JPH04289879A - Contact type charger - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To prevent generation of an improper charge by providing a means, which removes stain material and foreign matter captured on a surface of a charged material, opposed contactlessly thereto in the upstream in a relatively moving direction from a contact part between a charging member and the charged material. CONSTITUTION:A means 2b for removing a stain material and foreign matter captured on a surface of a charged material is provided contactlessly opposed to the charged material in the upstream in a relatively moving direction from a contact part 2a between a charging member 2 and the charged material 1. Wedge space, increasing a separate distance in accordance with a position toward the upstream in the direction of rotation of a sensitized unit, is provided between an upstream no-contact surface region 2b and the sensitized unit 1, and electric field force by voltage, applied to an electrode layer 5, acts on this wedge space. Accordingly, by this electric field force, the stain material and foreign matter in a surface side of the sensitized unit 1 are attractively captured to a surface side of a film layer 6 in the upstream no-contact surface region 2b of the charging member 2 and removed from a surface of the sensitized unit 1.

Description

[Detailed description of the invention]

0001

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a contact type charging device that charges (including eliminates static electricity) the surface of a charged object by bringing a charging member into contact with the charged object and moving the charging member relative to the charged object.

0002

[Prior Art] Conventionally, for example, in image forming apparatuses such as copying machines and printers, a non-contact type corona device has been used as a means for charging the surface of an image bearing member such as an electrophotographic photoreceptor or an electrostatic recording dielectric material. Charging devices are commonly used. A corona charging device is effective as a device for uniformly charging the surface of an object to be charged, such as an image carrier. However, there are many problems, such as the generation of corona discharge products such as ozone in a relatively large amount, the need for a high-voltage power supply (for example, 6 to 8 KV), and poor power efficiency.

[0003]Contact type charging devices such as those described above have recently attracted attention, and their utilization is progressing. A contact charging device presses and contacts a charging member such as a roller type, blade type, or brush type with the surface of a charged object, and applies a voltage (for example, a DC voltage of several 100 V to 2 KV, or a combination of DC voltage and AC voltage) to the charging member. The surface of the object to be charged is charged to a predetermined polarity and potential by applying a superimposed voltage (Japanese Patent Application No. 61-298419, etc.) (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-67380, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-93760, etc.). (See Kaisho 64-24264, etc.). Such a contact charging device has advantages over a non-contact type corona charging device, such as being able to use a lower applied voltage and generating less ozone.

0004

[Problems to be Solved by the Invention] One of the problems with contact type charging devices is that because the charging member is in contact with the surface of the object to be charged, it tends to pick up contaminants on the surface of the object to be charged, and the surface of the object to be charged tends to become contaminated. It is easy to see the occurrence of charging failures due to contamination of members or foreign matter getting caught in the contact area (charging part) between the charged object and the charging member.

[0005] When the charging member is of a rotating roller type, it collects contaminants upon contact with the surface of the object to be charged, and the circumferential surface of the roller is entirely or locally soiled, which tends to cause charging failures.

[0006] When the charging member is a blade type, the contact surface of the tip of the blade that is brought into pressure contact with the surface of the object to be charged and the object to be charged is contaminated entirely or locally with contaminants; Charging failure is likely to occur due to foreign matter getting caught in the contact area. In the case of a blade-type charging member, since the charging area is narrow, charging failures are particularly likely to occur due to inclusion of foreign matter.

[0007] When the charging member is of a brush type, for example, the contactor for the surface of the charged object is made of a conductive fibrous material, and the charging process is carried out by bringing the contactor into contact with the surface of the charged object, the contactor In addition to total or partial contamination, the contact pressure of each contact is low, which makes it easy for foreign matter to enter the charged area, and the contacts align in a certain direction at the point where the foreign matter enters. charging defects are likely to occur. Further, in the case of this brush type charging member, there are problems such as durability and the tendency for the contacts to fall off (hair removal).

[0008] The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems with contact type charging devices, that is, the occurrence of charging failures due to contamination of the charging member or foreign matter getting into the contact area between the charging member and the charged object. The purpose is to prevent.

[0009]

[Means for Solving the Problems] The present invention is a contact type charging device characterized by the following configuration.

(1) A contact type charging device that charges the surface of the charged body by bringing a charging member into contact with the charged body and relatively moving the charging member, the device being upstream in the relative movement direction from the contact portion between the charging member and the charged body. 1. A contact charging device characterized in that a means for capturing and removing dirt and foreign matter on the surface of a charged object is provided on a side thereof in a non-contact manner to face the charged object.

(2) The contaminant/foreign matter capture/removal means facing the charged object without contact is an electrode to which a voltage is applied, and the electric field between the electrode and the charged object prevents contamination on the surface of the charged object. Characterized by trapping objects/foreign objects to the electrode side (1)
The contact charging device described.

(3) The contact type charging device according to (1), characterized in that the charging member is provided with means for trapping and removing dirt and foreign matter.

(4) The charging member includes an electrode layer to which a voltage is applied, and the charging member is pressed against the charged object by a force from a direction opposite to the charged object, so that the charged object and the charging member are Upstream of the contact portion in the direction of relative movement between the charged object and the charging member, there is a portion that faces the charged object in a non-contact manner, and an electrode layer is provided as a means for capturing and removing contaminants and foreign matter in the non-contact opposing portion. The contact charging device according to (2) or (3), characterized in that the contact charging device extends.

(5) The electrode layer in the portion of the charging member that faces the object to be charged in a non-contact manner is spatially independent from the electrode layer in other portions, and is parallel to the tangential plane or is covered by the tangential plane. Contact charging according to (4), wherein the charging member is located on the surface side of the charged object, and the distance from the charged object increases from the contact portion between the charging member and the charged object toward the upstream side in the relative movement direction. Device.

(6) The charging member has a non-circular cross-sectional shape, and at least the contact surface with the object to be charged is uniformly covered with a film layer, and an electrode made of a non-metallic substance is provided inside the film layer. layer, and further has an SR layer inside the electrode layer.
It is characterized by having an elastic layer having a hardness of 5 to 75 degrees as defined by IS 0101 (
1) The contact charging device according to any one of (5).

[0016]

[Operation] The surface of the object to be charged is subjected to the action of removing contaminants and foreign matter by the contaminant and foreign matter removing means before it comes into contact with the charging member. Therefore, as mentioned above, the contact area between the charging member and the object to be charged is contaminated with contaminants in advance.
The surface of the charged object that has been subjected to the action of removing foreign matter moves to the contact part and comes into contact with the charging member, so that the surface of the charging member in contact with the charged body is prevented from being soiled, and the contact part of the foreign matter is prevented from being contaminated. This also prevents charging defects caused by staining the contact surface of the charging member with the object to be charged or foreign matter getting into the contact portion.

[0017]

[Example] Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram (cross-sectional model diagram at the photoreceptor rotating surface) showing an outline of an example of a contact charging device according to the present invention.
It is.

Reference numeral 1 denotes a charged body, which in this embodiment is a drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member that is rotated clockwise as indicated by an arrow at a predetermined circumferential speed (process speed). Image forming process equipment such as exposure means, developing means, transfer means, cleaning means, paper feeding means, and fixing means are arranged around and near this photoreceptor, and as a whole, image forming apparatuses such as copying machines and printers are installed. However, all of these are omitted from the diagram.

Reference numeral 2 denotes a charging member whose back side is attached to and supported by the support 3 and brought into pressure contact with the surface of the photoreceptor. The charging member 2 of this embodiment has a three-layer structure consisting of an elastic layer 4, an electrode layer 5, and a coating layer 6 in order from the support 3 side, and is arranged along the generatrix direction of the photoreceptor 1 (perpendicular to the plane of the drawing). It is a long oblong member.

The charging member 2 has its coating layer 6 facing the photoreceptor 1 and is pressed into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor by means of a support 3. The support surface 0-0 of the charging member 2 by the support member 3 is a tangential plane P at the center in the width direction of the contact portion 2a between the charging member 2 and the photoreceptor 1.
−It is a plane parallel to P. As shown in the enlarged model diagram of the main part in FIG. 2, when the charging member 2 is in pressure contact with the photoreceptor 1, it is exposed to light on the upstream side and the downstream side in the rotational direction of the photoreceptor than the contact portion 2a with the photoreceptor 1. Surface area 2 that is not in contact with body 1
b and 2c (referred to as upstream and downstream contact surface areas, respectively) are defined as width dimensions W.

