JPH044006Y2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH044006Y2
JPH044006Y2 JP952586U JP952586U JPH044006Y2 JP H044006 Y2 JPH044006 Y2 JP H044006Y2 JP 952586 U JP952586 U JP 952586U JP 952586 U JP952586 U JP 952586U JP H044006 Y2 JPH044006 Y2 JP H044006Y2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
bottom plate
rail
plate
pad
sleeper
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP952586U
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
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JPS62125101U (en
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to JP952586U priority Critical patent/JPH044006Y2/ja
Publication of JPS62125101U publication Critical patent/JPS62125101U/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JPH044006Y2 publication Critical patent/JPH044006Y2/ja
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Description

【考案の詳細な説明】 考案の属する技術分野 この考案は、鉄道における枕木とレールとの間
に設置される絶縁パツドに関するものである。
[Detailed description of the invention] Technical field to which the invention pertains This invention relates to an insulating pad installed between railroad ties and rails.

従来技術とその欠点 一般的に、鉄道用枕木の絶縁パツドを枕木とレ
ールとの間に固定締結する場合は、次の条件を満
足することが要求される。
Prior Art and Its Disadvantages Generally, when the insulating pads of railway sleepers are fixedly fastened between the sleepers and the rails, the following conditions are required to be satisfied.

a 枕木が鉄製又はコンクリート製のいずれであ
つても、枕木とレール間の絶縁を確実に行なう
こと(絶縁性)。
a. Whether the sleepers are made of iron or concrete, ensure insulation between the sleepers and the rail (insulation).

b 走行車両の制動、振動衝撃などによるレール
のふく進(Creeping)に対して絶縁パツドが
犬釘、クリツプ、ボルトなどの締結装置及び枕
木から脱落しないこと(非脱落性)。
b. Insulating pads should not fall off from fastening devices such as dog nails, clips, bolts, etc. and sleepers due to creeping of the rail due to braking of running vehicles, vibration shock, etc. (non-falling property).

c レール新設時だけでなく、使用中の一部交換
が容易に行なえること(交換可能性)。
c. Parts of the rail can be easily replaced not only when installing a new rail, but also during use (replaceability).

絶縁性については、枕木が鉄製である場合は、
レール底面と枕木の直接接触を断つばかりでな
く、締結装置のクリツプ及びボルトとの接触を断
つことが必要である。コンクリート製枕木は、そ
れ自体かなりの絶縁性を有するので、内部の補強
材である鉄筋と連結された締結ボルトとレール間
の絶縁を確保すればよい。しかし、コンクリート
枕木の場合も、その表面に鉄分の多い塵が溜る
と、絶縁不良になる。
Regarding insulation, if the sleepers are made of iron,
It is necessary not only to break the direct contact between the rail bottom and the sleeper, but also to break the contact with the clips and bolts of the fastening device. Concrete sleepers themselves have considerable insulation properties, so it is sufficient to ensure insulation between the rails and the fastening bolts connected to the reinforcing bars inside. However, even in the case of concrete sleepers, if iron-rich dust accumulates on the surface, it will lead to poor insulation.

上記の点を考慮して、合成樹脂などの絶縁材料
で成形され、レール底面と枕木との間に介在され
る底板と、レールフランジの側面及び上面を覆
い、クリツプで押えるための押え板とを一体に備
えた枕木用絶縁パツドが特開昭58−146601号公報
に紹介された。しかし、一体物に成形する場合は
底板と押え板とを連結する部分を、レールから加
わる衝撃に対して充分な強度を保つために極めて
強固に形成する必要があり、強固な構造とした場
合は絶縁パツドの取付け時又は交換時の作業性が
悪い。上記公報に記載の考案では、作業性改善の
ために、レールフランジ幅とほぼ等しい間隔をも
つて設けられ、上部に凹凸部を有し、かつ前後方
向に延びる内壁部片と、この内壁部片の外側方に
配置され、前記凹凸部と噛み合う凹凸部を有し、
レールフランジ上面に接する屈曲可能な押え板と
を備えている。しかし、このような改善努力にも
拘らず、一体構造である限り、屈曲可能な押え板
の強度と作業性との常時二律背反性は解消されて
いない。
Taking the above points into consideration, we designed a bottom plate that is molded from an insulating material such as synthetic resin and is interposed between the bottom of the rail and the sleeper, and a holding plate that covers the side and top surfaces of the rail flange and is held down with clips. An integrated insulating pad for sleepers was introduced in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 146601/1983. However, when molding them into one piece, the part that connects the bottom plate and the holding plate needs to be extremely strong in order to maintain sufficient strength against the impact from the rail. Workability is poor when installing or replacing insulation pads. In the invention described in the above publication, in order to improve workability, inner wall pieces are provided at intervals approximately equal to the width of the rail flange, have uneven parts on the upper part, and extend in the front-rear direction, and this inner wall piece has a concavo-convex portion disposed on the outside of the concave-convex portion and engages with the concavo-convex portion;
The rail flange includes a bendable holding plate that contacts the upper surface of the rail flange. However, despite these efforts for improvement, the trade-off between the strength and workability of the bendable presser plate has not been resolved as long as it has an integral structure.

上記非脱落性の要求は、絶縁パツドの長手方向
両端に下方に突出する係止片又は係止縁を設け、
これを枕木の側面に当接させる技術により満足さ
れることが実公昭51−17604号公報、特開昭58−
146601号公報及び特開昭58−213901号公報の記載
により知られている。
The above-mentioned non-falling requirement is achieved by providing locking pieces or locking edges that protrude downward at both ends of the insulating pad in the longitudinal direction;
It is found that this can be satisfied by the technique of bringing this into contact with the side of the sleeper, as disclosed in Publication of Utility Model Publication No. 17604 (1982) and Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 58-198-
It is known from the descriptions in JP-A No. 146601 and JP-A-58-213901.

また、特開昭58−213901号公報に記載の考案
は、絶縁パツドをレール底面と枕木との間に介在
される底板とその底板の一端から屈曲してレール
フランジの上面を覆う押え板とを一体に有する同
一形状の一対のパツド部分で構成し、両パツド部
分の底板を枕木とレールフランジとの間に差し込
み、かつ、重ね合せて連結することにより上記作
業性の改善を意図したものである。
In addition, the invention described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-213901 uses an insulating pad as a bottom plate interposed between the rail bottom surface and the sleeper, and a holding plate bent from one end of the bottom plate to cover the top surface of the rail flange. It is intended to improve the workability mentioned above by being composed of a pair of integrally shaped pad parts, and by inserting the bottom plates of both pad parts between the sleeper and the rail flange, and overlapping and connecting them. .

しかし、同考案は、底板が全幅にわたつて均等
な厚みを有する平坦なものであるから、左右両パ
ツド部分の重ね合せを可能にするため、底板の先
端部を前半部とに後半部と分割し、それぞれに上
方半厚部と下方半厚部を形成している。従つて、
左右のパツド部分の重ね合せ可能な範囲は底板の
幅方向の一部に過ぎないから、レールのフランジ
幅に対する調整可能量が少なく、融通性に乏しい
という欠点がある。また、半厚部の幅を大きくし
て融通性を豊かにすると、左右のパツド部分の半
厚部に重なり合つていない部分が生じるため、安
定性に欠けるとともに、強度が極端に低下し、破
損するおそれがある。
However, since the bottom plate is flat with an even thickness over the entire width, the tip of the bottom plate is divided into a front half and a back half in order to make it possible to overlap the left and right pads. However, an upper half-thickness portion and a lower half-thickness portion are formed respectively. Therefore,
Since the range in which the left and right pad portions can be overlapped is only a part of the width of the bottom plate, there is a drawback that the amount of adjustment to the flange width of the rail is small and flexibility is poor. In addition, if the width of the half-thick part is increased to increase flexibility, there will be parts in the half-thick parts of the left and right pad parts that do not overlap, resulting in a lack of stability and an extreme decrease in strength. There is a risk of damage.

この考案の目的 この考案は、上記の点に鑑み、左右一対の絶縁
パツド部材からなる鉄道用枕木の絶縁パツドにお
いて、レールフランジ幅に対する調整可能量が大
きくて各種レールに対する融通性が豊富で、しか
も、いずれのレールに対して使用しても充分な安
定性及び強度が確保され、電流漏洩防止効果も発
揮されるようにすることを目的とする。
Purpose of this invention In view of the above points, this invention has been developed to provide insulation pads for railway sleepers consisting of a pair of left and right insulation pad members, which has a large adjustable amount for the rail flange width and is highly flexible for various types of rails. , the purpose is to ensure sufficient stability and strength even when used on any rail, and to also exhibit the effect of preventing current leakage.

この考案の実施例 次に、この考案の一実施例について、第1図〜
第5図に基いて説明する。
Embodiment of this invention Next, an embodiment of this invention will be explained in Figs.
This will be explained based on FIG.

この考案に係る鉄道用枕木の絶縁パツドは、基
本的には、それぞれレールRのフランジfの上面
u、側面s及び底面bに接する押え板1と、側板
2と、及び底板3とを有して電気絶縁材料で一体
に成形された同一形状の一対のパツド部材P1
Prをレールの左右両側に配置し、両パツド部材の
底板3をレールフランジfの底面bと枕木s1上
面との間に差し込み、重ね合せて、既知のよう
に、押え板1の上方及び側板2の側方から当て板
とボルトで締結し又はレールクリツプで弾性締結
することにより固定されるものである。
The insulating pad for railway sleepers according to this invention basically includes a holding plate 1, a side plate 2, and a bottom plate 3, which are in contact with the upper surface u, side surface s, and bottom surface b of the flange f of the rail R, respectively. A pair of pad members P 1 of the same shape integrally molded from electrically insulating material,
P r is placed on both the left and right sides of the rail, and the bottom plates 3 of both pad members are inserted between the bottom surface b of the rail flange f and the top surface of the sleeper s1, overlapped, and the upper and side plates of the presser plate 1 are It is fixed by fastening to the backing plate from the side of 2 with bolts or by elastically fastening with rail clips.

押え板1の周辺を高さ方向に延長するコ字形の
上部フランジ4を設けて、その上部フランジ内側
に前記当て板、又はレールクリツプを嵌合すると
ともに、底板3のレール長手方向の一端に下方に
延長する下部フランジ5を設け、これを枕木s1
の側面に当接することにより、この絶縁パツドが
レールのふく進や伸縮に対してレール長手方向、
すなわち、車両の進行方向へのズレ移動を防止し
ている。さらに、底板3の上下両面にすべり止め
用の凹凸6を形成することにより、左右一対のパ
ツド部材の凹凸が相互に嵌合してずれないように
構成してある。
A U-shaped upper flange 4 extending in the height direction around the presser plate 1 is provided, and the above-mentioned backing plate or rail clip is fitted inside the upper flange. A lower flange 5 is provided which extends to the sleeper s1.
By coming into contact with the side of the rail, this insulating pad prevents the rail from advancing or expanding/contracting in the longitudinal direction of the rail.
In other words, displacement in the direction of travel of the vehicle is prevented. Furthermore, anti-slip unevenness 6 is formed on both the upper and lower surfaces of the bottom plate 3, so that the unevenness of the pair of left and right pad members fits into each other and does not shift.

このように、押え板1の上部フランジ4と当て
板及びボルト又はレールクリツプとの嵌合締結、
底板3の下部フランジ5と枕木側面との当接の外
に、左右両パツド部材の底板3の重ね合せに伴な
う上下両面の凹凸の嵌合により、絶縁パツドのレ
ールの左右方向のみでなく、長手方向のずれ移動
をも確実に防止することができる。
In this way, the upper flange 4 of the holding plate 1 and the backing plate and the bolts or rail clips are fitted and fastened.
In addition to the contact between the lower flange 5 of the bottom plate 3 and the side surface of the sleeper, the fitting of the unevenness on both the upper and lower surfaces due to the overlapping of the bottom plates 3 of both the left and right pad members causes the insulating pad not only to move in the left and right direction of the rail. , displacement in the longitudinal direction can also be reliably prevented.

この考案に係る絶縁パツドにおいては、各パツ
ド部材の底板3が、全幅にわたつて、側板2側が
厚く、かつ、底板の先端に向かつて薄くなる楔状
に形成してある点、及びその底板の底面に長手方
向に連続する溝7が幅方向に適宜の間隔をもつて
複数本設けられている点、に最大の特徴がある。
In the insulating pad according to this invention, the bottom plate 3 of each pad member is formed into a wedge shape that is thicker on the side plate 2 side over the entire width and becomes thinner toward the tip of the bottom plate, and the bottom surface of the bottom plate The most distinctive feature is that a plurality of longitudinally continuous grooves 7 are provided at appropriate intervals in the width direction.

上記のように、この考案に係る絶縁パツドは、
左右一対のパツド部材P1,Prの底板3を重ね合
せて締結固定されるが、底板が全幅にわたつて楔
状に形成されて、テーパを有するから、底板3の
レール底面と枕木との間への差し込みが容易にで
きる。また、左右のパツド部材をレール底面と枕
木間に差し込んだときは、第4図の右側に示され
ているように、底板が下側になつた方のパツド部
材の底板と押え板との間が、当然、他方のパツド
部材のそれよりも大きくならなければならない
が、底板3はその底面に設けられた溝7により屈
曲性を備えているため、レールの荷重を受ける右
側のパツド部材の底板が左側のパツド部材の底板
に馴染むように所要量だけ屈曲する。従つて、左
右のパツド部材の底板が安定した状態で重なり合
うとともに、絶縁パツドがレールと枕木の間で充
分な強度を確保する。
As mentioned above, the insulating pad according to this invention is
The bottom plates 3 of the pair of left and right pad members P 1 and P r are overlapped and fastened together, but since the bottom plates are wedge-shaped over the entire width and have a taper, there is a gap between the bottom of the rail of the bottom plate 3 and the sleeper. It can be easily inserted into. In addition, when inserting the left and right pad members between the bottom of the rail and the sleepers, as shown on the right side of Figure 4, the gap between the bottom plate and the presser plate of the pad member with the bottom plate facing downward. However, since the bottom plate 3 has flexibility due to the groove 7 provided on its bottom surface, the bottom plate of the right pad member that receives the load of the rail is larger than that of the other pad member. Bend the required amount to fit the bottom plate of the left pad member. Therefore, the bottom plates of the left and right pad members overlap in a stable state, and the insulating pads ensure sufficient strength between the rail and sleeper.

また、パツド部材の底板を全幅にわたつて楔状
に形成したので、レールの種類により異なるフラ
ンジfの幅に対応して底板の重なり量を大きい範
囲において任意に調整することができ、一種類の
絶縁パツドで各種レールに対する融通性を有す
る。
In addition, since the bottom plate of the pad member is formed into a wedge shape over the entire width, the overlapping amount of the bottom plate can be arbitrarily adjusted within a large range in response to the width of the flange f, which varies depending on the type of rail. It is padded and has flexibility for various types of rails.

さらに、前記底板の複数個の溝は、底板の当接
面の間に雨水等が侵入して電流漏洩の原因となる
毛細管作用を中断する機能をも備えるので、絶縁
パツドの絶縁性が向上する。加えて、各パツド部
材の底板の先端は強度維持、負傷防止及び製造上
の理由から所要の厚みをもつて切断された形状と
される。従つて、左右のパツド部材の底板を重ね
た状態では第4図に示されているように、互いに
一方の底板先端と他方の底板基端との間に楔状の
空〓8が形成されることとなり、この空〓も毛細
管作用の中断効果を助長するため、絶縁性が格段
に向上する。
Furthermore, the plurality of grooves in the bottom plate have the function of interrupting the capillary action that causes current leakage due to rainwater entering between the contact surfaces of the bottom plate, thereby improving the insulation properties of the insulating pad. . In addition, the tip of the bottom plate of each pad member is cut to a desired thickness for reasons of maintaining strength, preventing injury, and manufacturing. Therefore, when the bottom plates of the left and right pad members are overlapped, a wedge-shaped cavity 8 is formed between the tip of one bottom plate and the base of the other bottom plate, as shown in FIG. Since this void also promotes the effect of interrupting capillary action, the insulation properties are greatly improved.

さらにこの考案の派生的な効果として、底板3
が楔状に形成されるから、底板は側板側において
大きい厚みを有する。従つて、第5図に示すよう
に、その厚肉の点を利用して、レールフランジf
の先端部による切断作用回避用の凹溝9を容易に
形成することができる。すなわち、凹溝9がない
場合は、レールの傾きによりレールフランジの先
端が底板3に食い込み、これに振動衝撃などが加
わつて、底板の厚肉部が劣化し、亀裂やえぐれな
どが発生して伝播し、遂には底板の切断に至るこ
とがある。これに対して、第5図に示すように緩
やかな凹みを設けて、部分的な弱点を無くすこと
により、レールからの力が底板3の全体又は側板
及び押え板にも分散されるため、切断が防止され
る。
Furthermore, as a derivative effect of this idea, the bottom plate 3
Since it is formed into a wedge shape, the bottom plate has a large thickness on the side plate side. Therefore, as shown in FIG.
It is possible to easily form a groove 9 for avoiding the cutting action caused by the tip. In other words, if there is no groove 9, the tip of the rail flange will dig into the bottom plate 3 due to the inclination of the rail, and this will be subject to vibration and impact, which will deteriorate the thick part of the bottom plate and cause cracks and gouges. It may spread and eventually lead to the bottom plate being severed. On the other hand, as shown in Fig. 5, by creating a gentle concavity to eliminate local weak points, the force from the rail is dispersed to the entire bottom plate 3 or to the side plates and retaining plate, making it easier to cut. is prevented.

なお、この考案に係る絶縁パツドを幅が小さい
レールに適用する場合は、底板に凹溝9を設けな
い第2図又は第4図の構造のものでも、両パツド
部材の底板の重なり部分の左右両側に空〓が形成
されることにより、レールフランジの先端から力
が加わつたときに底板の厚肉部が前記空〓に歪曲
することができるため、切断作用回避の作用効果
が得られる。
In addition, when applying the insulating pad according to this invention to a rail with a small width, even if the insulating pad is of the structure shown in FIG. 2 or FIG. By forming voids on both sides, the thick portion of the bottom plate can be distorted into the voids when force is applied from the tip of the rail flange, so that the effect of avoiding the cutting action can be obtained.

上述のように、この種絶縁パツドは、多量に使
用されることから、この考案では経済的にも充分
な配慮をして、左右一対の同一形状のパツド部材
で構成している。また、素材として一般成形材料
であるナイロン6、ナイロン66、高密度ポリエ
チレン(HDPE)、ポリプロピレン、シートモー
ルデイングコンパウンド(SMC)などの主材に
耐候性改善用副材を混入したものを用いて射出成
形により一体成形する。これにより、一種類の金
型を使用して成形できるので、多量生産に適して
おり、経済的効果も大きい。
As mentioned above, since this type of insulating pad is used in large quantities, this invention takes economic considerations into account and consists of a pair of left and right pad members of the same shape. In addition, we use general molding materials such as nylon 6, nylon 66, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene, and sheet molding compound (SMC) as main materials mixed with auxiliary materials to improve weather resistance. It is integrally formed by molding. This allows molding to be performed using one type of mold, making it suitable for mass production and having great economic effects.

なお、より経済的効果を狙つて、押え板1と側
板2と底板3を一平面状に成形し、次に側面板部
を中心に折曲するなどの加工をすることもでき
る。
In addition, in order to achieve a more economical effect, it is also possible to form the holding plate 1, the side plates 2, and the bottom plate 3 into a flat shape, and then bend the side plate portions as the center.

この考案の効果 上述のように、この考案による絶縁パツドは、
左右一対の同一形状の絶縁パツド部材からなり、
各パツド部材の底板は、ほぼ全幅にわたつて側板
側が厚く、先端に向かつて薄くなる楔状に形成さ
れているとともに、下面に長手方向に連続する溝
を幅方向に間隔をもつて複数本有し、左右のパツ
ド部材は、それぞれ底板を枕木とレール底面との
間に差し込み、かつ、両底板を重ね合せて固定さ
れるので、レールフランジ幅に対する調整可能量
が大きく各種レールに対する融通性が豊富であ
り、しかも、いずれのレールに対して使用しても
充分な安定性及び強度が確保され、さらに前記溝
により電流漏洩防止効果も発揮される。加えて、
絶縁パツドの保守交換がレールの僅かなつり上げ
ですむので、極めて容易にできる。
Effects of this invention As mentioned above, the insulating pad according to this invention has
Consists of a pair of left and right insulating pad members of the same shape,
The bottom plate of each pad member is formed into a wedge shape that spans almost the entire width, is thicker on the side plate side, and becomes thinner toward the tip, and has a plurality of longitudinally continuous grooves spaced apart in the width direction on the lower surface. The left and right pad members are fixed by inserting the bottom plate between the sleeper and the bottom of the rail, and by overlapping both bottom plates, so the width of the rail flange can be adjusted widely, and it is highly flexible for various types of rails. Furthermore, sufficient stability and strength are ensured no matter which rail is used, and the grooves also provide a current leakage prevention effect. In addition,
Maintenance and replacement of the insulating pads can be done extremely easily since it only requires a slight lifting of the rail.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は、この考案の一実施例を示す斜視図、
第2図はレールに対する位置関係を示す正面図、
第3図は同じく平面図、第4図は使用状態を示す
断面図である。第5図はこの考案の他の実施例を
示す正面図である。 R……レール、f……フランジ、s1……枕
木、P1,Pr……パツド部材、1……押え板、2
……側板、3……底板、6……凹凸、7……溝。
FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an embodiment of this invention;
Figure 2 is a front view showing the positional relationship to the rail;
FIG. 3 is a plan view, and FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing the state of use. FIG. 5 is a front view showing another embodiment of this invention. R...Rail, f...Flange, s1...Sleeper, P1 , P r ...Pad member, 1...Press plate, 2
...Side plate, 3...Bottom plate, 6...Irregularities, 7...Groove.

Claims (1)

【実用新案登録請求の範囲】[Scope of utility model registration request] 枕木とレール底面との間に介在される底板と、
該底板の一側端に連結され、レールフランジの片
側上面を覆うための押え板とを一体とする、絶縁
材料で形成された左右同一形状の一対のパツド部
材からなり、左右各パツド部材の底板は、ほぼ全
幅にわたつて前記押え板側が厚く底板の先端に向
かつて薄くなる楔状に形成されているとともに、
底板の下面に長手方向に連続する溝を幅方向に間
隔をもつて複数本設けたことを特徴とする鉄道用
枕木の絶縁パツド。
a bottom plate interposed between the sleeper and the bottom of the rail;
The bottom plate of each left and right pad member is made of a pair of left and right pad members made of an insulating material and integrally connected to one side end of the bottom plate and integrated with a presser plate for covering one side upper surface of the rail flange. is formed into a wedge shape that is thicker on the holding plate side and becomes thinner toward the tip of the bottom plate over almost the entire width,
An insulating pad for a railway sleeper, characterized in that a plurality of longitudinally continuous grooves are provided at intervals in the width direction on the lower surface of the bottom plate.
JP952586U 1986-01-25 1986-01-25 Expired JPH044006Y2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP952586U JPH044006Y2 (en) 1986-01-25 1986-01-25

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP952586U JPH044006Y2 (en) 1986-01-25 1986-01-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS62125101U JPS62125101U (en) 1987-08-08
JPH044006Y2 true JPH044006Y2 (en) 1992-02-06

Family

ID=30794918

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP952586U Expired JPH044006Y2 (en) 1986-01-25 1986-01-25

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH044006Y2 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2518405Y2 (en) * 1992-02-25 1996-11-27 日本エラスター株式会社 Sleeper Yuma Rail Pad

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS62125101U (en) 1987-08-08

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