JPH03143592A - Water feed device for drinking water - Google Patents
Water feed device for drinking waterInfo
- Publication number
- JPH03143592A JPH03143592A JP1279983A JP27998389A JPH03143592A JP H03143592 A JPH03143592 A JP H03143592A JP 1279983 A JP1279983 A JP 1279983A JP 27998389 A JP27998389 A JP 27998389A JP H03143592 A JPH03143592 A JP H03143592A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- water
- drinking
- water supply
- feed
- tank
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 132
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000011045 prefiltration Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 abstract 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N Heavy water Chemical compound [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Ca+2].Cl[O-].Cl[O-] ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000861914 Plecoglossus altivelis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000721 bacterilogical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008394 flocculating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009287 sand filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
（産業上の利用分野）
本発明は飲料水用の給水装置に関し、詳しくは建築物内
の或いは建築物に付属する給水装置用の需要者負担で設
置する飲料水用給水装置に関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] (Industrial Application Field) The present invention relates to a water supply device for drinking water, and more specifically, a water supply device for drinking water that is installed at the consumer's expense in a building or attached to a building. Regarding water supply equipment.
（従来の技術〉
一定規模以上の建築物では受水槽で上水を受は止め、こ
れをポンプで高架水槽へ送水し、この高架水槽から各水
道蛇口に給水している。(Conventional technology) In buildings over a certain size, water is stopped from being received in a water tank, and the water is sent to an elevated water tank using a pump, and water is supplied from this elevated water tank to each water tap.
水道水源の汚染が著しくなり、その汚染に対処しきれな
くなったため浄水場における緩速砂濾過法は数が減少し
ている。最近の浄水法は、急速濾過法が一般的である。The number of slow sand filtration methods used at water treatment plants is decreasing because tap water sources have become so contaminated that it has become impossible to deal with the pollution. Rapid filtration is common in recent water purification methods.
しかしながら急速濾過法では除去できない物質もあり、
そのため、水道水よりカビ臭やカルキ臭などの異臭味を
感じることが多くなった。However, there are some substances that cannot be removed by rapid filtration.
As a result, it has become more common to experience off-flavors such as mold and chlorine odors compared to tap water.
（発明が解決しようとする課題）
すなわち、緩速濾過では広い面積を必要とするため、ま
たｊ重水の汚染に対して対処しきれないため急速濾過を
採用しているのであるが、急速濾過は細菌学的な安全に
不十分さかのこるので、塩素殺菌による塩素濃度が高ま
り、しかもアンモニア性窒素、臭気マンガン、洗剤成分
のＡＢＳ （ＬＡＳ）等の除去も殆ど不可能であり、最
近の原水汚濁と共に凝集剤の添加工が増加し、「まずい
水」「くさい水」 「危険な水」と呼ばれるようになっ
てしまった。(Problem to be solved by the invention) In other words, rapid filtration is used because slow filtration requires a large area and cannot deal with heavy water contamination, but rapid filtration As bacteriological safety remains insufficient, the chlorine concentration increases through chlorine disinfection, and it is almost impossible to remove ammonia nitrogen, odorous manganese, ABS (LAS), etc., which is a detergent ingredient, and with the recent pollution of raw water With the increasing use of flocculants, water has come to be called ``bad water,'' ``stinky water,'' and ``dangerous water.''
一方、建物内に使用される浄水装置は蛇口直結型の「浄
水器」と呼ばれる小さな装置があるにすぎなかった。こ
の装置は一般的に水の出が悪く、使用期間が長くなると
処理水量が低下し、本来的機能を維持するための管理も
各戸に任されたままであり、管理の点でずさんになり易
く流し台のじゃまにもなっていた。On the other hand, the only water purification equipment used in buildings was a small device called a ``water purifier'' that was connected directly to a faucet. This equipment generally has poor water flow, and the amount of water it processes decreases as it is used for a long time.The management of this equipment to maintain its original function is left up to each individual household, and it is easy for the equipment to be sloppily managed. It was also a hindrance.
本発明は上記事情に鑑みてなされたものであって、その
目的は建物単位規模の浄水機能を持つ飲料水用給水装置
を提供するにある。The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its purpose is to provide a drinking water supply device having a water purification function on a building-level basis.
