JPH0355154A - Ceramic member having cylindrical part and its grinding method - Google Patents
Ceramic member having cylindrical part and its grinding methodInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0355154A JPH0355154A JP18664989A JP18664989A JPH0355154A JP H0355154 A JPH0355154 A JP H0355154A JP 18664989 A JP18664989 A JP 18664989A JP 18664989 A JP18664989 A JP 18664989A JP H0355154 A JPH0355154 A JP H0355154A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- grinding wheel
- axis
- cylindrical portion
- cylindrical part
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013001 point bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Grinding Of Cylindrical And Plane Surfaces (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は長尺の円筒部を有するセラミック製機械構造部
材及びその円筒部の研削方法に関し、特に、高い曲げ強
度を必要とするセラミック製部材と、それを製造するた
めに砥石車で研削する方法の改良に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a ceramic mechanical structural member having an elongated cylindrical portion and a method for grinding the cylindrical portion, and particularly to a ceramic member that requires high bending strength. and an improvement in the method of grinding it with a grinding wheel to produce it.
〔従来の技術及び発明が解決しようとする課題〕長尺の
円筒部分を有して、その部分が高負荷を受ける部材は、
多くの産業用機械において用いられている。例えば、内
燃機関の吸排気川のきのこ形バルブは、燃焼室に面する
傘状の部分と、バルブガイドの中を高速で往復運動する
長尺円筒状のステム部からなっている。[Prior art and problems to be solved by the invention] A member that has a long cylindrical portion and is subjected to a high load,
Used in many industrial machines. For example, a mushroom-shaped intake/exhaust valve for an internal combustion engine consists of an umbrella-shaped portion facing the combustion chamber and a long cylindrical stem portion that reciprocates at high speed within a valve guide.
このようなバルブは高い強度と耐摩耗性を必要とするの
で、従来は金属で作られていた。しかし、近年４こなっ
てバルブの軽量化のために、バルブをセラミック製のも
のとすることが試みられるようになってきた。Such valves require high strength and wear resistance, so they have traditionally been made of metal. However, in recent years, attempts have been made to make valves made of ceramic in order to reduce their weight.
一方、上述の円筒部分の表面加工は、一般に砥石車によ
る研削によって行われているが、その方法を第４図と第
５図に概略的に示す（第５図は第４図のＥｌ−Ｂ線断面
図）。すなわち、ワーク１と砥石車２を互いに平行な軸
線回りで互いに逆回りで回転させながら、砥石車２又は
ワーク■を軸方向に移動させてワーク１の軸部分３の円
筒研削を行っていた。On the other hand, the surface processing of the above-mentioned cylindrical part is generally performed by grinding with a grinding wheel, and the method is schematically shown in Figs. 4 and 5 (Fig. 5 is line cross-sectional view). That is, cylindrical grinding of the shaft portion 3 of the workpiece 1 was performed by moving the grinding wheel 2 or the workpiece 2 in the axial direction while rotating the workpiece 1 and the grinding wheel 2 in opposite directions around mutually parallel axes.
しかし、この方法によれば、軸部分３の表面に、軸に直
交する研削痕、あるいは軸に対して９０度に近い角度の
らせん状の研削痕が形成される。そのような研削痕は、
加工中に、あるいは完或品として部材が作動する際に、
クラックの起点となる可能性が大きく、そのために、曲
げ応力が加わったときに部材が破壊してしまうという問
題があった。However, according to this method, grinding marks perpendicular to the axis or spiral grinding marks at an angle of nearly 90 degrees to the axis are formed on the surface of the shaft portion 3. Such grinding marks are
When a part is operated during processing or as a complete product,
There is a high possibility that this will become a starting point for cracks, and therefore, there is a problem in that the member will break when bending stress is applied.
すなわち、曲げ強度を低下させる原因になっていた。In other words, this caused a decrease in bending strength.
