophotographic photoconductor of claim 1, wherein the photoconductor is for electrophotography.