（課題を解決するための手段）
上記目的を達成するために、本発明の飲料水用給水装置
は、水道を水源とする受水タンク以降の給水路を飲料用
とその他に分け、飲料用に使用する給水経路中に設置す
る浄水装置は、夫々交換容易に単体化した前段フィルタ
ー ミネラル添加槽、活性炭吸着装置、限外濾過膜（Ｕ
Ｆ膜）を順次に配し、最後段に熱交換器を有する消毒槽
設備を設け、該消毒槽設備からの給水管は給水蛇口を通
って戻る給水ポンプ付きの循環路に構成して成るのであ
る。(Means for Solving the Problems) In order to achieve the above object, the drinking water supply device of the present invention divides the water supply channel after the water receiving tank, which uses the tap water as a water source, into drinking water and other water. The water purification equipment installed in the water supply route includes a pre-filter that is easily replaceable, a mineral addition tank, an activated carbon adsorption device, and an ultrafiltration membrane (U).
F membrane) are arranged one after another, a disinfection tank facility with a heat exchanger is provided at the last stage, and the water supply pipe from the disinfection tank facility is structured as a circulation path with a water supply pump that returns through the water supply faucet. be.
（作 用〉
受水タンクに留めた水は飲料に使用する分だけが先ず最
初に前段フィルターで濾過され、水道管や受水槽での混
入物を除去し、更にミネラル添加を経て活性炭吸着装置
に送水され、活性炭吸着装置で水中の残留塩素及び有機
物が吸着された後、この活性炭吸着装置を経た水はＵＦ
膜で更に濾過され、難曲や病原菌が除去され、次いで清
心設備で適正な残留塩素等の保持が行なわれる。これを
給水ポンプで蛇口側給水管を通して消毒槽設備に戻して
いるので、給水経路中での微生物や雑ｌ真の光生を抑え
ている。消毒槽設備の熱交換器は給水水温を低く保ち、
微上物の売上を抑制するととちに水の味覚を保持してい
る。(Function) The water stored in the water tank that is used for drinking is first filtered through the pre-filter, removing contaminants from the water pipes and water tank, and then adding minerals to the activated carbon adsorption device. After water is conveyed and residual chlorine and organic matter in the water are adsorbed by an activated carbon adsorption device, the water that has passed through this activated carbon adsorption device is treated with UF.
It is further filtered through a membrane to remove harmful bacteria and pathogens, and then the Seishin equipment is used to properly retain residual chlorine and other substances. Since this water is returned to the disinfection tank equipment through the faucet-side water supply pipe using a water supply pump, the generation of microorganisms and miscellaneous substances in the water supply route is suppressed. The heat exchanger in the disinfection tank equipment keeps the water supply temperature low.
By suppressing the sales of fine products, we are preserving the taste of water.
（実 施 例〉
以下、本発明の好適な実施例について図面を参照にして
詳細に説明する。(Embodiments) Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
第１図に構成を示す。建物１内の給水配管２に各専用飲
料水用蛇口３を接続している。Figure 1 shows the configuration. Each dedicated drinking water faucet 3 is connected to a water supply pipe 2 in a building 1.
そして、水道事業者から供給される上水を受ける受水槽
４と給水配管２との間に浄水装置５を設けている。A water purification device 5 is provided between the water supply pipe 2 and the water tank 4 that receives clean water supplied from a water company.
浄水装置５を小型化するために、その処理水量をなるべ
く少なくする。したがって、受水槽４から浄水装置５へ
送る給水路は飲料用水と他の目的に使用する用水とに分
岐し、飲料用水のみに限定している。In order to downsize the water purifier 5, the amount of water it processes is reduced as much as possible. Therefore, the water supply channel sent from the water tank 4 to the water purification device 5 is divided into drinking water and water used for other purposes, and is limited to drinking water only.
浄水装置５は交換容易にカートリッジ化したプレフィル
タ−６、ミネラル添加槽７、活性炭吸着装置８を順次に
具えるＵＦ膜９と消毒処理槽を設けた塩素添加装置１０
とから成り、この記載順に従って受水槽４からの水を飲
料水用蛇口３に受は渡し、処理する。即ち、受水槽４か
らの水はプレフィルタ−６に入る。受水槽４内にいった
ん溜めおかれた上水は、中の微生物のｊ曽殖作用によっ
て有機物やアンモニアが増えている場合もあり、これら
と併せて送水経路中のゴミや鮎がフィルター６で濾過さ
れる。The water purification device 5 includes a UF membrane 9 that sequentially includes a pre-filter 6 that is easily replaced as a cartridge, a mineral addition tank 7, and an activated carbon adsorption device 8, and a chlorine addition device 10 that includes a disinfection treatment tank.
The water from the water tank 4 is delivered to the drinking water faucet 3 and treated in accordance with this order of description. That is, water from the water tank 4 enters the prefilter 6. The tap water once stored in the water receiving tank 4 may have increased organic matter and ammonia due to the breeding action of microorganisms inside, and in addition to this, dirt and sweetfish in the water supply route are filtered out by the filter 6. be done.
プレフィルタ−６で処理した水にはミネラル添加槽７で
人体に適したミネラル類を人工的に添加し、これを火に
活性炭吸着装置８にて残留塩素の吸着および有機物の吸
着を行い、火にＵＦ膜９（限外濾過膜）へ通し、このＵ
Ｆ膜９で雑菌や病原菌を除き、次いで央に給水配管２に
は塩素添加装置１０を通してから送水している。Minerals suitable for the human body are artificially added to the water treated with the pre-filter 6 in a mineral addition tank 7, and the minerals that are suitable for the human body are added to the water using an activated carbon adsorption device 8 to adsorb residual chlorine and organic matter. is passed through the UF membrane 9 (ultrafiltration membrane), and this U
Bacteria and pathogenic bacteria are removed by an F membrane 9, and then the water is passed through a chlorination device 10 to a central water supply pipe 2 before being fed.
塩素添加装置１０は、塩素に限らず消毒薬として上水に
通常使用するさらし粉１次亜塩素酸ソーダでもよい。The chlorine addition device 10 is not limited to chlorine, and may be a bleaching powder, primary sodium hypochlorite, which is commonly used for tap water as a disinfectant.
塩素添加装置１０にて最終処理した飲料水は、この塩素
添加装置１０に一定量を溜め置き、ここから直接に給水
ポンプ１１にて給水配管２に送水し、給水配管２は蛇口
３を経て元に戻る循環路に構成し、高架水槽は使用して
いない。給水配管２は塩素添加装置１０、給水ポンプ１
１、蛇口３を通り、塩素添加装置１０の処理冶に戻る。A certain amount of drinking water that has been finally treated in the chlorination device 10 is stored in the chlorination device 10, and is directly sent from there to the water supply pipe 2 by the water supply pump 11. The system is configured as a circulation path that returns to the water tank, and an elevated water tank is not used. Water supply pipe 2 includes chlorine addition device 10 and water supply pump 1
1. Pass through the faucet 3 and return to the treatment area of the chlorine addition device 10.
即ち、塩素添加装置１０での処理水は給水配管２を通っ
て循環しており、高架水槽等に留め置くことなく直接に
給水している。他方で、塩素添加装置１０内の処理水は
熱交換器１２を通るように常ｎ、１ｊ循環させて低温に
保ち、殺菌等の増殖発生を抑えるとともに夏等の味覚に
適した飲料水温としている。That is, the treated water in the chlorination device 10 is circulated through the water supply pipe 2, and is directly supplied without being stored in an elevated water tank or the like. On the other hand, the treated water in the chlorination device 10 is constantly circulated through a heat exchanger 12 to keep it at a low temperature, thereby suppressing the occurrence of proliferation such as sterilization, and keeping the drinking water temperature suitable for summer tastes. .
（効 果）
以上詳細に説明したように、本発明の給水装置は成心用
水や洗面用水と飲料用水とを分け、飲料用水だけｆｆ＝
水装置に通すので、浄水装置自体を比較的に小さく構成
できる。また、活性炭吸着装置を配しているので、カビ
臭やカルキ臭を除去し、県外濾過膜により、上水に残存
していたものや受水槽内で増殖した有機物および微生物
、雑菌のほか給水配管中の錆が原因で混ざる鉄等も物理
的に除去できるのである。(Effects) As explained in detail above, the water supply device of the present invention separates drinking water from drinking water and washing water, and only drinks water with ff=
Since the water is passed through the water purification device, the water purification device itself can be configured to be relatively small. In addition, an activated carbon adsorption device is installed to remove mold and chlorine odors, and a non-prefectural filtration membrane removes residual water, organic matter, microorganisms, and bacteria that have grown in the water tank, as well as water supply pipes. It is also possible to physically remove iron and other substances that are mixed in due to rust inside.
飲料水用蛇口も専用なので、飲ｔ４用水と他の用水との
管路の干渉もなく飲料用水独自の状態を維持し易くなる
。Since the faucet for drinking water is also dedicated, there is no interference between the pipes between the drinking water and other water, making it easier to maintain the unique state of the drinking water.