この問題を解決するために、特開昭６３−２１６６６１
号において、ワークの回転軸線に対して砥石車の回転軸
線を２つの回転軸線を直角に結ぶ線分回りに角度θだけ
傾け、ワーク周速Ｖ、砥石車周速Ｖ及びワークのトラバ
ース速度ａについて、特定の式を満たす条件で円筒研削
を行う方法が提案されている。それによれば、ワークに
、回転軸線に対して３０度以下の傾きをもつ研削痕が形
成されるので、前述のような、軸にほぼ直交する研削痕
が形戊される場合よりも、部材の曲げ強度が向上する。In order to solve this problem, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 63-216661
In No., the rotational axis of the grinding wheel is tilted by an angle θ around the line segment connecting the two rotational axes at right angles with respect to the rotational axis of the workpiece, and the workpiece circumferential speed V, the grinding wheel circumferential speed V, and the workpiece traverse speed a are , a method has been proposed in which cylindrical grinding is performed under conditions that satisfy a specific formula. According to this, grinding marks are formed on the workpiece with an inclination of 30 degrees or less with respect to the axis of rotation, so the grinding marks are formed on the workpiece more than when the grinding marks are formed almost perpendicular to the axis as described above. Improves bending strength.
しかるに、このような方法で研削してもなお、前述のよ
うなセラミック製バルブに適用した場合には、満足でき
る曲げ強度が得られないことがわかった。また、条件式
を満足する周速とトラバース速度を決める作業も煩雑で
ある。However, it has been found that even with such grinding, satisfactory bending strength cannot be obtained when applied to a ceramic valve as described above. Further, the task of determining the circumferential speed and traverse speed that satisfy the conditional expressions is also complicated.
従って、本発明の目的は、従来の研削方法を用いた場合
よりも高い曲げ強度を備えた円筒部を有するセラミック
製部材、及びその円筒部の研削方法を提供することであ
る。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a ceramic member having a cylindrical portion that has a higher bending strength than when using conventional grinding methods, and a method for grinding the cylindrical portion.
上記目的に鑑みて、本発明は、円筒部の表面の研削痕が
、部材の軸方向に実質的に平行に形戊されていることを
特徴とする円筒部を有するセラミック製部材を提供する
。In view of the above object, the present invention provides a ceramic member having a cylindrical portion, characterized in that grinding marks on the surface of the cylindrical portion are shaped substantially parallel to the axial direction of the member.
また、本発明のセラミック製部材の円筒部の研削方法は
、前記部材を静止させた状態で、円筒部の軸線に対して
垂直な回転軸を有する砥石車を回転させながら、円筒部
の軸方向に砥石車を移動して円筒部を研削する工程と、
砥石車を部材から離した状態にして、部材を軸回りに一
定の角度だけ回転する工程とを交互に繰り返すことによ
って、円筒部表面に研削痕が軸方向に平行に形成される
ようにすることを特徴とする。In addition, the method for grinding a cylindrical portion of a ceramic member of the present invention includes grinding the cylindrical portion in the axial direction of the cylindrical portion while rotating a grinding wheel having a rotation axis perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical portion while the member is stationary. a process of moving a grinding wheel to grind the cylindrical part;
Grinding marks are formed on the surface of the cylindrical part parallel to the axial direction by alternately repeating the process of separating the grinding wheel from the component and rotating the component by a certain angle around the axis. It is characterized by
５ 以下、本発明を詳細に説明する。5 The present invention will be explained in detail below.
第１図と第２図において、１はセラミック製部材であり
、２は砥石車である。この例では部材１は、内燃機関の
吸排気バルブである。In FIGS. 1 and 2, 1 is a ceramic member, and 2 is a grinding wheel. In this example, the component 1 is an intake and exhaust valve of an internal combustion engine.
ステム部３を精密な円筒形に研削するために、部材ｌを
センター４、４間に固定して保持する。In order to grind the stem portion 3 into a precise cylindrical shape, a member 1 is fixed and held between centers 4, 4.
部材１の軸Ｏに対して砥石車２の軸Ｐは垂直である。部
材１を静止したまま、砥石車２を回転させながら、部材
１の軸方向へトラバース移動させて数回往復し、ステム
部３の表面を研削する。砥石車２を１往復する毎に約０
．１ｍｍ下げていき、最終的に削りしろを１ｍｍ程度に
する場合、ステム部３の寸法精度は１０μ程度必要であ
る。砥石車２の周速はｌ６００〜１８００ｍ ／分とし
、砥石車２の目の粗さは＃２００〜１０００の範囲とす
るのがよい。また目の粗さの大きなものから小さいもの
へ、砥石車を数回取り換えて、複数段階で研削してもよ
い。The axis P of the grinding wheel 2 is perpendicular to the axis O of the member 1. While the member 1 remains stationary, the grinding wheel 2 is moved traversely in the axial direction of the member 1 and reciprocated several times to grind the surface of the stem portion 3. Approximately 0 per round trip of grinding wheel 2
．． If the cutting margin is to be lowered by 1 mm and the cutting margin is finally about 1 mm, the dimensional accuracy of the stem portion 3 needs to be about 10 μ. The circumferential speed of the grinding wheel 2 is preferably 1600 to 1800 m/min, and the coarseness of the grinding wheel 2 is preferably in the range of #200 to 1000. Alternatively, the grinding wheel may be changed several times from one with a large coarseness to one with a small coarseness, and grinding may be performed in multiple stages.
このようにして、ステム部３の円周のうちの１ケ所を、
軸方向に線状に研削し終えたら、砥石車２を部材ｌから
いったん離し、部材１を軸Ｏの回６
りに一定の角度、例えば５度だけ回転させる。これによ
って、前に研削した部分に隣接する部分を研削する準備
がなされる。In this way, one place on the circumference of the stem portion 3 is
After finishing linear grinding in the axial direction, the grinding wheel 2 is once removed from the member 1, and the member 1 is rotated by a certain angle, for example, 5 degrees, around the axis O. This prepares the part adjacent to the previously ground part to be ground.
次いで再び、砥石車２の回転とトラバース移動によって
、ステム部３の表面を研削する。Next, the surface of the stem portion 3 is ground again by rotation and traverse movement of the grinding wheel 2.
以上の工程を繰り返すことによって、ステム部３の全周
を研削する。これによって、ステム部３の表面に、軸方
向に平行な研削痕が形成されるが、最終的な面粗度は０
．８Ｓ〜３．５３とするのがよい。By repeating the above steps, the entire circumference of the stem portion 3 is ground. As a result, grinding marks parallel to the axial direction are formed on the surface of the stem portion 3, but the final surface roughness is 0.
．． It is preferable to set it to 8S to 3.53.
３．５３よりも粗くすると、相手摺動部祠に傷をつけて
しまい、一方、０．８３よりも細かくしても摺動特性の
著しい向上は得られず、強度も従来の方法による場合と
の差が小さくなり、製造コストが高くなるだけである。If it is made coarser than 3.53, it will damage the mating sliding part.On the other hand, if it is made finer than 0.83, no significant improvement in sliding properties will be obtained, and the strength will be lower than that obtained by the conventional method. This only increases the manufacturing cost.
第３図に示すように、砥石車２の円周研削面を湾曲した
凹面にしてもよい。このようにすることによって、ステ
ム部３と砥石車２との接触面が大きくなり、円筒部全周
の研削が完了するまでの時間を短くすることができる。As shown in FIG. 3, the circumferential grinding surface of the grinding wheel 2 may be a curved concave surface. By doing so, the contact surface between the stem portion 3 and the grinding wheel 2 becomes larger, and the time required to complete grinding of the entire circumference of the cylindrical portion can be shortened.
凹面の曲率半径はステム部３の曲率半径にできるだけ近
い方が好ましい。It is preferable that the radius of curvature of the concave surface be as close as possible to the radius of curvature of the stem portion 3.
長尺な部材に対する曲げ応力は、部材の軸に垂直な方向
に作用するが、本発明の方法によって研削された円筒部
を有するセラミック製部材は、円筒表面の砥石車による
研削痕が、部材の軸方向に平行に形成されているので、
研削痕が残っても部材本来の強度がほとんど低下しない
。Bending stress on a long member acts in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the member, but in a ceramic member having a cylindrical portion ground by the method of the present invention, the grinding marks caused by the grinding wheel on the cylindrical surface are Since it is formed parallel to the axial direction,
Even if grinding marks remain, the original strength of the component will hardly decrease.
実施例１
窒化ケイ素を射出或形して、全長１３５ｍｍ、傘部分の
径２６ｍｍ，ステム径８．０ｍｍのバルブ素材を用意し
ｔこ。次いで、ステムの円周全体を、本発明の方法によ
って、レジンボンドダイヤモンド製の砥石車（径１００
ｍｍ，円周面はフラット）で、砥石車周速１６００ｍ
／分、砥石車往復ストローク １００ｍｍ，ワークのス
テップ回転角度１０度の条件で０． ５ｍｍ研削した。Example 1 A valve material having a total length of 135 mm, an umbrella diameter of 26 mm, and a stem diameter of 8.0 mm was prepared by injection molding silicon nitride. Next, the entire circumference of the stem is polished using a resin bonded diamond grinding wheel (diameter: 100 mm) by the method of the present invention.
mm, circumferential surface is flat), grinding wheel circumferential speed 1600 m
/min, grinding wheel reciprocating stroke 100mm, workpiece step rotation angle 10 degrees. Grinded 5mm.
その結果、ステム軸に平行な研削痕が形戊され、研削痕
の方向と垂直な方向の面粗度は３Ｓとなった。As a result, grinding marks were formed parallel to the stem axis, and the surface roughness in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the grinding marks was 3S.
比較例１
実施例１と同様にして、バルブ素材を用意した後、ステ
ムの軸線と砥石車の回転軸線を平行にし、両者を互いに
逆回転させながら砥石車を軸方向に移動させて、ステム
円周全体を０． ５ｍｍ研削した。Comparative Example 1 After preparing the valve material in the same manner as in Example 1, the axis of the stem and the axis of rotation of the grinding wheel were made parallel, and the grinding wheel was moved in the axial direction while rotating both in opposite directions to form a stem circle. The whole circumference is 0. Grinded 5mm.
この場合、砥石車の材質と寸法は実施例１と同じであり
、砥石車周速は１６００ｍ ／分、ステム周速２，Ｏｍ
／分、砥石車のトラバース速度１０ｍｍ／分とした。In this case, the material and dimensions of the grinding wheel are the same as in Example 1, the grinding wheel circumferential speed is 1600 m/min, and the stem circumferential speed is 2,000 m/min.
/min, and the traverse speed of the grinding wheel was 10 mm/min.
この結果、ステム軸にほぼ垂直な研削痕が形威され、研
削痕の方向と垂直な方向の面粗度は３Ｓとなった。As a result, grinding marks were formed that were substantially perpendicular to the stem axis, and the surface roughness in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the grinding marks was 3S.
比較例２
実施例１と同様にして、バルブ素材を用意した後、ステ
ムの軸線に対して砥石車の回転軸線を、２つの軸線を直
角に結ぶ線分回りに角度６０度だけ傾け、両者を互いに
逆回転させながら砥石車を軸方向に移動させて、ステム
円周全体を０， ５ｎ＋ｍ研削した。この場合、砥石車
の材質と寸法は実施例１９
と同じであり、砥石車周速は１６００ｍ／分、ステム周
速２ｍ／分、砥石車のトラバース速度１０ｍｍ／分とし
た。Comparative Example 2 After preparing the valve material in the same manner as in Example 1, the axis of rotation of the grinding wheel was tilted at an angle of 60 degrees around the line connecting the two axes at right angles to the axis of the stem, and both were The grinding wheels were moved in the axial direction while rotating in opposite directions to grind the entire circumference of the stem by 0.5n+m. In this case, the material and dimensions of the grinding wheel were the same as in Example 19, the grinding wheel circumferential speed was 1600 m/min, the stem circumferential speed was 2 m/min, and the grinding wheel traverse speed was 10 mm/min.
この結果、ステム軸に対して２９．９度の傾きをもつ研
削痕が形戒され、研削痕の方向と垂直な方向の面粗度は
３Ｓとなった。As a result, grinding marks with an inclination of 29.9 degrees with respect to the stem axis were formed, and the surface roughness in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the grinding marks was 3S.
以上、実施例１、比較例１、比較例２によって製造され
たバルブのステム部分の曲げ強度を、ＪＩＳ Ｒ１６０
１による３点曲げ強度試験によって測定した。支点長さ
３０ｍｍとして、各々５回測定した平均で、実施例■の
場合、９０ｋｇ／ｍｍ２で破壊したのに対して、比較例
１は７６ｋｇ／ｍｍ２、比較例２では８３ｋｇ／＋ｎｍ
２で破壊し、本発明の方法で製造されたバルブの曲げ強
度の高さが確認された。As described above, the bending strength of the stem portion of the valves manufactured in Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 was determined according to JIS R160.
It was measured by a three-point bending strength test according to No. 1. Assuming a fulcrum length of 30 mm, in the case of Example 2, it broke at 90 kg/mm2, while in Comparative Example 1 it was 76 kg/mm2, and in Comparative Example 2 it was 83 kg/+nm.
2, and the high bending strength of the bulb manufactured by the method of the present invention was confirmed.
以上説明した通り、本発明の方法によって研削された円
筒部を有するセラミック製部材は、円筒表面の研削痕が
部材の軸方向に平行に形成されている。長尺な部材に対
する曲げ応力は、部材の軸に垂直な方向に作用するが、
軸に平行な研削痕は１０
曲げ応力を低下させない。従って、本発明のセラミック
製部材は、従来の研削方法により研削したものと比較し
て、曲げ強度が著しく向上している。As explained above, the ceramic member having the cylindrical portion ground by the method of the present invention has grinding marks on the cylindrical surface parallel to the axial direction of the member. Bending stress on a long member acts in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the member,
Grinding marks parallel to the axis do not reduce bending stress. Therefore, the bending strength of the ceramic member of the present invention is significantly improved compared to that obtained by grinding using the conventional grinding method.
第１図は本発明の方法の一実施例を示す正面図であり、
第２図は第１図のＡ−Ａ線縦断面図であり、第３図は本
発明の方法の他の実施例を示す縦断面図であり、
第４図は従来の方法を示す正面図であり、第５図は第４
図のＢ−Ｂ線縦断面図である。
１・・・セラミック製部材
２・・・砥石車
３・・・ステム部（円筒部〉
４・・・センターFIG. 1 is a front view showing one embodiment of the method of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along line A-A in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is another embodiment of the method of the present invention. Fig. 4 is a front view showing the conventional method, and Fig. 5 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the conventional method.
It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view taken along the line BB in the figure. 1... Ceramic member 2... Grinding wheel 3... Stem part (cylindrical part) 4... Center
Claims (5)
円筒部の表面の研削痕が、部材の軸方向に実質的に平行
に形成されていることを特徴とするセラミック製部材。(1) A ceramic member having a cylindrical portion, wherein grinding marks on the surface of the cylindrical portion are formed substantially parallel to the axial direction of the member.
材において、前記円筒部の表面の面粗度が０．８Ｓ〜３
．５Ｓであることを特徴とするセラミック製部材。(2) In the ceramic member having a cylindrical portion according to claim 1, the surface roughness of the surface of the cylindrical portion is 0.8S to 3.
．． A ceramic member characterized by being 5S.
材において、前記部材は内燃機関用の吸排気用セラミッ
ク製バルブであることを特徴とする部材。(3) The ceramic member having a cylindrical portion according to claim 1, wherein the member is an intake/exhaust ceramic valve for an internal combustion engine.
削方法であって、前記部材を静止させた状態で、円筒部
の軸線に対して垂直な回転軸を有する砥石車を回転させ
ながら、円筒部の軸方向に砥石車を移動して円筒部を研
削する工程と、砥石車を部材から離した状態にして、部
材を軸回りに一定の角度だけ回転する工程とを交互に繰
り返すことによって、円筒部表面に研削痕が軸方向に平
行に形成されるようにすることを特徴とする方法。(4) A method for surface grinding a ceramic member having a long cylindrical portion, the method comprising: rotating a grinding wheel having a rotation axis perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical portion while the member is stationary; By alternately repeating the process of moving the grinding wheel in the axial direction of the cylindrical part to grind the cylindrical part, and the process of separating the grinding wheel from the part and rotating the part by a certain angle around the axis. , a method characterized in that grinding marks are formed on the surface of the cylindrical part in parallel to the axial direction.
周状研削面を湾曲した凹面にしたことを特徴とする方法
。(5) The method according to claim 4, wherein the circumferential grinding surface of the grinding wheel is a curved concave surface.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1186649A JP2706987B2 (en) | 1989-07-19 | 1989-07-19 | Ceramic member having cylindrical portion and method of grinding the cylindrical portion |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1186649A JP2706987B2 (en) | 1989-07-19 | 1989-07-19 | Ceramic member having cylindrical portion and method of grinding the cylindrical portion |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0355154A true JPH0355154A (en) | 1991-03-08 |
| JP2706987B2 JP2706987B2 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
Family
ID=16192274
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1186649A Expired - Fee Related JP2706987B2 (en) | 1989-07-19 | 1989-07-19 | Ceramic member having cylindrical portion and method of grinding the cylindrical portion |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2706987B2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006263911A (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-10-05 | Schott Ag | Grinding method and grinding machine |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57163047A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-07 | Akira Washida | Machining method of ring |
-
1989
- 1989-07-19 JP JP1186649A patent/JP2706987B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS57163047A (en) * | 1981-03-30 | 1982-10-07 | Akira Washida | Machining method of ring |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006263911A (en) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-10-05 | Schott Ag | Grinding method and grinding machine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2706987B2 (en) | 1998-01-28 |
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