JPH0428465B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0428465B2 JPH0428465B2 JP31340986A JP31340986A JPH0428465B2 JP H0428465 B2 JPH0428465 B2 JP H0428465B2 JP 31340986 A JP31340986 A JP 31340986A JP 31340986 A JP31340986 A JP 31340986A JP H0428465 B2 JPH0428465 B2 JP H0428465B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- lubricating
- casting
- lubricating oil
- castor oil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 23
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 22
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009931 pascalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Description
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、非鉄金属、特にアルミニウムのホツ
トトツプ鋳造法に使用するホツトトツプ鋳造用潤
滑油に関する。
〔従来の技術〕
ホツトトツパ鋳造法は、直接チル鋳造法の改良
法であり、鋳型の上部に断熱耐火物製の溶油受槽
を設けて、金属の凝固層の上に高い静水圧の溶油
を保持するようにしたものであり、(a)フロート鋳
造の油面高さにあたるのが鋳型高さそのものであ
り、油面調整の必要がない、(b)その結果、鋳造作
業か簡便であり、作業人員の省力化、鋳造速度の
増大が期待できる、(c)水平注湯が可能になり、湯
面の酸化皮膜に乱れがなくなつて巻き込みが少な
い、などの長所を有する。そのため、実用化への
検討が活発になつされ、種々の改良法が提案され
ており（例えば、特公昭54−42847号）、既に実用
化されている。
そして、このような鋳造においては、モールド
と鋳塊との焼付防止のために潤滑油が必要であ
る。この潤滑油としてはヒマシ油、菜種油などが
用いられるが（上記特公昭54−42847号参照）、ホ
ツトトツプ鋳造では一般にヒマシ油の自動給油法
が採用されている。
〔発明が解決しようとする問題点〕
前記のように、ホツトトツプ鋳造用潤滑油とし
ては、菜種油の粘性はヒマシ油のそれよりも低
く、空気圧の変動に敏感で油の逆流が生じ易く、
従つて、使用油量がヒマシ油よりかなり必要と考
えられるため、通常、ヒマシ油が用いられてい
る。
しかしながら、ヒマシ油は潤滑効果の持続製が
それ程無いため、通常、100c.c.／minの供給量で
20秒給油60秒停止あるいは10秒給油50秒停止サイ
クルで給油され、１トンのピレツトを鋳造するの
に0.18Kg以上のヒマシ油を使用する必要がある。
また、ヒマシ油は、鋳造用冷却水の温度が上がる
に従つて粘性度が低くなり、モールドの吐出量に
ムラが発生し、特に通、常、の使用温度が10〜25
℃であるのに対し30℃を越える夏場では、焼付不
良が多発し、いきおいヒマシ油使用量を増大せざ
る得なくなる。
さらに、使用されたヒマシ油は、冷却水と共に
地下水槽に流れ込み蓄積されるため、浸したヒマ
シ油が冷却水を汚染し、悪臭を発生すると共に、
鋳造時の水割れを起こし、不良も多発するという
問題がある。そのため、大規模な油水分離装置で
冷却水中のヒマシ油を回収する必要があり、その
処理に因窮しているのが現状である。従つて、こ
のようなも第の一も早い解決が経費剤減、歩留り
向上の面だけでなく、公害防止の観点からも望ま
れている。
従つて、本発明の目的は、前記のような問題を
解決し、高い潤滑効果を有しかつその持続性に優
れ、しかも環境温度の変化によつても潤滑効果の
変動が少なく、少量の使用量によつても充分に焼
付防止を発揮し得るヒマシ油ベースのホツトトツ
プ鋳造用潤滑油を提供することにある。
〔問題点を解決するための手段及び作用〕
本発明なホツトトツプ鋳造用潤滑油は、ヒマシ
油61.7〜86.2重量％、黒鉛0.8〜５重量％、グリー
ス５〜13.3重量％、その他油脂８〜20重量％から
なり、かつ、25℃における粘度が300〜4000cpsで
あることを特徴とするものであり、このような配
合処方によつて、高い潤滑効果お有しかつその持
続性に優れた潤滑油が得られ、少量の使用によつ
ても焼付不良もなく、良好な鋳肌を得ることがで
きる。
上記配合成分のうち、黒鉛の添加によつて、潤
滑効果が高められ、しかもその効果が持続される
という作用効果が得られるが、黒鉛の添加量が多
くなると経済的負担が大となるので好ましくな
い。従つて、黒鉛の添加量は、上記作用効果を充
分に発揮する0.8％以上であつて、かつ５％以下
の範囲に設定することが好ましい。一方、グリー
ス及び他の油脂な配合割合が多くなると、潤滑油
の粘度が高すぎて、通常の潤滑油孔（0.1mm）か
ら流出しないので好ましくなく、前記範囲に設定
する必要がある。
本発明のホツトトツプ鋳造用潤滑油は、市販さ
れている黒鉛含有グリース、例えばフオセコジヤ
パン社製のルービツクス（商品名）をヒマシ油と
計量混合し、加熱撹拌して粘度調整したものを濾
過することによつて簡便に得ることができる。上
記黒鉛含有グリース“リービツクス”の成分及び
一般性状を以下に示す。なお、以下に示す％は全
て重量％である。
(a) 成分：
油 脂 50〜60％
グリース 30〜40％
油 分 −
黒 鉛 ５〜15％
(b) 粘調度：220〜300
（JIS K2530石油アスフアルト針入度試験法に
よる）
(c) 比重：0.95±0.05
(d) 引火点：273±５℃
(e) 燃焼残渣：1.0±0.4％（1000℃、3hr）
(f) 黒鉛粘度：
＋200メツシユ ０％
＋300メツシユ 0.6％