By applying a predetermined voltage from the power supply 7 to the electrode layer 5 of the charging member 2, the surface of the rotary photoreceptor 1 is charged in a contact manner to a predetermined polarity and potential.

Contact portion 2a of charging member 2 with respect to photoreceptor 1
The charging member 2 is pressed against the photoreceptor 1 with the support 3 against the elasticity of the elastic layer 4 so that the width of the charging member 2 (contact nip width in the direction of rotation of the photoreceptor) is 1 mm or more to form a charging area. By ensuring a wide range of electrification, stabilization of charging becomes possible.

In this embodiment, the deformation stress due to the pressing contact of the charging member 2 against the photoreceptor 1 and the supporting force (the pressing force of the charging member 2 against the photoreceptor 1) are in the same direction, and the deformation stress is directly suppressed. Since the support surface 0-0 is the back surface of the charging member, it is possible to secure a wide support surface, and by lowering the supporting force per unit area, it is possible to secure a wide charging area. can be easily done.

The cross-sectional shape of the charging member 2 desirably has a curvature that is at least twice the curvature of the charging portion of the photoreceptor in order to ensure a wide charging area. If it is less than twice, the surface of the charging member facing the photoreceptor will come into contact with the photoreceptor surface over the front, and the non-contact surface areas 2b and 2c on the upstream and downstream sides will not be secured, which is not preferable.

The upstream non-contact surface area 2b of the charging member 2
functions as a stain/foreign substance removing section that removes stains such as toner powder from the surface of the photoconductor 1 before the surface of the rotating photoconductor 1 comes into contact with the charging member 2 at the contact portion 2a.

That is, a wedge space exists between the upstream non-contact surface region 2b and the photoreceptor 1, and the distance increases as the distance increases toward the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photoreceptor, and the electrode layer is disposed in this wedge space. The electric field force due to the voltage applied to 5 acts, and the electric field force removes contaminants and
The foreign matter is on the coating layer 6 of the upstream non-contact surface area 2b of the charging member 2.
It is pulled toward the surface, captured, and removed from the surface of the photoreceptor.

Therefore, in the contact area 2a, which is the charging area between the charging member 2 and the photoreceptor 1, the photoreceptor surface, which has been previously subjected to the action of removing contaminants and foreign substances in the upstream non-contact surface area 2b, is in contact with the charging member 2 and the photoreceptor 1. 2a and comes into contact with the charging member 2, so that the surface of the contact portion 2a of the charging member 2 with the photoreceptor 1 is prevented from being soiled, and foreign matter is also prevented from being drawn into the contact portion 2a. The occurrence of charging failures due to staining of the contact surface of the charging member 2 with the photoreceptor 1 or foreign matter getting into the contact portion 2a is prevented. In this embodiment, as described above, since a wide charging area can be ensured, even if foreign matter gets mixed into the contact portion 2a, it is easy to suppress the occurrence of charging failures due to foreign matter.

The upstream non-contact surface area 2b of the charging member 2
As shown in FIG. 3, the effect of trapping and removing contaminants and foreign matter from the surface of the photoreceptor 1 is as follows: By making it spatially independent and separate from the side electrode layer), it becomes more noticeable. In this case, it is preferable that the gap 5c between the upstream electrode layer 5b and the downstream electrode layer 5a be located on the upstream non-contact surface region 2b side. In other words, the electrode layer edge portion 5d of the separation gap portion 5c exists on the upstream non-contact surface region 2b side, and electric field concentration occurs at the electrode layer edge portion 5d. The action of attracting and trapping contaminants and foreign matter to the 2b side is enhanced.

[0029] Furthermore, the applied electric field may be strengthened to improve the effect of trapping contaminants and foreign matter. In this case, in order to avoid applying an electric field more than necessary to the contact portion 2a, which is the charged portion. As shown in FIG. 3, the electrode layer 5 can be separated into two parts, the upstream side 5b and the downstream side 5a, and the power supplies for the upstream electrode layer 5b and the downstream electrode layer 5a can be made independent from each other (7A) (7). desirable.

The surface of the upstream electrode layer 5b is parallel to the tangential plane P-P or is located closer to the surface of the photoreceptor than the tangential plane PP,
It is preferable that the distance from the surface of the photoreceptor increases toward the upstream side in the rotation direction of the photoreceptor.

(a) Film layer 6 The film layer 6 in direct contact with the surface of the photoreceptor 1 in the charging member 2
is a medium-resistance layer, which prevents charging current from concentratedly leaking from the electrode layer 5 to the defective portion when a low withstand voltage defective portion such as a pinhole exists or occurs on the surface of the photoreceptor. It serves to stabilize the state of contact between the charging member 2 and the photoreceptor 1 at the contact portion 2a, and to prevent wear and tear on the charging member 2 and the photoreceptor 1.

The film layer 6 is preferably made of a material having properties such as flexibility and slipperiness at room temperature, such as polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, Teflon, silicone, polyester, etc. These materials may be used alone or in combination. Properties such as flexibility and slipperiness may be obtained by compounding by mixing, copolymerization, etc. Furthermore, a conductive pigment may be added as appropriate to adjust the resistance value. Carbon black, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, metal particles, etc. are used as the conductive pigment.

The thickness of the coating layer 6 is 5 to 500 μm.
m, preferably 10 to 200 μm,
If it is less than 5 μm, when a defective portion occurs on the photoreceptor 1, dielectric breakdown occurs due to concentration of the applied bias on the portion of the coating layer corresponding to the defective portion, which is not preferable. Moreover, if it is 500 μm or more, elastic deformation of the elastic body layer 4 is inhibited, which is not preferable.

(b) Electrode layer 5 The electrode layer 5 prevents elastic deformation of the elastic layer 4 and prevents the photoreceptor 1 from being elastically deformed.
In order not to deteriorate the stability of the contact state of the charging member 2 with respect to
A conductive material having a temperature of 0° C. or lower is preferred. Examples of such materials include materials made by blending and dispersing conductive pigments into organic substances such as resins to make them conductive. Examples of the resin include polyamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol, silicone, polyester, and other resins alone or resins in which a plasticizer is added. Among these, resins of the same type as the coating layer 6 are preferably used in order to improve adhesion to the coating layer 6. Examples of conductive pigments include carbon black, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, metal particles, etc., and the amount of conductive pigment added is such that the volume resistivity measured according to JIS K-6911 is 103 Ω・cm or less. be adjusted. When the electrode layer 6 is made of a metal thin film, it may not be able to follow minute irregularities on the photoreceptor 1, and charging failures are likely to occur. If the contact pressure is increased to improve this, the photoreceptor rotation torque will increase, which is not preferable.

(c) Elastic layer 4 The elastic layer 4 has a hardness in the range of 5 to 75 degrees as defined by SRIS 0101. This is a necessary characteristic to bring the electrode layer 5 into uniform contact with the photoreceptor 1.
If the hardness specified by SRIS 0101 is less than 5°, the elastic layer will become sagging, which is not preferable. Also SRIS
If the hardness specified by 0101 is 75° or more, the contact portion 2a will not be able to follow minute irregularities on the photoreceptor 1, resulting in charging failure, which is undesirable. Therefore, the elastic layer 4 can be used without any particular problem as long as it falls within the above range, but foams are particularly preferred. This foam has stable elasticity, and even when the hardness of the resin portion is increased to increase durability, the overall hardness does not increase easily. This elastic layer 4 is preferably flame retardant in order to support the electrodes, and particularly preferably has a flame retardance of 94HB or higher according to the UL-94 standard.

(d) Example of manufacturing method for charging member 2 Next, a method for manufacturing the charging member 2 described above will be explained. For example, the elastic layer 4
In the case where a layered structure is formed by forming the electrode layer 5 on top of the electrode layer 5 by coating or the like, and then coating the coating layer 6 on top of the electrode layer 5, the electrode layer 5 and the coating layer 6 are formed on the elastic body 4 by sequential coating, printing, etc. There are methods such as film and curing, and methods of creating thin films for each layer in advance and gluing them one after another. However, in the case of the latter method, the resistance value of the adhesive used between the electrode layer 5 and the coating layer 6 is measured as the resistance value of the coating layer 6, so it needs to be the same resistance value as the electrode layer 5. be. For this reason, if the adhesive layer is present on the entire surface of the contact part 2a, there is no point in forming a pattern on the electrode, so either the adhesive layer is created according to the electrode pattern, or the coating layer 6 is formed on the electrode pattern. It is necessary to create it accordingly.

[0037] Further, as another manufacturing method, for example, there is a method in which a thin film of the coating layer 6 is created, the electrode layer 5 is formed on it, and the electrode layer 5 is bonded to the elastic layer 4. In this case, the adhesive layer is not involved in resistance, and there is no need to specify either the resistance value or the coating area.

(e) Measurement of the resistance value of the charging member 2 The resistance value of the charging member 2 manufactured by each of the above methods was measured as shown in FIG. power supply 7
φ1 probe 10 to which DC voltage (250V) was applied
Press and measure. 11 is an ammeter. The resistance value of this charging member 2 is 1×105 Ω to 5×
A range of 108 Ω is required, more preferably 1 x 106
~5×107Ω. This resistance value is 1×105
If it is less than Ω, it is not preferable because it will not be able to withstand pressure if damage such as pinholes occurs in the photoreceptor 1. Moreover, if it is 5×10 5 Ω or more, it is difficult for the charging current to flow and charging defects occur, which is not preferable. The above resistance value is determined by the coating layer 6 because the resistance of the electrode layer 5 is sufficiently lower than that of the coating layer 6.

<Example 1> Curvature R30 for elastic layer 4
SRIS 0101 has a concave shape with a pitch of 10 mm.
Using foamed urethane with a hardness of 20°, conductive carbon black in a two-component curable urethane resin was added to form an electrode material with a conductive coating of 102 Ωcm, which was then spray-coated at 80°C for 60 minutes. The electrode layer 5 is created by heating and crosslinking. Then, this pattern is cut out by one pitch with a cutting die to have a length of 250 mm and a width of 10 mm, with the parallel direction being the longitudinal direction, and a power supply terminal made of an electrode material is attached to the longitudinal end. Next, two-part curable urethane (100 parts by weight)
Using a liquid prepared by adding conductive carbon black (1 part by weight) to adjust the resistance as a coating material, a coating layer 6 of 50 μm was formed on the electrode layer 5 by dipping, and then heated at 120° C. for 120 minutes. The charging member 2 was obtained by heating and crosslinking.

The resistance value of this charging member 2 was measured and found to be 2×10 7 Ω. This is placed at the primary charger position of the cartridge used in LBP-8II (page printer manufactured by Canon Inc.) so that the contact position with the photoreceptor is at the center of the charging member 2 and the amount of penetration into the center is 0.5 mm. Adjust the installation. At this time, the state of the contact portion was 2 mm each on both the upstream and downstream sides of the central portion.

A bias of DC voltage -1000 V was applied to this charging member 2 to evaluate charging performance. The following items were measured as evaluation items.

(1) After neutralizing the potential convergence photoreceptor, the above bias is applied to charge it, and the surface potential of the photoreceptor is measured from the 1st to the 5th round using a surface electrometer. Evaluation was made by the difference in potential between the eye and the eye.

〇⇒ Absolute value of difference is within 5V 〃 5 to 10V△⇒
〃 10～20V△×⇒ 〃
20~30V×⇒ 〃
30 V or more (2) Potential stability When measuring the potential above, the potential was measured in the axial direction on the potential chart, and evaluation was performed based on the variation thereof.

〇⇒Max-Min is within 5V〇△⇒〃 5~10V△⇒
〃 10~20V △×⇒ 〃 20~30V×⇒ 〃
Measurement items of 30V or more were measured initially and after 10,000 sheets were used.

(3) Stain resistance After passing 10,000 sheets, the degree of dirt on the surface of the contact charging device was visually confirmed.

〇⇒ Foreign matter adhesion Almost absent △⇒ 〃 Yes ×⇒ 〃 The overall results are shown in Table 1. Note that ◎ in the table indicates that the above phenomenon was not observed.

As a result, it was confirmed that stable charging was performed up to 10,000 sheets, and it was confirmed that the state of contamination was within 2 mm on the upstream side of the charger, which was within the practical range.

Comparative Example 1 Evaluation was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the electrode layer of 3 mm in the non-contact portion on the upstream side was removed. The results are shown in Table 1.

<Example 2> Evaluation was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 2 mm non-contact electrode layer was placed on the upstream side and a 7 mm thick contact electrode layer was placed on the downstream side. Table 1 shows the results.
Shown below.

<Example 3> Evaluation was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the bias of the upstream electrode in Example 2 was set to -1500V. The results are shown in Table 1.

<Example 4> The coating material used in Example 1 was
Drop it onto a glass substrate coated with a mold release agent and use a blade coater to form a thin film. Then, from above, the electrode material used in Example 1 is formed into an electrode layer 6 according to the electrode form of Example 2 by letterpress printing. This was attached to the elastic layer 4 used in Example 1 using an insulating double-sided tape. This was evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Results of Examples and Comparative Examples
initial initial
After durability After durability After durability Convergence Stability Convergence Stability
Stain resistance Example-1 〇△
〇△ △ △
〇 Example-2 〇△
〇△ △
〇△ 〇△ Example-3
〇 〇 〇
〇 ◎ Example-4 〇△ 〇△
△ 〇△ 〇
Comparative example-1 △ △
△××
×

[0053]

As explained above, according to the present invention, problems associated with contact type charging devices, namely charging failures caused by dirt on the charging member or foreign matter getting into the contact area with the charged object, can be solved. This has the effect of preventing the occurrence of electrification and achieving stable charging.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

[Figure 1] Cross-sectional model diagram showing the outline of the example device

[Figure 2
] Enlarged model diagram of main parts

[Figure 3] Enlarged model diagram of the main parts of another example

[Figure 4] Explanatory diagram of the method for measuring the resistance value of a charging member

[Explanation of symbols]

1 Photoreceptor (charged body) 2　Charging member 6 Coating layer 5 Electrode layer 4 Elastic layer 2a Contact part 2b Upstream non-contact surface area 2c　Downstream non-contact surface area

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A contact charging device that charges a surface of the charged object by bringing a charging member into contact with the charged object and moving the charged member relatively, the upstream side in the relative movement direction of the contact portion between the charging member and the charged object. A contact charging device characterized in that the device is equipped with means for capturing and removing dirt and foreign matter on the surface of the charged object by opposing the charged object in a non-contact manner. [Claim 2] Contaminants facing the object to be charged in a non-contact manner.
Claim 1, wherein the foreign matter trapping and removal means is an electrode to which a voltage is applied, and an electric field between the electrode and the charged object traps dirt and foreign matter on the surface of the charged object to the electrode side.
The contact charging device described. 3. The contact charging device according to claim 1, further comprising means for trapping and removing dirt and foreign matter on the charging member side. 4. The charging member includes an electrode layer to which a voltage is applied, and the charging member is pressed against the charged object by a force from a direction opposite to the charged object, thereby increasing the contact between the charged object and the charging member. Upstream of the contact portion in the direction of relative movement between the charged object and the charging member, there is a portion that faces the charged object in a non-contact manner, and an electrode layer as a means for capturing and removing contaminants and foreign matter is provided in the non-contact opposing portion. The contact type charging device according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the contact charging device extends. 5. The electrode layer in a portion of the charging member that faces the object to be charged in a non-contact manner is spatially independent from the electrode layer in other portions, and is parallel to the tangential plane or is charged from the tangential plane. 5. The contact charging device according to claim 4, wherein the contact charging device is located on the body surface side, and the separation distance from the charged object increases as it goes upstream in the relative movement direction from the contact portion between the charging member and the charged object. . 6. The charging member has a non-circular cross-sectional shape, and at least the contact surface with the charged object is uniformly covered with a film layer, and an electrode layer made of a non-metallic substance is provided inside the film layer. It has SRI on the inside of the electrode layer.
6. The contact charging device according to claim 1, further comprising an elastic layer having a hardness defined by S0101 of 5 to 75 degrees.