JPH05210101A - Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element - Google Patents
Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPH05210101A JPH05210101A JP4060792A JP4060792A JPH05210101A JP H05210101 A JPH05210101 A JP H05210101A JP 4060792 A JP4060792 A JP 4060792A JP 4060792 A JP4060792 A JP 4060792A JP H05210101 A JPH05210101 A JP H05210101A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- rubbing
- rollers
- liquid crystal
- substrate
- ferroelectric liquid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、ディスプレイデバイス
や光デバイス等に応用される強誘電性液晶素子の製造方
法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal element applied to a display device, an optical device or the like.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】クラ−ク（Ｃｌａｒｋ）およびラガウエ
ル（Ｌａｇｅｒｗａｌｌ）により双安定性を有する液晶
素子が提案されている（特開昭５６−１０７２１６号公
報、米国特許第４，３６７，９２４号明細書等）。2. Description of the Related Art A liquid crystal element having bistability has been proposed by Clark and Lagerwall (JP-A-56-107216 and US Pat. No. 4,367,924). etc).
【０００３】双安定性を有する液晶としては、一般にカ
イラルスメクチックＣ相（ＳｍＣ*）またはＨ相（Ｓｍ
Ｈ* ）を有する強誘電性液晶が用いられる。この液晶は
電界に対して第１の光学的安定状態と第２の光学的安定
状態からなる双安定状態を有し、したがって従来のＴＮ
型の液晶で用いられていた光学変調素子とは異なり、例
えば一方の電界ベクトルに対して第１の光学的安定状態
に液晶が配向し、他方の電界ベクトルに対しては第２の
光学的安定状態に液晶が配向される。またこの型の液晶
は、加えられる電界に応答して、極めて速やかに上記２
つの安定状態のいずれかを取り、且つ電界の印加のない
ときはその状態を維持する特質を有する。このような性
質を利用することにより、従来のＴＮ型素子が視野角特
性が悪いという問題点の多くに対して、かなり本質的な
改善が得られる。As a liquid crystal having bistability, a chiral smectic C phase (SmC * ) or an H phase (Sm) is generally used.
A ferroelectric liquid crystal having H * ) is used. This liquid crystal has a bistable state consisting of a first optically stable state and a second optically stable state with respect to an electric field, and therefore has a conventional TN.
Different from the optical modulation element used in the liquid crystal of the liquid crystal type, for example, the liquid crystal is aligned in the first optical stable state with respect to one electric field vector and the second optical stable with respect to the other electric field vector The liquid crystal is aligned in the state. Also, this type of liquid crystal responds to an applied electric field very quickly,
It has the property of taking one of the two stable states and maintaining that state when no electric field is applied. By utilizing such a property, a substantial substantial improvement can be obtained with respect to many of the problems that the conventional TN element has a poor viewing angle characteristic.
【０００４】上記の双安定性を有する強誘電性液晶素子
の製造過程では、これを構成する基板に対して配向処理
が施される。この配向処理は、適切な配向制御を施すこ
とにより、初期分子配列状態を均一にし、良好な双安定
性を得るためのものである。上記配向処理の方法として
は、配向剤の塗布，斜め蒸着法，イオンビ−ム法，プラ
ズマ法，ラビング法などがあり、中でも比較的簡単で一
般的な方法は、基板表面を一方向にラビング布で軽く擦
るラビング法である。In the process of manufacturing the ferroelectric liquid crystal device having the above-mentioned bistability, the substrate constituting the device is subjected to the alignment treatment. This alignment treatment is to make the initial molecular alignment state uniform and obtain good bistability by performing appropriate alignment control. Examples of the above-mentioned alignment treatment methods include application of an aligning agent, oblique vapor deposition method, ion beam method, plasma method and rubbing method. Among them, a relatively simple and general method is to rub a substrate surface in one direction. It is a rubbing method that is lightly rubbed with.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、円柱形
のロ−ラ−にラビング布を巻きつけて、配向膜を擦るラ
ビング法で配向処理を行った場合、ラビング方向に対し
垂直な方向に、あるピッチでストライプ状の配向ムラが
発生することがあり、パネル全面に渡り、均一な配向状
態が必ずしも得られていない。However, when the rubbing cloth is wound around the cylindrical roller and the alignment treatment is performed by the rubbing method of rubbing the alignment film, the alignment treatment is performed in a direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction. A stripe-shaped uneven alignment may occur at the pitch, and a uniform aligned state is not always obtained over the entire panel.