＋400メツシユ 1.5％
−400メツシユ 97.9％
上記ルービツクスとヒマシ油を種々の割合に混
合した潤滑油の成分割合を下記表１に、また混合
比別温度−粘度曲線を第１図に示す。
[Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to a lubricating oil for hot-top casting used in hot-top casting of non-ferrous metals, particularly aluminum. [Prior art] The hot-to-tsupa casting method is an improved method of the direct chill casting method, in which a molten oil tank made of an insulating refractory is provided above the mold, and molten oil under high hydrostatic pressure is applied onto the solidified layer of metal. (a) The height of the oil level in float casting is equivalent to the height of the mold itself, so there is no need to adjust the oil level; (b) As a result, the casting process is simple; It has the advantages of saving labor and increasing the casting speed; (c) horizontal pouring becomes possible, and there is no disturbance in the oxide film on the surface of the molten metal, resulting in less entrainment. Therefore, studies have been actively conducted to put it into practical use, and various improvement methods have been proposed (for example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 42847/1983), which have already been put into practical use. In such casting, lubricating oil is necessary to prevent seizure between the mold and the ingot. As this lubricating oil, castor oil, rapeseed oil, etc. are used (see the above-mentioned Japanese Patent Publication No. 54-42847), and automatic castor oil lubrication is generally used in hot-top casting. [Problems to be Solved by the Invention] As mentioned above, as a lubricating oil for hot-top casting, rapeseed oil has a lower viscosity than that of castor oil, is sensitive to fluctuations in air pressure, and is prone to oil backflow.
Therefore, castor oil is usually used since it is considered that a much larger amount of oil is required than castor oil. However, since castor oil does not have a long-lasting lubricating effect, it is usually supplied at a supply rate of 100c.c./min.
It is refueled using a 20 second refueling, 60 second stop cycle or a 10 second refueling, 50 second stop cycle, and it is necessary to use over 0.18 kg of castor oil to cast a 1 ton pillar.
In addition, as the temperature of the casting cooling water increases, the viscosity of castor oil decreases, causing unevenness in the amount of discharge from the mold.
℃, but in the summer when the temperature exceeds 30℃, baking failures occur frequently and it becomes necessary to increase the amount of castor oil used. In addition, the used castor oil flows into the underground water tank with the cooling water and accumulates, so the soaked castor oil contaminates the cooling water and generates a bad odor.
There is a problem in that water cracks occur during casting, resulting in frequent defects. Therefore, it is necessary to recover castor oil from the cooling water using a large-scale oil-water separator, and the current situation is that it is difficult to dispose of it. Therefore, such a solution as soon as possible is desired not only from the viewpoint of reducing costs and improving yield, but also from the viewpoint of preventing pollution. Therefore, an object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems, to have a high lubricating effect and excellent durability, and to have a lubricating effect that does not fluctuate even with changes in environmental temperature, and to be able to be used in small quantities. The object of the present invention is to provide a castor oil-based lubricating oil for hot-top casting that can sufficiently prevent seizure regardless of the amount. [Means and effects for solving the problems] The lubricating oil for hot-top casting of the present invention contains 61.7 to 86.2% by weight of castor oil, 0.8 to 5% by weight of graphite, 5 to 13.3% by weight of grease, and 8 to 20% by weight of other fats and oils. % and has a viscosity of 300 to 4000 cps at 25°C.With this formulation, a lubricating oil with high lubricating effect and excellent durability can be obtained. Even if a small amount is used, a good casting surface can be obtained without any baking defects. Among the above ingredients, the addition of graphite improves the lubricating effect and maintains the effect. However, if the amount of graphite added increases, it will impose a heavy economic burden, so it is preferable. do not have. Therefore, the amount of graphite added is preferably set in a range of 0.8% or more and 5% or less to fully exhibit the above-mentioned effects. On the other hand, if the blending ratio of grease and other fats and oils increases, the viscosity of the lubricating oil will be too high and it will not flow out from the normal lubricating oil hole (0.1 mm), which is not preferable, and it is necessary to set it within the above range. The lubricating oil for hot-top casting of the present invention can be obtained by measuring and mixing a commercially available graphite-containing grease, for example Rubix (trade name) manufactured by Foseco Japan Co., Ltd. with castor oil, heating and stirring to adjust the viscosity, and then filtering the mixture. It can be easily obtained. The components and general properties of the graphite-containing grease "Levix" are shown below. Note that all percentages shown below are percentages by weight. (a) Ingredients: Oil 50-60% Grease 30-40% Oil - Graphite 5-15% (b) Viscosity: 220-300 (according to JIS K2530 petroleum asphalt penetration test method) (c) Specific gravity :0.95±0.05 (d) Flash point: 273±5℃ (e) Combustion residue: 1.0±0.4% (1000℃, 3hr) (f) Graphite viscosity: +200 mesh 0% +300 mesh 0.6% +400 mesh 1.5% -400 Meshes 97.9% The component ratios of lubricating oils prepared by mixing Rubix and castor oil in various ratios are shown in Table 1 below, and the temperature-viscosity curves according to the mixing ratios are shown in Figure 1.
以下、実施例及び比較例を示して本発明の効果
について具体的に説明する。
実施例１、２及び比較例
ルービツクスとヒマシ油を混合化１：５（実施
例１）、１：３（実施例２）及び１：１（比較例）
の割合にそれぞれ計量し、60℃前後に加熱しなが
ら混合撹拌し、均一な潤滑油を得た。得られた各
混合潤滑油には、しばらく放置した後にも分離は
見られなかつた。また、ヒマシ油とルービツクス
のグリース、黒鉛等との化学反応も全くなく、経
時変化も見られなかつた。
応用例
上記各実施例及び比較例で得られた各潤滑油を
用い、第２図に示すように６インチ及び８インチ
のモールドによりアルミニウムの鋳造を行なつ
た。第２図は上ぶた、モールドリング、ジヤケツ
トの構成図を示し、図中、１は上ぶた、２はモー
ルドリング、３はジヤケツト、４は潤滑油孔、５
は冷却水流出口、６は給油口、７は非常用給油口
を示し、潤滑油孔４はモールドリング上面に形成
された深さ１mm、開度120°のＶ形ノツチと上ぶた
とで形成された複数の開孔部からなる。なお、使
用した潤滑油中の黒鉛粒度は300メツシユ以下で
あることから、潤滑油孔をすべて通過できる。
試験 １
４つのモールドのヒマシ油ラインをバルブで止
め、非常用給油口７から、スタート時に注油後、
3000mm、5000mmの鋳造長さのところでそれぞれ注
油した。
結果
リーブツクス：ヒマシ油混合比１：１、１：
３、１：５いずれの潤滑油も焼付肌は出なかつ
た。但し、１：１の混合比のものは粘度が高過
ぎ、グリスガンの使用ができなくなり、不適であ
つた。また、潤滑油使用量はスタート時に0.1、
鋳造長さ300mmのところで0.1、5000mmのところ
で0.1であり、１チヤージ当り0.3の使用で充
分であつた。
試験 ２
全ヒマシ油ラインを止め、ハンドポンプで混合
潤滑油を注入し、トータル使用量を計測していつ
た。なお、使用したハンドポンプは、オイル用ハ
ンドバケツトポンプYAMADASTB−60、吐出
量40c.c.／ストローク、ストローク560mm流量計
（フイルター付）付きである。
結果
いずれの混合比の潤滑油でも、１チヤージ当り
１の使用で不良となる程の焼付肌出はなかつた
が、細かい傷が多少出た。0.3の使用でも細さ
い傷は無くならなかつた。これは、潤滑油量が極
端に少ないためにモールドの傷が顕著に現われた
ものと思われる。従つて、モールドの研磨を行な
うことにより改善される。
上記試験のいずれにおいても、潤滑油使用量は
通のヒマシ油の場合の使用量に比べて約1/10以下
に減り、その結果、冷却水がきれいになり、鋳造
時の冷却水スリツトの目詰り、クーニングタワー
の充填材への油の付着、他設備冷却水配管の目詰
りなども無かつた。
〔発明の効果〕
以上のように、本発明のホツトトツプ鋳造用潤
滑油は、高い潤滑効果を有しかつその持続性に優
れるため、少量の使用によつても焼付不良もな
く、良好な鋳肌が得られる。さらに、0.1給油
後20分間以上給油せずに鋳造でき、従来の潤滑油
使用量の1/10以下に使用量が低減でき、潤滑油コ
ストが大巾に削減できる。また、潤滑油使用量が
大巾に減つたことにより、冷却水への潤滑油の混
入による汚染も大巾に減少し、これによつて次の
よいうな利点が得られる。
●油回収作業が殆んど必要なく、大規模な油水分
離装置が不要である。
●クーリングタワー充填材の寿命が延びる。
●冷却水汚染による冷却水スリツトの目詰りが減
り、鋳造不良が減少する。
Hereinafter, the effects of the present invention will be specifically explained with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. Examples 1, 2 and comparative examples Rubix and castor oil mixed 1:5 (Example 1), 1:3 (Example 2) and 1:1 (Comparative example)
The lubricating oil was weighed in proportions and mixed and stirred while heating to around 60°C to obtain a uniform lubricating oil. No separation was observed in each of the obtained mixed lubricating oils even after being left for a while. Furthermore, there was no chemical reaction between castor oil and Rubix grease, graphite, etc., and no change over time was observed. Application Example Using each of the lubricating oils obtained in the above Examples and Comparative Examples, aluminum was cast in 6-inch and 8-inch molds as shown in FIG. Figure 2 shows a configuration diagram of the upper lid, mold ring, and jacket. In the figure, 1 is the upper lid, 2 is the mold ring, 3 is the jacket, 4 is the lubricating oil hole, and 5 is the
indicates the cooling water outlet, 6 indicates the oil supply port, and 7 indicates the emergency oil supply port, and the lubricating oil hole 4 is formed by a V-shaped notch with a depth of 1 mm and an opening degree of 120° formed on the upper surface of the mold ring and the upper lid. It consists of a plurality of openings. Furthermore, since the graphite particle size in the lubricating oil used was less than 300 mesh, it could pass through all the lubricating oil holes. Test 1 After stopping the castor oil lines of the four molds with valves and filling them with oil from the emergency oil filler port 7 at the time of starting,
Oil was applied at casting lengths of 3000 mm and 5000 mm, respectively. Results Leavex: castor oil mixing ratio 1:1, 1:
3 and 1:5 lubricating oils did not cause any burned skin. However, a mixture with a mixing ratio of 1:1 had too high a viscosity and could not be used with a grease gun, making it unsuitable. In addition, the amount of lubricant used is 0.1 at the start,
It was 0.1 at a casting length of 300 mm and 0.1 at a casting length of 5000 mm, and it was sufficient to use 0.3 per charge. Test 2 All castor oil lines were stopped, mixed lubricant was injected using a hand pump, and the total amount used was measured. The hand pump used was an oil hand bucket pump YAMADASTB-60, with a discharge rate of 40 c.c./stroke and a stroke of 560 mm, equipped with a flow meter (with filter). Results No matter which lubricating oil was used at any mixing ratio, there was no seizure to the extent that it would be defective when one was used per charge, but some small scratches did appear. Even with the use of 0.3, the small scratches did not go away. This is thought to be due to the fact that the amount of lubricating oil was extremely small, causing noticeable scratches on the mold. Therefore, it can be improved by polishing the mold. In all of the above tests, the amount of lubricant used was reduced to about 1/10 or less compared to the amount used in the case of regular castor oil, resulting in cleaner cooling water and less clogging of cooling water slits during casting. There was no oil adhesion to the filling material in the Kooning Tower, and there was no clogging of cooling water pipes for other equipment. [Effects of the Invention] As described above, the lubricating oil for hot-top casting of the present invention has a high lubricating effect and is excellent in durability, so even when used in small amounts, there is no seizure failure and a good casting surface is obtained. is obtained. Furthermore, it is possible to cast for more than 20 minutes without lubrication after 0.1 lubricating, reducing the amount of lubricating oil used to less than 1/10 of conventional lubricating oil consumption, significantly reducing lubricating oil costs. Further, since the amount of lubricating oil used is greatly reduced, contamination caused by lubricating oil mixed into the cooling water is also greatly reduced, which provides the following advantages. ●There is almost no need for oil recovery work, and there is no need for large-scale oil/water separation equipment. ●Extends the life of the cooling tower filler. ●Clogging of cooling water slits due to cooling water contamination is reduced, reducing casting defects.
第１図はルービツクス：イマシ油混合比別温度
−粘度曲線、第２図は実施例で用いたモールドの
概略構成断面図を示す。
１は上ぶた、２はモールドリング、３はジヤケ
ツト、４は潤滑油孔、５は冷却水流出口、６は給
油口、７は非常用給油口。
FIG. 1 shows a temperature-viscosity curve according to the Rubix:imash oil mixture ratio, and FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the mold used in the example. 1 is the upper lid, 2 is the mold ring, 3 is the jacket, 4 is the lubricating oil hole, 5 is the cooling water outlet, 6 is the oil filler port, and 7 is the emergency oil filler port.
Claims (1)
％、グリース５〜13.3重量％、その他油脂８〜20
重量％からなり、かつ、25℃における粘度が300
〜4000cpsであることを特徴とするホツトトツプ
鋳造用潤滑油。1 Castor oil 61.7-86.2% by weight, graphite 0.8-5% by weight, grease 5-13.3% by weight, other oils and fats 8-20%
% by weight, and the viscosity at 25℃ is 300
Lubricating oil for hot-top casting characterized by ~4000cps.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31340986A JPS63168256A (en) | 1986-12-27 | 1986-12-27 | Lubricating oil for casting |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31340986A JPS63168256A (en) | 1986-12-27 | 1986-12-27 | Lubricating oil for casting |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63168256A JPS63168256A (en) | 1988-07-12 |
| JPH0428465B2 true JPH0428465B2 (en) | 1992-05-14 |
Family
ID=18040930
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP31340986A Granted JPS63168256A (en) | 1986-12-27 | 1986-12-27 | Lubricating oil for casting |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS63168256A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105347829B (en) * | 2015-12-10 | 2018-06-22 | 西南铝业（集团）有限责任公司 | A kind of hot direct casting, which is made, uses material for repairing |
-
1986
- 1986-12-27 JP JP31340986A patent/JPS63168256A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS63168256A (en) | 1988-07-12 |
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