JPH03242680A - Atom and molecule model - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the inexpensive atom and molecule model which can be used by all students on a teaching site by three-dimensionally assembling plural sheets of disk plates having slits for coupling to a spherical structure. CONSTITUTION:The disk plates 3 to 6 consisting of paper, plastic, etc. provided wit the respective slits 1, 2 for coupling are assembled to the three-dimensional structure by the respective slits 1, 2 for coupling to form the respective atom models 10, 11. Further, the respective atom models are freely attachably and detachably combined with the prescribed other atom models 10, 11, by the slits 1, 2 for coupling at need, by which the molecule model 15 is formed.

Description

[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention is directed to atomic and molecular models (in this specification, atomic orbital models and atomic orbitals are used for chemical education in junior high schools, high schools, universities, etc.) Contains an atomic orbital bonding model that shows the bonding state of overlapping atoms.

(Problems to be solved by conventional technology and the invention) (1) For those learning chemistry for the first time, the structural formula of a molecule is abstract and difficult to understand the actual molecular structure, and it is difficult to understand the appearance, differences in three-dimensional structure, and symmetry. This is not easy to understand.Molecular models are a great help in understanding the appearance and structure of molecules, and commercially available and self-made molecular models are widely used in educational settings.

However, commercially available molecular models are extremely expensive, and self-made models are cumbersome to produce, making it difficult to produce them in large numbers for students.

For this reason, in schools, it is not possible to secure a sufficient number of molecular models, and teachers only use molecular models for demonstration purposes. It is difficult to conduct individual classes in which all students have molecular models. For this reason, it is difficult to say that molecular models are fully demonstrating their original effectiveness as teaching tools. This is thought to be one of the reasons why students are not able to visualize atoms and molecules as particles, and are not able to fully develop their view of atoms and molecules.

(2> Atomic orbital of an atom (atom: c 0rbit
al) controls various chemical bonds. A three-dimensional understanding of these atomic orbitals is also very useful when considering the characteristics of molecular structures and chemical reactions. Chemistry books with computer-drawn three-dimensional appearances of these atomic orbitals have also been published. However, when it comes to each atom vt road model of S, ρ, and d, commercially available products are very expensive. There are self-made atomic orbital models, but they are cumbersome to make in large numbers and are not suitable for students to have. Atomic orbital bonding models, which show the bonding state of atoms in which atomic orbitals overlap each other, are even more expensive.

Furthermore, there are no reports of it being used as a self-made teaching tool, so it is hard to say that it is widely used.

In view of the above points, the present invention was made in an attempt to provide an inexpensive atomic and molecular model, preferably an atomic and molecular model displaying atomic orbitals, that can be used individually by all students in educational settings.

(Means for Solving the Problems) In order to solve the above problems, the present invention involves assembling three to four circular plates each having a predetermined size and each having a coupling slit into a three-dimensional spherical structure with each coupling slit. to form each atomic model, and each atomic model can be removably combined with other predetermined atomic models using coupling slits as necessary to form a molecule model. It is.

It is desirable that atomic orbits be displayed at predetermined positions on the circular plate.

(Function) The atom and molecule models of the present invention are assembled by each user (student) in a classroom, etc., and can be disassembled and recombined freely. It is a real atom or molecule model with a spherical structure that reflects the size and shape, and has the basic characteristics of atoms and molecules.The interatomic bonds in the model are close to the actual bonding state in which the atoms overlap each other as is. It is something.

Furthermore, when atomic orbits are displayed at predetermined positions on the circular plate, the assembled model becomes an easy-to-understand atomic orbital model or atomic orbital bonding model.

〔Example〕

Next, embodiments of the present invention will be described, but the dimensions and other numerical values shown below are merely illustrative.

The atomic and molecular models of the present invention each have bonding slits 1.2 and 2.
Each atomic model 10.11.
..., and each atomic model is connected to a predetermined other atomic model, 10.11... by a bonding slit 1.2 as necessary.
Molecular model 15 can be created by removably combining the
・It is possible to form.

21 is a folding line for mountain-folding the circular plate.

It is desirable that the circular plates 3 to 6 (7 to 9) be colored differently for each atomic model. 16 is a stopper such as a pin.

Further, it is desirable to display the atomic orbitals 23 at predetermined positions on each of the circular plates 3 to 6 (7 to 9).

The model shall be a real atom or molecule model that reflects the actual size and shape of the atom or molecule. Therefore, the size of each atomic model is
It shall be determined based on the van der Waals radius. In this way, the actual shapes and sizes of each atom and molecule and their differences can be understood from the model.

The interatomic bonds in the model are made to be close to the actual bonding form, in which the atomic methods overlap each other, and each atomic model is made to be able to be attached to and detached from each other, so that various molecules can be assembled freely. That is, by deeply cutting the bonding slits in each atomic model and sandwiching them together, the model reproduces the same bonding form as that between actual atoms.

The atomic species treated in chemical education are mainly hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
It is oxygen. Among these, the hydrogen atom has a 1S atomic orbital, and the carbon atom has one of Sp, Sp2, and Sp hybrid orbitals. Furthermore, when nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms combine with hydrogen to produce ammonia and water, it is thought that they are bonded in Sp3 mixed orbitals. Therefore, these main atomic models will be specifically explained below.

A hydrogen atom with a valence of 1 has a diameter of 2 as shown in Figure 6 (1).
．． Assemble with 4 cm circular plates 3a to 6a. Other atoms with a valence of 1 are manufactured in the same manner with different diameters.

For example, the chlorine atoms are circular plates 3b to 6 with a diameter of 3°6crn.
(Fig. 6 (2)).

Next, as atoms in a linear or diagonal bonding state, carbon atoms in an sp-hybridized orbit are used as circular plates 30 to 6C having a diameter of 3.4 cm as shown in FIG. 6(3). A carbon atom with an equilateral triangular conformation in the Sp2 hybrid orbital is shown in Figure 6 (
4> circular plates 3d to 6d are used.

For the Sp3 hybrid orbital carbon atom that has a regular tetrahedral three-dimensional structure, circular plates 30 to 6e shown in Figure 6 (5) are used. In this case, a part 22 of the circular plate 4e is wedged at 14.7 degrees (
When the angle a) is cut, the circular plate 4e is shaped into a triangular bell shape, and the circular plates 30 to 6e are assembled, each bond angle becomes approximately 109 degrees, and a bond exhibiting a regular tetrahedral three-dimensional structure can be created. 6th
In figure (5), the angle C is 115°1-1 and the angle C is 10
The 0'〇-1 angle d is 109°28-.

Similarly, a nitrogen atom with a valence of 3 and having an Sp3 hybrid orbit is formed on a circular plate 3f with a diameter of 3.2txt as shown in Figure 6 (6).
~6f is used, and for oxygen atoms with a valence of 2, circular plates 30~6q with a diameter of 3.0 ctn shown in FIG. 6(7) are used. Note that the nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms are also formed by cutting out a portion 22 of the circular plates 4f and 4g in the same manner as the carbon atoms.

By sandwiching the bonding slits of each atomic model, which are adjusted to 100 million times the F7nd der Waals radius, molecular models with various three-dimensional structures can be freely assembled. Although the bond distances in these molecular models are somewhat larger than those in the actual molecules,
The bond angles are almost the same, and it can be said that this is a solid molecule model that fully reflects the shape of the actual molecule.

Next, the atomic orbital model and the atomic orbital coupling model will be explained.

By assembling three circular plates 7 to 9 displaying each atomic orbital 23 (S, px, py, p7, etc.) in the same manner as described above, a basic atomic orbital model with a three-dimensional structure (see Figure 7) can be created. The circular plates 7 to 9 shown in FIGS. 8(1> to 9) are respectively used to create the basic atomic orbital model described below.

Figure 8 (1)...Basic atomic orbital model of S orbital (
2〉...p orbital (px〃 (3
〉・・・ //' rt (p y)
〃〈4〉... u (p z
)〃 〃 5〉.../l of d orbital (dxy)〃
6〉・・・ 〃 (dyz〉〃 7
)... 〃 (dx□〉n 8)
--・no (d×2-y2)〃 9〉・
... lI (d72> Next, we will discuss the atomic orbital bonding model. The basic shapes of the 1SvL path of hydrogen atoms and the sp3, sp2, sp hybrid orbitals 24 of carbon atoms, etc. are displayed on both the front and back sides of circular plates 3 to 6. , use these circular plates to assemble an atomic model (Figure 9) depicting individual atomic orbits.If these atomic models are connected to each other,
It becomes possible to construct an atomic orbital bonding model that shows the bonding form of molecules with overlapping atomic orbitals.

Note that the circular plates 3 to 6 include orbits 25 that do not participate in the hybrid orbit.
Also displayed.

The circular plates 3 to 6 shown in FIGS. 10 (1) to (6) are used to create the following models, respectively.

Figure 10 1)...Hydrogen IS atomic orbital model〃2〉
...Sp hybridized orbital model of carbon atom // 3),,
,y,5,2,.

"4)""'/Sp3 rt〃 5
〉...Nitrogen atom 5l)3 //Figure 10 6〉・
... Sp3 hybrid orbital model of oxygen atom In the above figure, 26 is a lone pair of electrons.

In such an atomic orbital bonding model, the relationship between the hybrid orbital 24 found in each molecule, the orbital 25 that does not participate in the hybrid orbital, and the lone pair 26, and the state of the resonance structure of a benzene ring etc. can be visualized three-dimensionally and It becomes possible to show it concretely.

〔Effect of the invention〕

The atomic and molecular models of the present invention are extremely inexpensive because they are equipped with bonding slits, and preferably a circular plate displaying atomic orbits is assembled using the bonding slits. Therefore, it is possible to conduct individual lessons in which all students have atomic and molecular models, and each student can be asked to assemble, disassemble, and rearrange the models. Therefore, a great educational effect can be obtained in cultivating a view of atoms and molecules.

Although the atomic and molecular models of the present invention are extremely inexpensive as described above, they have the basic characteristics of actual atoms and molecules, such as their size, shape, and interatomic bonding state.

Furthermore, when atomic orbits are displayed on a circular plate, a preferable atomic orbital model and atomic orbital bonding model can be obtained.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an example of the atomic model (C atom) according to the present invention, FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing an example of the C-port bond of the molecular model according to the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing an example of the C-port bond of the molecular model according to the present invention. Figure 4 is a plan view showing the circular plate, Figure 4 is a perspective view showing its assembly, Figure 5 is a perspective view showing its assembly.
The figure is a perspective view showing the assembly of the molecular model in Fig. 2, Fig. 6 is a plan view showing the circular plate for each atomic model, Fig. 7 is a perspective view showing an example of a basic atomic orbital model, and Fig. 8 9 is a plan view showing a circular plate for each basic atomic orbital model, FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing another example of an atomic orbital model, and FIG. 10 is a plan view showing a circular plate for each atomic orbital model. . 1.2... Bonding slits 3 to 9... Circular plate 10.11... Atomic model 15... Molecular model 16... Stopper 20... Atomic orbit 21... Folding line 22 ... Part 23 ... Atomic orbital 24 ... Hybrid orbital 25 ... Orbital that does not participate in the hybrid orbit 26 ... Lone pair 1 Figure 3 Figure 2 Figure 6 40 Figure 5 70 1e:I Figure S (1) Figure 8 (2) (3) (4)

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. Circular plates 3 to 3 each having a predetermined size and each having a coupling slit.
Each atomic model is formed by assembling the four pieces into a three-dimensional spherical structure through each bonding slit, and each atomic model is removably combined with other predetermined atomic models through the bonding slit as necessary to form a molecule. Atom and molecular models that can be used to form models. 2. The atom and molecule model according to claim 1, wherein the circular plate has atomic orbits displayed at predetermined positions.