【０００６】これは、ラビングロ−ラ−の偏心または、
装置の周期的な振動により、配向膜面に均一な布の接触
状態で、配向膜全体をラビング出来ないことが原因と考
えられる。This is due to the eccentricity of the rubbing roller or
It is considered that the periodic alignment of the device makes it impossible to rub the entire alignment film with a uniform cloth contact with the alignment film surface.
【０００７】しかし、このラビングロ−ラ−の偏心を無
くすることは非常に困難である。本発明の目的は、上述
の従来のラビング処理における問題点に鑑みなされたも
ので、ラビング方向に対し垂直な方向にストライプ状に
発生する配向ムラをなくし、パネル全面に渡り均一な配
向状態をもつ、強誘電性液晶素子の製造方法を提供する
ことにある。However, it is very difficult to eliminate the eccentricity of this rubbing roller. The object of the present invention has been made in view of the problems in the above-mentioned conventional rubbing treatment, and eliminates the alignment unevenness that occurs in stripes in the direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction, and has a uniform alignment state over the entire panel. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device.
【０００８】[0008]
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明によれば、基板に
対して、互いに回転数の異なる、少なくとも２本のロ−
ラ−でラビング処理を行うことにより、ラビング方向に
対し垂直な方向に発生する、ストライプ状の配向ムラを
防ぐことができる。According to the present invention, at least two rollers having different rotation speeds are provided on a substrate.
By performing the rubbing process with rubbing, it is possible to prevent stripe-shaped alignment unevenness that occurs in a direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction.
【０００９】即ち本発明は、２枚の基板間に、強誘電性
液晶を配置してなる強誘電性液晶素子の製造方法におい
て、上記強誘電性液晶を配向するための配向制御膜の配
向処理を、ロ−ラ−にラビング布を巻きつけて配向膜を
擦るラビング法で行い、少なくとも１枚の基板に対し
て、少なくとも２本以上のロ−ラ−でラビング処理を行
い、かつ、これらのロ−ラ−のうち少なくとも２本のロ
−ラ−の回転数が互いに異なっていることを特徴とする
強誘電性液晶素子の製造方法である。次に、図面を用い
て本発明を詳細に説明する。That is, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device in which a ferroelectric liquid crystal is arranged between two substrates, and an alignment treatment of an alignment control film for aligning the ferroelectric liquid crystal. Is performed by a rubbing method in which a rubbing cloth is wrapped around a roller and the alignment film is rubbed, and at least one substrate is subjected to a rubbing treatment with at least two or more rollers. A method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device, wherein at least two rollers among the rollers have different rotation speeds. Next, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
【００１０】図１は本発明による強誘電性液晶素子の配
向処理方法の一例を示す概略図である。図中１０１，１
０２は、それぞれ円柱形のロ−ラ−にラビング布を巻き
つけた第１，第２のラビングロ−ラ−、１０３は、表面
に配向膜を形成してある基板、１０４は、基板１０３を
載せるステ−ジである。FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of an alignment treatment method for a ferroelectric liquid crystal device according to the present invention. 101,1 in the figure
Reference numeral 02 is a first and second rubbing roller in which a rubbing cloth is wound around a cylindrical roller, 103 is a substrate having an alignment film formed on its surface, and 104 is the substrate 103. It is a stage.
【００１１】本発明によると、ラビング処理は、第１，
第２のラビングロ−ラ−１０１，１０２を互いに異なる
回転数で回転させながら、基板１０３を載せたステ−ジ
１０４あるいは、ラビングロ−ラ−本体が平行移動し、
基板１０３の表面をラビングロ−ラ−に巻きつけられて
いるラビング布で擦ることによって行われる。According to the present invention, the rubbing process is
While rotating the second rubbing rollers 101 and 102 at different rotational speeds, the stage 104 on which the substrate 103 is placed or the rubbing roller main body moves in parallel,
It is performed by rubbing the surface of the substrate 103 with a rubbing cloth wrapped around a rubbing roller.
【００１２】図１には２本のラビングロ−ラ−だけを示
しているが、より多くのラビングロ−ラ−を用いること
もでき、好ましくは、２本以上４本以下である。この場
合においても、これら複数のラビングロ−ラ−のうち少
なくとも２本のロ−ラ−の回転数は異なるようにする。Although only two rubbing rollers are shown in FIG. 1, more rubbing rollers can be used, and the number of rubbing rollers is preferably 2 or more and 4 or less. Even in this case, at least two rollers among the plurality of rubbing rollers have different rotation speeds.