そのほか、ミネラル添加槽および熱交換器による「おい
しい水」化、プレフィルタ−によるＵＦ喚の保護と長寿
命化、消毒槽設備中の水を熱交換２ｘに通して直接的に
循環させることによる消毒設備内での殺菌ニダの発生防
止、また消毒槽設備から飲料水用専用蛇口を通って戻る
給水ポンプによる直接給水で、処理清みの飲料水が常に
循環し、高架水冷での滞留による水質悪化の防止等が行
なわれる。In addition, we use a mineral addition tank and heat exchanger to make water delicious, a pre-filter to protect UF and extend its life, and disinfection by directly circulating the water in the disinfection tank equipment through a heat exchanger 2x. Preventing the generation of sterilization particles within the facility, and directly supplying water from the sterilization tank facility through a dedicated drinking water faucet using a water pump, which constantly circulates purified drinking water and prevents water quality from deteriorating due to stagnation in elevated water cooling systems. prevention etc. will be carried out.
また、活性炭吸着装置、ミネラル添加装置、ＵＦ膜は交
換容易に小体化したしのを使用するので、適正な管理が
容易であり、管理人による日常管理かＩＩＪ能なので、
給水装置の機能保全を図りながら共同住宅や高層ビルの
飲料水を一箇所でまとめて処刑できる効果がある。In addition, the activated carbon adsorption device, mineral addition device, and UF membrane use small particles that can be easily replaced, so proper management is easy, and daily management by the administrator is easy.
This has the effect of consolidating drinking water in apartment buildings and high-rise buildings in one place while preserving the functionality of water supply equipment.
第１図は本発明に係る飲料水用給水装置の構成を示すブ
ロック図である。FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a drinking water supply device according to the present invention.
Claims (1)
の他に分け、飲料用に使用する給水経路中に設置する浄
水装置は、夫々交換容易に単体化した前段フィルター、
ミネラル添加槽、活性炭吸着装置、限外濾過膜（ＵＦ膜
）を順次に配し、最後段に熱交換器を有する消毒槽設備
を設け、該消毒槽設備からの給水管は給水蛇口を通って
戻る給水ポンプ付きの循環路に構成して成ることを特徴
とする飲料水用給水装置。The water supply channel after the water receiving tank, which uses tap water as a water source, is divided into drinking and other water supply channels, and the water purification equipment installed in the water supply route used for drinking is a pre-stage filter that is easily replaced,
A mineral addition tank, an activated carbon adsorption device, and an ultrafiltration membrane (UF membrane) are arranged in sequence, and a disinfection tank equipment with a heat exchanger is installed at the last stage, and the water supply pipe from the disinfection tank equipment is routed through the water supply faucet. A water supply device for drinking water characterized by comprising a circulation path with a return water supply pump.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1279983A JPH0813360B2 (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Water supply system for drinking water |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1279983A JPH0813360B2 (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Water supply system for drinking water |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH03143592A true JPH03143592A (en) | 1991-06-19 |
| JPH0813360B2 JPH0813360B2 (en) | 1996-02-14 |
Family
ID=17618674
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1279983A Expired - Fee Related JPH0813360B2 (en) | 1989-10-30 | 1989-10-30 | Water supply system for drinking water |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0813360B2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0652993U (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1994-07-19 | 三浦工業株式会社 | Drinking water production equipment |
| JPH09313895A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1997-12-09 | Daisen Menburen Syst Kk | Regenerating device for waste water |
| JP2013063379A (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-04-11 | Takagi Co Ltd | Central water purification apparatus and water purification system |
| CN104098197A (en) * | 2014-06-25 | 2014-10-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Assembled device for removing activated carbon and ultrafiltration membrane in micro medical drugs in tap water and method for removing micro medical drugs in tap water |
-
1989
- 1989-10-30 JP JP1279983A patent/JPH0813360B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0652993U (en) * | 1992-12-28 | 1994-07-19 | 三浦工業株式会社 | Drinking water production equipment |
| JPH09313895A (en) * | 1996-05-30 | 1997-12-09 | Daisen Menburen Syst Kk | Regenerating device for waste water |
| JP2013063379A (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-04-11 | Takagi Co Ltd | Central water purification apparatus and water purification system |
| CN104098197A (en) * | 2014-06-25 | 2014-10-15 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Assembled device for removing activated carbon and ultrafiltration membrane in micro medical drugs in tap water and method for removing micro medical drugs in tap water |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH0813360B2 (en) | 1996-02-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |