JPH0272314A - Focus lock controller for camera - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain a photograph wherein an object is put in focus by maintaining a focus lock state even when a shutter release button is released from being half-depressed or is half-depressed again and resetting the focus lock state when a photograph is taken. CONSTITUTION:Even when a shutter release operation member 102 is released from preliminary operation (half-depressing operation) or put in the operation again, a focus lock holding means 104 maintains the focus lock state and a focus locking frame quantity setting means 105 sets the number of exposed frames at the time of focus lock holding. Then a focus lock holding mode is commanded and the focus lock holding means 104 is operated and then when photography is carried out by the set number of exposed frames, the operation of the focus lock holding means 104 is stopped. Consequently, when a third person is requested to take picture, the camera is handed over after a focus lock is made beforehand so that a subject is put in focus, and then even a 3rd person who does not know the focus lock, only presses the release button to obtain an in-focus photograph.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A. Field of Industrial Application The present invention relates to a focus lock control device for a camera capable of focus lock photography.

B. Conventional technology For example, distance measurement information is stored when the release button is pressed halfway, and then when the framing is changed while the release button is pressed halfway and the release button is subsequently pressed fully, the distance measurement information is stored based on the stored distance information. 2. Description of the Related Art Cameras that are capable of so-called focus-lock photography, in which a photographic lens is driven to a focusing position and a shirt release is performed, are conventionally known.

In addition, in response to a half-press operation of the release button, the photographing lens is driven to the focusing position based on the distance measurement information at that time, and if the half-press operation continues, the photographing lens is fixed at that position. There are also known cameras that perform a shirt release in response to a subsequent full-press operation of the release button.

Note that distance measurement information is information that indicates the distance to the subject, but this distance measurement information is not calculated, and focus adjustment information that indicates the amount and direction of deviation between the image formation plane of the subject image and the planned image formation plane is used. There are also known cameras that perform such focus locking by calculating the focus adjustment information and driving the photographing lens to the focusing position based on this focus adjustment information.

C1 Problem to be solved by the invention However, in such conventional cameras, the focus lock is released by releasing the half-press, so when asking a third party to take a picture, it is difficult to check the focus lock state. You cannot hand over the camera while holding it. Therefore, if the third party requested to take the picture does not know about focus lock photography, and the main subject is not within the autofocus frame in the viewfinder, the main subject will not be in focus, resulting in an undesirable photo. is photographed.

An object of the present invention is to provide a camera operation control device that maintains the focus lock even when the half-press operation is released, and that ensures that the desired subject is in focus even when a third party is asked to take the photograph. Our goal is to provide the following.

Means for Solving Problem D1 To explain with reference to FIG. 1, which is a diagram corresponding to the claims, the focus lock control device for a camera according to the present invention has a focus lock control device that detects focus adjustment information for focusing a photographing lens on a subject. Accompanying the preliminary operation of the adjustment information detection means 101 and the release operation member 102 prior to the release operation, the focus lock means 103 performs focus locking based on the detected focus adjustment information, and the preliminary operation of the release operation member 102 is released. focus lock holding means 104 that continues the focus lock even if the preparatory operation is performed again after that; and focus lock frame number setting means 105 that sets the number of frames to be photographed when the focus lock is held;
A control means 1 that operates the focus lock holding means 104 when a focus lock holding mode is commanded, and then stops the operation of the focus lock holding means 104 when the set number of frames has been photographed.
06, thereby solving the above problems.

In addition, when using the focus lock control device with the above configuration in a camera equipped with a self-timer means for performing so-called self-timer photography, when both the focus lock hold mode and self-timer mode are set, the focus lock hold mode The self-timer means is configured to operate as many times as the set number of frames.

The E0 action control means 106 operates the focus lock holding means 104 when the focus lock holding mode is instructed. As a result, even if the preliminary operation of the release operation member 102 is released, or even if the preliminary operation is performed again thereafter, the focus locking by the focus locking means 103 continues. Further, the control means 106 controls the focus lock holding means 104 when the number of photographic frames set by the focus lock frame number setting means 105 is taken.
stop the operation.

Therefore, when requesting a third party to take a photograph, by holding the focus lock state and handing over the camera, a photograph with the desired subject in focus can be obtained. Additionally, when requesting a third party to shoot multiple frames, if you set the desired number of frames in advance, the focus lock will automatically be released after the set number of frames have been captured. Therefore, there is no need to perform a focus lock holding operation every time a photograph is taken, and there is no need to perform a focus lock holding operation after photographing a set number of frames.

Further, when the self-timer mode and the focus lock holding mode are set, the focus lock holding mode is canceled when the number of frames set in the focus lock holding mode is photographed.

F. Embodiment 1 First Embodiment A first embodiment of the present invention will be described based on FIGS. 2 to 4.

In FIG. 2 showing the overall configuration, a photometry circuit 2 and a distance measurement circuit 3 are connected to the CPUI.

A light receiving element 4 that receives light from the subject 20 is connected to the photometry circuit 2, and based on the detection signal of the light receiving element 4, brightness information regarding the brightness of the subject 20 is calculated and sent to the CPU.
Enter. The distance measuring circuit 3 is connected to a light projector 6 that emits light toward the subject 20 via a light projecting lens 5, and a light receiving element 8 that receives reflected light from the subject 20 via a light receiving lens 7. Subject 2 is detected by the detection signal of light receiving element 8.
Distance information (focus adjustment information) corresponding to the distance to 0 is calculated and input to the CPUI.

The CPU also includes a motor drive circuit 11. Exposure control circuit 129 display circuit 13 and switches SWI to SW3.
SW7 is connected, and the motor drive circuit 11 includes a focusing motor 9, a film winding motor 2, and a film rewinding motor 1.
0 is connected. The motor drive circuit 11 is a CPU
In response to a lens drive signal from the CPU, the motor 9 is driven to drive the photographing lens (not shown) to a predetermined focusing position to perform focusing, and the motor 10 is driven in response to a winding signal from the CPU to roll the film 1. Wind up the pieces. Further, the film is rewound by a rewind signal from the CPUI. The exposure control circuit 12 performs photography by driving an exposure control device (not shown) such as an aperture and a shutter based on a command from the CPUI.

The switches SWI and SW2 are switches that are turned on in conjunction with the suppressing operation of a release button (release operation member) not shown, and when the release button is pressed halfway (preliminary operation), the switch SWI is turned on, and when the release button is pressed fully (preliminary operation), the switch SWI is turned on. (release operation) turns on switch SW2. When the switch SWI is turned on by this half-press operation, the CPU 1 activates the above-mentioned distance measuring circuit 3, reads the distance measuring information, and stores it in the storage area. In other words, focus lock is performed.

Incidentally, in response to the half-press operation, the photometry circuit 2 also operates to perform a well-known photometry operation.

The display circuit 13 is connected to an LED 15 in the viewfinder and a liquid crystal display device 25, and in response to a display signal from the CPUI, the LED 15 lights up or blinks, and the liquid crystal display device 25 displays various types of information. , this LED 15 is normally turned on upon completion of distance measurement, and blinks when focus lock is maintained, which will be described later.

The switch SW3 is a switch that is turned on in conjunction with the operation of a focus lock holding button (not shown), and the CPU
When this switch SW3 is turned on, the focus lock holding mode is set. If the half-press switch SW1 is turned on while the focus lock holding mode is set, the focus lock state will be maintained even after the switch sw1 is released, and even if the switch SWI is turned on again, the distance measuring circuit 3 will not be activated. It does not work and new ranging information is not loaded.

The switch SW7 is a switch that is turned on in conjunction with the operation of a frame number designation button (not shown) that designates the number of frames to be photographed when the focus lock is maintained. If the focus lock holding mode is set by pressing the focus lock holding button described above, and then pressing the number of frames designation button while pressing the focus lock holding button without releasing it, the number of operations will be changed.
That is, the number of frames to be photographed when focus lock is maintained is set depending on the number of times the switch SW7 is turned on.

Furthermore, a switch SW6 is connected to the CPUI. This switch SW6 is a power switch that is linked to the photographic lens barrier that opens and closes on the front of the photographic lens.
Turns on when the shooting lens barrier opens.

In the configuration of the above embodiment, the distance measuring circuit 3 functions as the focus adjustment information detection means 101, and the CPU 1 functions as the focus locking means 103. The focus lock holding means 104 and the control means 106 constitute the focus lock frame number setting means 105, and the switch SW7 and the CPUI constitute the focus lock frame number setting means 105, respectively.

Next, the CP is
The control procedure performed within the UI will be explained.

This program is started when the power switch SW6 linked to the photographing lens barrier is turned on, and first, in step S51 of FIG. 3, a normal timer is started. Next, in step S52, it is determined whether the power switch SW6 is on. If a negative determination is made, the process is terminated, and if an affirmative determination is made, the process proceeds to step S53. In step S53, it is determined whether the half-press switch SWI is on, and if a negative determination is made, in step S54, it is determined whether the switch SW3 is on or not. Determine whether or not. If step S54 is denied, step S55
The process proceeds to step S51, and it is determined whether a predetermined time has elapsed after the normal timer is started in step S51. If a negative determination is made, the process returns to step S52, and if a negative determination is made, the process is terminated.

In step S54, the focus lock holding switch SW3 is
If it is determined that is on, the process proceeds to step 356, where it is determined whether the focus lock holding mode is set. If a negative determination is made, the focus lock holding mode is set in step S57, and the process proceeds to step 5201.

In step 5201, the count value N of the number of photographed frames is set to zero, and then in step 5202 of FIG.
Determine whether W7 is on. If step 5202 is affirmed, the process proceeds to step 5203, where the count value N of the number of photographed frames is incremented by "+1", and the process proceeds to step 5204.

Further, if step 5202 is negative, step 520
In step 5, it is determined whether or not N=O.
= 1 and then proceeds to step 5204.

In step 5204, a message indicating that the focus lock holding mode has been set is displayed on the liquid crystal display device 25 via the display circuit 13, and a count value N of the number of photographed frames is displayed.Next, the process proceeds to step 5207, where switch SW7 Determine if is still on. Step 5207
If it is affirmed, it waits until it is denied, and if it is denied, it is determined in step 8208 whether the switch SVT'3 is on. If step 5208 is affirmed, step 520
If the answer is negative, the process returns to step S51 in FIG.

If step S56 is affirmatively determined, a normal mode in which focus lock is not maintained is set in step 858, and the normal mode is displayed on the liquid crystal display device 25 in step 5102, and the process proceeds to step 5221. In step 5221, N=1 is set. 1st step 5222
It is determined whether the focus lock holding switch SW3 is on. If step 5222 is determined to be affirmative, wait until the determination is negative, and if determined to be negative, step S51
Return to

Here, in step S53, the half-press switch SWI
If it is determined that is on, the process proceeds to step S61, where distance measurement information from the distance measurement circuit 3 is read and stored in the storage area.

That is, the focus lock is performed. Next, in step 5103, it is determined whether or not the focus lock holding mode is set. If affirmative, the LED 15 in the viewfinder is blinked in step 5104, and the process proceeds to step S62. If step 5103 is negative, the LED 15 in the viewfinder is turned on in step 5105, and the process proceeds to step S62. In step S62, it is determined whether or not the electronic flash device needs to emit light, and then the process proceeds to step S63.

In step S63, it is determined whether the full press switch SW2 is on, and if the answer is negative, the process proceeds to step S64.In step S64, it is determined whether the half press switch SW1 is on, and if the answer is affirmative, step S63 Returning to step S65, if a negative determination is made, the process advances to step S65. Step S
At 65, it is determined whether the power switch SW6 is on.

If the determination is negative, the process is terminated, and if the determination is affirmative, it is determined in step 366 whether the switch SW3 is on. If step 866 is affirmative, the process proceeds to step 856, and if negative, it is determined in step S67 whether or not the focus lock holding mode is set. If step S67 is affirmed, the process returns to step S63, and if negative, the process returns to step 551.

When it is determined in step S63 that the fully pressed switch SW2 is on, photographing is performed in step 5209.

That is, first, after reading the brightness information from the photometry circuit 2, the amount of lens movement is calculated based on the distance measurement information stored in step S61, and the amount of lens movement is calculated by the motor 9 via the motor drive circuit 11 based on the calculation result. Drive the photographic lens to the focusing position. Next, an exposure value is calculated based on the read luminance information, and based on the calculation result, an exposure control device such as an aperture or a shutter is driven via the exposure control circuit 12 to perform exposure. Thereafter, the film is wound one frame by the motor 10 via the motor drive circuit 11.

When this series of photographic processing is completed, the process proceeds to step 5210, and the count value N of the number of photographed frames is incremented by "-1".

Next, in step 5211, it is determined whether N≦0. If negative, the process returns to step S63; if affirmative, the process proceeds to step S63. In step 8106, the LED
15 is turned off, and then, in step S72, the normal mode is set, and in step 5107, the normal mode is displayed on the liquid crystal display device 25, and the process returns to step S51.

According to the above procedure, 1. When the normal mode is already set, switch S by operating the focus lock hold button
If it is determined in step S54 that W3 is on, the answer to step 856 is negative, and the focus lock holding mode is set in step S57. After that, if you operate the number of frames setting button without releasing the focus lock holding button, rl will be
The count value N of the number of photographed frames increases by J (step 8
201-3208). Thereafter, when the focus lock holding button is released, step 5208 is denied and the process returns to step S51.

Note that even if the number of frames setting button is not operated even once and the switch SW7 is not turned on after the switch SW3 is turned on in step S54, N=1 is set (steps 5202 and 52).
05,5206).

After that, press the release button halfway to release the switch SW.
When I is turned on, step S53 is affirmed and step S53 is affirmed.
The distance measurement information is read and stored in step 61, and step 5104
The LED 15 will blink.

Thereafter, the switch SWI is turned off by releasing the half-press operation, and the switch SW2. SW3 is not turned on and switch SW
6 is not turned off, the process proceeds to steps S63 to S67.
, S63 loop is executed. Further, if the switch SWI is turned on again by a half-press operation at this time, step S64 is affirmed and the process returns to step S63.

Therefore, even if you release the halfway press of the release button and turn off the switch SWI when setting the focus lock hold mode, the focus lock state will be maintained, and even if you press the release button halfway again, the distance measurement information will not be read or stored. In other words, the focus lock state is maintained.

Also, when the above-mentioned loop is going around, switch SW
2 is turned on, the process skips the above loop and returns to step S.
The process advances from step 63 to step 5209 to perform photographing processing, and then, in step 5210, the number of photographed frames of the count value N is incremented by "-1". Then, in step 5211, N
Steps S63 and 52 until ≦0, that is, until the number of frames designated by the operation of the number of frames designation button is completed.
Repeat steps 09 to 5211, then step 5
At step 106, the LED 15 is turned off and at step 510
7 to set the normal mode. In other words, the focus lock holding mode is canceled.

According to the above embodiment, when the focus lock holding mode is set, the distance measurement information stored by pressing the release button halfway is retained even after the release button is released and even if the button is pressed halfway again. When requesting a third party to take a picture, you can specify the focus lock hold mode in advance, press the camera lens halfway toward the desired subject, and then hand over the camera, and the desired subject will be in focus. You can get a photo.

In addition, the number of frames to be shot when the focus lock is held can be set by operating the number of frames designation button, and the focus lock holding mode is automatically canceled when the set number of frames has been shot, so it is possible for a third party to When requesting multiple shots of the same composition, if you set the desired number of frames, you do not have to perform focus lock hold operation for each shot, and you can cancel focus lock hold mode after shooting is completed. There is no need to perform any operations.

Second Embodiment Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described based on FIGS. 2, 5, and 6.

In FIG. 2, a clock circuit 14 and a switch SW4 are further connected to the CPUI.

This switch SW4 is a switch that is turned on in conjunction with the operation of the self-timer mode setting button, and the CPU
When the switch SW4 is turned on, the self-timer mode is set. When the switch SW2 is turned on during the self-timer mode setting, the CPU 1 causes the clock circuit 14 to time a predetermined time, and then performs a photographing operation. That is, self-timer photography is performed. Further, in this embodiment, it is possible to perform this self-timer photography multiple times in succession, and the number of frames is determined by operating the above-mentioned number of frames designation button.

FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are flowcharts showing the cPUl control procedure in this embodiment, and steps similar to those in FIG. 3 are given the same reference numerals and will be explained.

In FIG. 5(a), step S51. After the process of S52, if step S53 is negative, the process advances to step 5301 in FIG. 6, and it is determined whether switch SW4 is on. If step 5301 is negative, the process proceeds to step S54, and if affirmative, it is determined in step 5302 whether or not the self-timer mode is set. Step 5
If 302 is negative, the self-timer mode is set in step 5303 and the process proceeds to step 5307.

In step 5307, it is determined whether or not the focus lock holding mode is set, and if affirmative, the process proceeds to step 5309; if negative, the count value N of the number of photographed frames is set to zero in step 5308, and the process proceeds to step 5309. In step 5309, it is determined whether the switch SW7 is on or not. If it is affirmative, in step 5310, the count value N of the number of photographed frames is incremented by "+1", and in step 5311
If step 5309 is negative, the process proceeds to step 5314, where it is determined whether the count value N of the number of photographed frames is zero. If step 5314 is negative, proceed to step 5311; if affirmed, step 531
5, the count value N is set to 1 and the process proceeds to step 5311.

In step 5311, the liquid crystal display device 25 via the display circuit 14 displays a message indicating that the self-timer mode has been set, and also displays a count value N of the number of frames to be photographed. Next, in step 5312, it is determined whether the switch SW7 is still on or not, and if it is determined, it waits until it is negative;
If negative, the process advances to step 5313. Step 531
In step 3, it is determined whether the switch SW4 is on or not, and if the answer is yes, the process returns to step 5309, and if the answer is no, the process returns to step 5309 (see FIG.
Proceed to step S54 of a).

On the other hand, if step 5302 is affirmed, step 53
At step 05, the self-timer mode is canceled, and at step 8306, a message to that effect is displayed, and at step 831
Proceed to step 6. In step 8316, it is determined whether or not the focus lock holding mode is set. If affirmative, the process advances to step 8318; if negative, step 53
At step 17, the count value N is set to "1" and the process proceeds to step 5318. That is, when neither the self-timer mode nor the focus lock holding mode is set, normal one-frame shooting is performed. In step 8318, it is determined whether switch SW4 is still on. If it is confirmed, wait until it is denied, and if it is denied, step 554 (fifth
Proceed to figure (a)).

Further, step S54 is determined, and then step S5
If 6 is negative, the focus lock holding mode is set in step S57, and then it is determined in step 5501 whether the self-timer mode is set. If step 5501 is affirmed, step 5202 in FIG.
The process proceeds to steps 3202 to 5208 described above.

Further, if step 5501 is denied, step 550
After setting N=O in step 4, the process proceeds to step 5202. Furthermore, if step S56 is affirmed, the process advances to step 5502, where the focus lock holding mode is canceled, and
In step 5503, a message to that effect is displayed and in step 521
Go to 0.

Furthermore, when it is determined in step S63 that the switch SW2 is on, the process proceeds to step 5604 in FIG. 5(b), and it is determined whether the focus lock holding mode is set. If step 5604 is affirmed, the process advances to step S601, and if it is negative, step 5605 advances to LE.
Turn off D15 and proceed to step 5601, step 5
In 601, it is determined whether the self-timer mode is set. If step 5601 is negative, the process proceeds to step 5603; if affirmative, the timing circuit 14 measures the time for a predetermined sunny period in step 5602.
Proceed to 603. In step 5603, the power switch SW
6 is on or not. If affirmative, the process proceeds to step 5209 in FIG. 5(a), and if negative, the process is terminated.

Further, if step 5211 is negative, step 56
04, it is determined whether the self-timer mode is set. If step 5604 is affirmed, the fifth
The process returns to step 5602 in FIG. 5(b), and if the answer is negative, the process returns to step S63.

According to the above procedure, when it is determined in step 5301 (FIG. 6) that switch SW4 is on when the self-timer mode is not set, the self-timer mode is set in step 5303, and then switch SW4 is turned on. In other words, while the self-timer mode setting button is pressed, the number of frames for self-timer shooting can be set using switch SW7 as described above (steps 8309 to S
313). Then, when switch SW2 is turned on,
In step 5602, a predetermined period of time is counted, and after the time has been counted, photography is performed, and this operation is repeated the number of times of the set number of frames to be photographed.

Further, if the self-timer mode is set when the focus lock holding mode is set, the above-described self-timer shooting is repeated as many times as the number of shooting frames set when the focus lock holding mode was set. All photography at this time is performed at the lens position based on the ranging information stored in step S61. Therefore, there is no need to perform a distance measurement operation for photographing, and the photographing interval can be shortened. Further, when self-timer photography is performed for the set number of frames, both focus lock holding mode and self-timer mode are released. Therefore, in this case as well, the focus lock release operation can be omitted.

Although the focus lock holding button is provided separately in the above description, any method may be used to command the focus lock holding mode, such as commanding the focus lock holding mode by half-pressing the release button twice in succession. Further, the input method for the number of photographic frames is not limited to the above embodiment, and various methods can be used, such as an input method that counts up or down as long as the switch is turned on, or a dial method.

Further, by pressing the release button halfway, the distance measurement information from the distance measurement circuit 3 is stored, and then by pressing the release button fully, the photographing lens is driven to the focusing position based on the stored distance measurement information, and then The type of camera that performs a shirt release is shown, but when the release button is pressed halfway, the photographic lens is driven to the focusing position based on the distance measurement information from the distance measurement circuit 2 and fixed at that position, and then released. The present invention can also be applied to a type of camera that performs a shirt release in response to a full button press operation.

Furthermore, like the TTL automatic focus adjustment device of an eye reflex camera, instead of distance measurement information, the camera detects focus adjustment information that indicates the amount and direction of deviation between the image formation plane of the subject and the expected image formation plane. The present invention can also be applied in the same way. In this case, the photographing lens is driven to the focusing position based on the focus adjustment information and fixed at that position to perform focus lock.

G0 Effects of the Invention According to the present invention, even if a preliminary operation (for example, a half-press operation) of the release operating member is canceled by a focus lock holding mode command, and even if the preliminary operation is performed again after that, the focus lock is maintained. Now, when you ask a third party to take a picture, you can lock the focus in advance so that it focuses on the desired subject, hold that state, and then hand over the camera to notify them of the focus lock. Even a third party who is not present can obtain a photograph with the desired subject in focus by simply pressing the release button. In addition, it is now possible to set the number of frames to be taken when the focus lock is held, and the focus lock is automatically released after the set number of frames have been taken, making it possible to request a third party to take multiple frames. edge,
There is no need to perform a focus lock holding operation for each frame or to release a focus lock holding operation after photographing is completed, which improves operability.

In addition, by holding the focus lock during self-timer shooting, you can obtain a photo with the specified subject in focus, and in the focus lock hold mode, the specified number of frames are taken, and then the focus lock is held. Since the mode can be canceled, it is possible to provide a camera that is more user-friendly.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is a complaint correspondence diagram. 2 to 4 show a first embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the overall configuration of a focus lock control device according to the present invention, and FIGS. 3 and 4 show a control procedure. FIG. 5(a), (b) and FIG. 6 are flowcharts of a control procedure showing a second embodiment of the present invention. 1: CPU 3: Distance measurement circuit 14: Time measurement circuit 101: Focus adjustment information detection means 102 Ni-release operation member 103: Focus lock means 104: Focus lock holding means 105: Focus lock number setting means 106: Control means SWI to SW7 :Switch patent applicant Fuyu Nagai, Patent attorney representing Nikon Co., Ltd. Figure 2 Figure 4

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1) Focus adjustment information detection means for detecting focus adjustment information for focusing a photographic lens on a subject; and a focus adjustment information detecting means for detecting focus adjustment information for focusing a photographic lens on a subject; Focus lock means for locking the focus based on information; Focus lock holding means for continuing the focus lock even if the preliminary operation of the release operation member is canceled or even if the preliminary operation is performed again afterwards; A focus lock frame number setting means for setting the number of frames to be photographed when the lock is held; and a focus lock holding means is activated when a focus lock holding mode is commanded, and then the set number of frames is photographed. A focus lock control device for a camera, comprising: control means for stopping the operation of the focus lock holding means when the focus lock holding means is activated. 2) A self-timer means having a timer means for measuring a predetermined time when the self-timer mode is set and outputting a timer completion signal after the timer is completed, and a photographing means for releasing a shutter in response to the output of the timer completion signal. Further, when the focus lock holding mode and the self-timer mode are set, the control means operates the self-timer means as many times as the set number of frames while maintaining the focus lock holding mode. The focus lock control device for a camera according to claim 1.