【００１３】また、上記複数のラビングロ−ラ−の直径
は、すべて等しいものであってもよいし、互いに異なっ
ているものでもよく、その組み合わせは、本発明を限定
するものではない。The diameters of the plurality of rubbing rollers may be the same or different from each other, and the combination thereof does not limit the present invention.
【００１４】従来のように、単一のラビングロ−ラ−、
あるいは同一回転数の複数のラビングロ−ラ−にてラビ
ング処理した場合、ラビングロ−ラ−の偏心、あるい
は、装置の周期的な振動が原因で、ラビング方向に対し
垂直な方向に、ラビングロ−ラ−の回転数と、基板とロ
−ラ−の相対的な移動速度の関係による、ある一定のピ
ッチでストライプ状に配向ムラが発生するが、本発明に
よる上述のラビング処理を通常の回数（数回〜１０回程
度）行った場合、上記の配向ムラは全く発生しなくな
る。また、本発明では、係るラビング処理を強誘電性液
晶素子を構成する２枚の基板のうち、少なくとも片方の
基板に対して行うことにより、上記の配向ムラをなくす
ることができるが、より好ましくは、両方の基板に対し
て行うこともできる。As in the prior art, a single rubbing roller,
Alternatively, when the rubbing roller is rubbed by a plurality of rubbing rollers having the same rotation speed, the rubbing roller is rubbed in a direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction due to eccentricity of the rubbing roller or periodic vibration of the device. The orientation unevenness occurs in a stripe pattern at a certain pitch depending on the relationship between the rotation speed of the substrate and the relative moving speed of the substrate and the roller. If it is performed about 10 times), the above-mentioned alignment unevenness does not occur at all. Further, in the present invention, by performing the rubbing treatment on at least one of the two substrates constituting the ferroelectric liquid crystal element, the above-mentioned alignment unevenness can be eliminated, but it is more preferable. Can also be performed on both substrates.
【００１５】[0015]
【実施例】以下、本発明を実施例を用いて詳細に説明す
る。実施例 まず、１．１ｍｍ厚のガラス基板を用意し、その上にス
トライプ状の透明電極（ＩＴＯ）を形成した。その上に
絶縁膜としてＳｉＯ2 を約１０００Åスパッタ法により
成膜した。さらに、その上に配向膜としてポリイミド形
成液を塗布し、加熱処理により約２００Åのポリイミド
膜を形成した。EXAMPLES The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples. Example First, a glass substrate having a thickness of 1.1 mm was prepared, and a stripe-shaped transparent electrode (ITO) was formed thereon. SiO 2 was deposited thereon as an insulating film by a sputtering method of about 1000Å. Further, a polyimide forming liquid was applied thereon as an alignment film, and a polyimide film of about 200 Å was formed by heat treatment.
【００１６】次に、直径８０ｍｍの円柱形のロ−ラ−
に、ナイロン材質のラビング布を巻きつけたラビングロ
−ラ−を２本用意し、図１に示すような形態で配向膜上
をラビング処理した。ラビング条件は、ラビング布と基
板の押し込み量を０．３５ｍｍとし、その他の条件とし
て、基板の移動速度Ｖ（ｍｍ／ｓ），第１のラビングロ
−ラ−の回転数ｎ1 ，第２のラビングロ−ラ−の回転数
ｎ2 を表１に示す。Next, a cylindrical roller having a diameter of 80 mm
Then, two rubbing rollers wound with a rubbing cloth made of nylon material were prepared, and the alignment film was rubbed in the form shown in FIG. As the rubbing conditions, the pushing amount of the rubbing cloth and the substrate was 0.35 mm, and other conditions were the moving speed V (mm / s) of the substrate, the rotation number n 1 of the first rubbing roller and the second rubbing roller. Table 1 shows the rotation speed n 2 of the laser.
【００１７】[0017]
【表１】 上記表１の条件〜の４種類のラビング条件で、それ
ぞれ、２枚の基板を処理した。[Table 1] Two substrates were processed under each of the four types of rubbing conditions from the conditions in Table 1 above.
【００１８】次に、同一条件で処理した２枚の基板の一
方にスペ−サ−として１．５μｍのシリカビ−ズを散布
し、他方に、シ−ル接着剤を形成し、２枚の基板のラビ
ング方向がほぼ平行になるように貼り合わせ、計４種類
のセルを作成した。Next, a silica bead of 1.5 μm is sprayed as a spacer on one of the two substrates processed under the same conditions, and a seal adhesive is formed on the other of the two substrates to form two substrates. The cells were laminated so that the rubbing directions thereof were almost parallel to each other to prepare a total of four types of cells.
【００１９】次に、それぞれのセルにフェニルピリミジ
ン系混合強誘電性液晶を注入した。このセルを等方相ま
で加熱し、その後、カイラルスメクチックＣ相まで降温
した後、クロスニコルの偏光板を用いて液晶の配向状態
を観察した。Next, a phenylpyrimidine mixed ferroelectric liquid crystal was injected into each cell. The cell was heated to an isotropic phase and then cooled to the chiral smectic C phase, and then the alignment state of the liquid crystal was observed using a crossed Nicol polarizing plate.
【００２０】その結果、条件とのセルには、ラビン
グ方向に垂直な方向にストライプ状に白状態，黒状態が
交互に発生する配向ムラが見られた。またそのピッチ
は、条件で約３ｍｍ、条件では約２．６ｍｍであ
り、これはラビングロ−ラ−が１回転する時間に基板が
移動する距離とほぼ一致しており、ラビングロ−ラ−の
偏心、又は、装置の周期的な振動が原因であると考えら
れる。As a result, in the cells under the conditions, alignment unevenness was observed in which white and black states were alternately generated in stripes in the direction perpendicular to the rubbing direction. The pitch is about 3 mm under the condition and about 2.6 mm under the condition, which is almost the same as the distance the substrate moves in one rotation time of the rubbing roller, and the eccentricity of the rubbing roller, Alternatively, it is considered that the cause is periodic vibration of the device.
【００２１】一方、本発明によるところの条件との
セルにおいては、上記のようなストライプ状の配向ムラ
は、まったく見られず、等方的に白状態，黒状態がまだ
らに発生していた。On the other hand, in the cell under the conditions according to the present invention, the above-mentioned stripe-shaped alignment unevenness was not observed at all, and isotropic white and black states were spotted.
【００２２】[0022]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、ラビングロ−ラ−
の偏心等によって生ずるストライプ状の周期的な配向ム
ラは、互いに回転数の異なる２本以上のロ−ラ−でラビ
ング処理することにより防ぐことができ、さらには、初
期分子配列状態の均一な、良好な双安定性を示す強誘電
性液晶素子を製造することができる。As described above, the rubbing roller
Stripe-like periodic alignment unevenness caused by eccentricity and the like can be prevented by rubbing with two or more rollers having different rotation speeds, and further, the initial molecular alignment state is uniform. Ferroelectric liquid crystal elements exhibiting good bistability can be manufactured.
【図１】本発明による強誘電性液晶素子の配向処理方法
の一例を示す概略図である。FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of an alignment treatment method for a ferroelectric liquid crystal device according to the present invention.
１０１ 第１のラビングロ−ラ− １０２ 第２のラビングロ−ラ− １０３ 基板 １０４ ステ−ジ １０５、１０６ ラビング布 101 first rubbing roller 102 second rubbing roller 103 substrate 104 stage 105, 106 rubbing cloth
Claims (1)
てなる強誘電性液晶素子の製造方法において、上記強誘
電性液晶を配向するための配向制御膜の配向処理を、ロ
−ラーにラビング布を巻きつけて配向膜を擦るラビング
法で行い、少なくとも１枚の基板に対して、少なくとも
２本以上のロ−ラ−でラビング処理を行い、かつ、これ
らのロ−ラ−のうち少なくとも２本のロ−ラ−の回転数
が互いに異なっていることを特徴とする強誘電性液晶素
子の製造方法。1. A method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device, comprising a ferroelectric liquid crystal arranged between two substrates, wherein an alignment treatment of an alignment control film for aligning the ferroelectric liquid crystal A rubbing method in which a rubbing cloth is wrapped around a roller and the alignment film is rubbed, at least one substrate is subjected to a rubbing treatment with at least two rollers, and these rollers are used. Among them, at least two rollers have different rotational speeds from each other, and a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal device.
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4040607A JP2769944B2 (en) | 1992-01-31 | 1992-01-31 | Manufacturing method of ferroelectric liquid crystal device |
| US08/281,537 US5455695A (en) | 1992-01-27 | 1994-07-28 | Process for producing liquid crystal device including rubbing with two rubbing rollers rotating in same directions at different speeds |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4040607A JP2769944B2 (en) | 1992-01-31 | 1992-01-31 | Manufacturing method of ferroelectric liquid crystal device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH05210101A true JPH05210101A (en) | 1993-08-20 |
| JP2769944B2 JP2769944B2 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
Family
ID=12585210
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP4040607A Expired - Fee Related JP2769944B2 (en) | 1992-01-27 | 1992-01-31 | Manufacturing method of ferroelectric liquid crystal device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2769944B2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6194041B1 (en) * | 1983-04-13 | 2001-02-27 | American National Can Company | Methods and apparatus for injection molding and injection blow molding multi-layer articles, and the articles made thereby |
| JP2004205986A (en) * | 2002-12-26 | 2004-07-22 | Nippon Petrochemicals Co Ltd | Film rubbing method |
| KR100869116B1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2008-11-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Simple rubbing equipment for performing two rubbing process and rubbing apparatus |
| KR100950519B1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2010-03-30 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | Apparatus And Method Of rubbing in Liquid Crystal Display Panel |
| CN102452037A (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-05-16 | 乐金显示有限公司 | Rubbing method and method of fabricating liquid crystal display device using the same |
| CN111522177A (en) * | 2019-02-04 | 2020-08-11 | 夏普株式会社 | Rubbing treatment method, method for manufacturing liquid crystal panel, and method for manufacturing optical film |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS59147325A (en) * | 1983-02-10 | 1984-08-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Manufacture of liquid crystal panel |
-
1992
- 1992-01-31 JP JP4040607A patent/JP2769944B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS59147325A (en) * | 1983-02-10 | 1984-08-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Manufacture of liquid crystal panel |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6194041B1 (en) * | 1983-04-13 | 2001-02-27 | American National Can Company | Methods and apparatus for injection molding and injection blow molding multi-layer articles, and the articles made thereby |
| KR100869116B1 (en) * | 2002-08-26 | 2008-11-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Simple rubbing equipment for performing two rubbing process and rubbing apparatus |
| JP2004205986A (en) * | 2002-12-26 | 2004-07-22 | Nippon Petrochemicals Co Ltd | Film rubbing method |
| KR100950519B1 (en) * | 2003-08-18 | 2010-03-30 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | Apparatus And Method Of rubbing in Liquid Crystal Display Panel |
| CN102452037A (en) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-05-16 | 乐金显示有限公司 | Rubbing method and method of fabricating liquid crystal display device using the same |
| CN111522177A (en) * | 2019-02-04 | 2020-08-11 | 夏普株式会社 | Rubbing treatment method, method for manufacturing liquid crystal panel, and method for manufacturing optical film |
| CN111522177B (en) * | 2019-02-04 | 2022-11-15 | 夏普株式会社 | Rubbing treatment method, method for manufacturing liquid crystal panel, and method for manufacturing optical film |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2769944B2 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JPH04119325A (en) | Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element | |
| US4869577A (en) | Ferroelectric liquid crystal display device having uniaxial alignment on both substrates | |
| US5455695A (en) | Process for producing liquid crystal device including rubbing with two rubbing rollers rotating in same directions at different speeds | |
| JPH05210101A (en) | Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element | |
| JPS62192724A (en) | Ferroelectric liquid crystal element and its production | |
| JPH03209440A (en) | Liquid crystal display element | |
| JPH08262445A (en) | Liquid crystal orienting substrate and its production | |
| JPH0643457A (en) | Formation of liquid crystal orienting film | |
| US5668616A (en) | Ferroelectric liquid crystal device with alignment layers having surface unevenness different from each other | |
| JPH03259116A (en) | Production of liquid crystal display element | |
| JP2983724B2 (en) | Alignment treatment method for ferroelectric liquid crystal devices | |
| JPH04225325A (en) | Production of liquid crystal molecule oriented body | |
| JPH05181139A (en) | Production of liquid crystal display element | |
| JPS62247327A (en) | Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element | |
| JPH08101390A (en) | Liquid crystal display device and its production | |
| JP3594766B2 (en) | Liquid crystal device and method of manufacturing the same | |
| JPH023015A (en) | Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element | |
| JP3062978B2 (en) | Ferroelectric liquid crystal device | |
| JPS62174723A (en) | Liquid crystal element | |
| JPH07181495A (en) | Ferroelectric liquid crystal element | |
| JP2853198B2 (en) | Liquid crystal display device and manufacturing method thereof | |
| JPH10253962A (en) | Manufacture of liquid crystal device | |
| JPH09160049A (en) | Liquid crystal display device and alignment layer forming method therefor | |
| JPS6366534A (en) | Production of liquid crystal display element | |
| JPS62247326A (en) | Production of ferroelectric liquid crystal element |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 19980310 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |