JPH0241780Y2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH0241780Y2
JPH0241780Y2 JP1986169900U JP16990086U JPH0241780Y2 JP H0241780 Y2 JPH0241780 Y2 JP H0241780Y2 JP 1986169900 U JP1986169900 U JP 1986169900U JP 16990086 U JP16990086 U JP 16990086U JP H0241780 Y2 JPH0241780 Y2 JP H0241780Y2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
arc horn
arc
horn
tip
insulator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
JP1986169900U
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPS6375911U (en
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed filed Critical
Priority to JP1986169900U priority Critical patent/JPH0241780Y2/ja
Publication of JPS6375911U publication Critical patent/JPS6375911U/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JPH0241780Y2 publication Critical patent/JPH0241780Y2/ja
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Description

【考案の詳細な説明】 (産業上の利用分野) 本考案は鳥、鳶、鵜などの鳥類が送電線鉄塔の
碍子付近に接近することによつて生ずる閃絡事故
を防止するための鳥害防止装置に関するものであ
る。
[Detailed description of the invention] (Field of industrial application) This invention is a bird damage prevention method to prevent flashover accidents caused by birds, kites, cormorants, and other birds approaching the insulators of power transmission towers. This invention relates to a prevention device.

(従来の技術) 上記のような鳥類を媒体とする閃絡事故は原因
不明の停電事故のうちのかなりの部分をしめるも
のと考えられており、特に大型の鳥類が碍子連の
アークホーンに止まつて翼を広げた場合に翼の先
端が反対側のアークホーンに接触することによる
事故が大部分を占めることが判明している。
(Prior art) It is believed that the above-mentioned flash-flash accidents caused by birds as a medium account for a considerable portion of power outage accidents of unknown cause, especially when large birds perch on the arc horns of insulators. It has been found that the majority of accidents occur when the tips of the wings come into contact with the arcing horn on the opposite side when the wings are extended.

このような事故は鳥害とよばれており、その防
止のために従来から各種の鳥害防止装置が考案さ
れているが、その代表的なものは実開昭58−
147113号公報に示されているようにアークホーン
全体を絶縁性のカバーにより覆い、鳥類が直接ア
ークホーンに接触することを防止する形式のもの
であつた。
Such accidents are called bird damage, and various bird damage prevention devices have been devised in the past to prevent them, but the most representative one is the
As shown in Japanese Patent No. 147113, the entire arcing horn was covered with an insulating cover to prevent birds from coming into direct contact with the arcing horn.

ところがこのような絶縁性カバーはアークホー
ンの形状に合わせた複雑な形状に成形する必要が
あるため、成形が容易な塩化ビニール等の合成樹
脂が用いられることが多く、耐侯性が悪く使用中
に劣化したり絶縁性が低下するためその寿命は3
〜5年と言われていた。また雷撃や碍子汚損によ
る閃絡時にアークが発生すると、2000℃以上とい
う高熱によつて煤を生じ碍子連を汚損してその電
気特性を低下させたり、高熱による変形によりア
ーク形成を阻害し碍子破損の原因となる等の多く
の問題があつた。更にまた、従来の鳥害防止装置
は絶縁カバーを断面U字状にしておき、これをア
ークホーンに直接固定する方式のものであつたの
で、素材の劣化や風圧、振動等により把持力が低
下し、回転したり脱落する危険性も残されてい
た。
However, such insulating covers need to be molded into a complex shape that matches the shape of the arcing horn, so synthetic resins such as vinyl chloride are often used, which are easy to mold, and have poor weather resistance and can easily break during use. Its lifespan is 3 because it deteriorates and its insulation properties decrease.
It was said to be ~5 years. In addition, if an arc occurs during a flash due to a lightning strike or insulator fouling, the high heat of over 2000°C will produce soot, staining the insulator chain and reducing its electrical properties, or deforming the insulator due to the high heat, inhibiting arc formation and damaging the insulator. There were many problems such as causing Furthermore, in conventional bird damage prevention devices, the insulating cover had a U-shaped cross section and was fixed directly to the arc horn, so the gripping force decreased due to deterioration of the material, wind pressure, vibration, etc. However, there was still a risk of it rotating or falling off.

(考案が解決しようとする問題点) 本考案は上記のような従来の問題点を解決し
て、鳥害をほぼ完全に防止することができ、しか
もアークホーンの閃絡特性や耐アーク性等を損な
うことがないばかりか、既設送電線のアークホー
ンへの取り付けも極めて容易で、且つ、脱落のお
それもない鳥害防止装置を目的として完成された
ものである。
(Problems to be solved by the invention) The present invention solves the above-mentioned conventional problems, can almost completely prevent bird damage, and also improves the arc horn's flash characteristics and arc resistance. It was completed with the aim of creating a bird damage prevention device that not only does not damage the existing power transmission line, but also is extremely easy to attach to the arc horn of an existing power transmission line, and there is no risk of it falling off.

(問題点を解決するための手段) 本考案はアークホーンの外周に嵌着される金属
製の取付部と該取付部の先端に支持されてアーク
ホーンの先端部分を覆う耐熱性の絶縁カバー部と
からなり、該取付部はその碍子に面する側をアー
クホーンの形状に対応するなめらかな形状とする
とともに、アークホーンの先端の直線部分に嵌合
される部分の少なくとも一部に円形断面部を形成
し、またアークホーンのわん曲部分に対応する部
分を碍子に面しない外周面を切欠いた半割部とし
たことを特徴とするものである。
(Means for Solving the Problems) The present invention consists of a metal mounting part that is fitted around the outer circumference of the arcing horn, and a heat-resistant insulating cover part that is supported by the tip of the mounting part and covers the tip of the arcing horn. The mounting part has a smooth shape corresponding to the shape of the arc horn on the side facing the insulator, and a circular cross-sectional part in at least a part of the part that fits into the straight part of the tip of the arc horn. The arc horn is characterized in that the portion corresponding to the curved portion of the arc horn is a half portion with the outer circumferential surface not facing the insulator cut out.

(実施例) 次に本考案を図示の実施例について詳細に説明
すると、第1図において、1は碍子連、2はこの
碍子連を鉄塔アームに取り付ける取付金具、3は
送電線保持用のクランプである。また、4,5は
アークホーンであるが、その一方(鉄塔側)のア
ークホーン4の先端に本考案の鳥害防止装置が取
付けられている。
(Embodiment) Next, the present invention will be explained in detail with reference to the illustrated embodiment. In Fig. 1, 1 is an insulator chain, 2 is a mounting bracket for attaching this insulator chain to a steel tower arm, and 3 is a clamp for holding a power transmission line. It is. Further, 4 and 5 are arc horns, and the bird damage prevention device of the present invention is attached to the tip of one of the arc horns 4 (on the steel tower side).

この鳥害防止装置はアークホーン4の外周に嵌
着される鋼管等の金属材料からなる取付部6と該
取付部6の先端に支持されてアークホーン4の先
端部分を覆う耐熱性の絶縁カバー部7とから構成
されるものである。絶縁カバー部7はアーク発生
時の高熱に耐えしかも煤を発生しないジルコニア
系セラミツクス、窒化硅素、ふつ素系樹脂のよう
な耐熱性の材料により構成するものとするが、本
実施例ではジルコニア系セラミツクスからなるハ
ニカム構造体が用いられている。ハニカム構造体
はその細孔の向きをアークホーン4の長手方向に
一致させて取付部6の先端の固定金具8にセメン
トあるいは接着剤によつて固定され、またその上
面には鳥類がとまることを防止するための針山9
を備えている。なおハニカム構造体からなる絶縁
カバー7の断面はアークホーン4の先端部外周を
囲む逆U字状に形成されており、その端面10か
らアークホーン4の先端までの距離Lは絶縁カバ
ー7の端面10に鳥が接触した場合にもなお送電
線の対地電圧に耐える絶縁間隔が確保される大き
さとしておく。この絶縁間隔は具体的には送電電
圧が33KVの送電線に使用する場合には30mm、
66KVの送電線には70mm程度であるが、若干の余
裕を持たせることが好ましい。
This bird damage prevention device includes a mounting part 6 made of a metal material such as a steel pipe that is fitted onto the outer periphery of the arc horn 4, and a heat-resistant insulating cover that is supported by the tip of the mounting part 6 and covers the tip of the arc horn 4. It consists of a section 7. The insulating cover portion 7 is made of a heat-resistant material such as zirconia ceramics, silicon nitride, or fluorine resin, which can withstand high heat when an arc occurs and does not generate soot. In this embodiment, zirconia ceramics are used. A honeycomb structure consisting of The honeycomb structure is fixed to the fixing fitting 8 at the tip of the mounting part 6 with cement or adhesive, with the pores aligned in the longitudinal direction of the arc horn 4, and birds can perch on the top surface of the honeycomb structure. Pincus 9 to prevent
It is equipped with The cross section of the insulating cover 7 made of a honeycomb structure is formed in an inverted U shape surrounding the outer periphery of the tip of the arc horn 4, and the distance L from the end surface 10 to the tip of the arc horn 4 is equal to the end surface of the insulating cover 7. The insulation gap is made large enough to withstand the ground voltage of the power transmission line even if a bird comes into contact with 10. Specifically, this insulation interval is 30mm when used for a transmission line with a transmission voltage of 33KV.
For 66KV power transmission lines, it is approximately 70mm, but it is preferable to allow some margin.

一方、取付部6は前述のように金属製であり、
少なくとも碍子に面する内側部分をアークホーン
4の形状に対応するなめらかな形状としてある。
第1図に示す実施例では取付部6はアークホーン
4の外径と略等しい内径を持つ鋼管をアークホー
ン4の直線部分4aからわん曲部分4bにかけて
の形状に対応させてわん曲させたものであり、ア
ークホーン4の直線部分4aに嵌合される部分全
体が円形断面部11とされ、またアークホーン4
のわん曲部分4bに対応する部分を碍子に面しな
い外周面を半分切欠いた半割部12とし、更に該
半割部12の下端にそれ自体の弾性によつてアー
クホーン4に嵌着される弾性取付部13を備えて
いる。このように取付部6の碍子に面する側をア
ークホーン4に対応するなめらかな形状としてお
くことは汚損時に碍子沿面に発生するアークを円
滑にアークホーン4の先端へ移行させるために必
要であり、この部分に切欠きや突起があるとアー
クが止まり碍子が破損されるおそれがある。
On the other hand, the mounting part 6 is made of metal as described above,
At least the inner portion facing the insulator has a smooth shape corresponding to the shape of the arc horn 4.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the mounting portion 6 is made by bending a steel pipe having an inner diameter approximately equal to the outer diameter of the arc horn 4 to correspond to the shape of the arc horn 4 from the straight portion 4a to the curved portion 4b. The entire portion of the arc horn 4 that is fitted into the straight portion 4a has a circular cross section 11, and the arc horn 4 has a circular cross section 11.
The part corresponding to the curved part 4b is a half part 12 in which the outer peripheral surface not facing the insulator is cut in half, and the half part 12 is fitted into the arc horn 4 by its own elasticity at the lower end of the half part 12. An elastic attachment part 13 is provided. Having the side of the mounting portion 6 facing the insulator have a smooth shape that corresponds to the arc horn 4 in this way is necessary in order to smoothly transfer the arc that occurs along the insulator surface when it becomes dirty to the tip of the arc horn 4. If there is a notch or protrusion in this part, the arc may stop and the insulator may be damaged.

また取付部6の円形断面部12はアークホーン
4の外径と略等しい内径を持たせてガタを生じな
いようにしておくことが好ましい。この部分にガ
タがあると振動によつて共振し易く、また音を発
生するおそれがある。更にまた、この円形断面部
12とアークホーン4との間にガタがあるとアー
クホーン4との間に必要な電気的所要接触面積が
確保できなくなり、アーク発生時に取付部6が溶
着して鳥害防止装置をアークホーン4から外せな
くなる。この電気的所要接触面積は次式によつて
求めることができる。
Further, it is preferable that the circular cross-sectional portion 12 of the mounting portion 6 has an inner diameter approximately equal to the outer diameter of the arc horn 4 to prevent rattling. If there is play in this part, it is likely to resonate due to vibration, and there is a risk of generating sound. Furthermore, if there is play between the circular cross section 12 and the arc horn 4, the required electrical contact area with the arc horn 4 cannot be secured, and the mounting portion 6 may be welded when an arc occurs, causing a bird's eye injury. The harm prevention device cannot be removed from the arc horn 4. This required electrical contact area can be determined by the following equation.

A=1.12×10-3×I×t1/2 A:電気的所要接触面積(mm2) I:通電電流(A) t:通電時間(秒) 第2図に示す第2の実施例では、取付部6が平
板をプレス加工によりわん曲させる方法により成
形されたものであり、円形断面部11はその上端
面が互いに入り組んだ状態でジグザグ状に接して
いるが、完全な円筒状には成形されていない。円
形断面部11はアークホーン4の直線部分4aを
抱持する機能を持てば十分であり、必ずしも完全
なパイプ状である必要はない。
A=1.12×10 -3 ×I×t 1/2 A: Required electrical contact area (mm 2 ) I: Current flowing (A) t: Current flowing time (seconds) In the second embodiment shown in FIG. , the mounting part 6 is formed by bending a flat plate by press working, and the circular cross-sectional part 11 has its upper end surfaces touching each other in a zigzag shape, but does not have a perfect cylindrical shape. Not molded. It is sufficient that the circular cross-section portion 11 has the function of holding the straight portion 4a of the arc horn 4, and does not necessarily have to be completely pipe-shaped.

第3図に示す第3の実施例では、半割部12の
下端にボルト付き取付部14が設けられている。
取付部6のうちこのようなアークホーン4のわん
曲部分4bに対応する半割部12は取付部6が風
や振動によつて回転してしまうことを防止すると
ともに水抜き効果を持たせた部分であり、その下
端をボルトによりアークホーン4に固着すれば極
めて安全性に優れた構造となる。
In the third embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a bolted attachment part 14 is provided at the lower end of the half part 12.
The half part 12 of the mounting part 6 corresponding to the curved part 4b of the arc horn 4 prevents the mounting part 6 from rotating due to wind or vibration and has a water draining effect. If the lower end of the arc horn 4 is fixed to the arc horn 4 with a bolt, an extremely safe structure can be obtained.

更に第4図に示す第4の実施例は、取付部6の
円形断面部11に固定ねじ15を設けたものであ
る。このように、本考案の鳥害防止装置の取付部
6の形態及び取付方法については種々の変形が可
態である。
Further, in a fourth embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a fixing screw 15 is provided in the circular cross-section portion 11 of the mounting portion 6. As described above, various modifications can be made to the form and mounting method of the mounting portion 6 of the bird damage prevention device of the present invention.

なおいずれの実施例においても、取付部6の先
端はアークホーン4の先端よりも所定の引込み距
離だけ引込ませるものとする。もし取付部6の
方がアークホーン4よりも突出すると碍子装置の
絶縁性能が低下し、絶縁協調が保てなくなる。ま
た引込み距離が小さすぎると、アーク発生時に
アークホーン先端の溶損によつて取付部6がアー
クホーン4と溶着して外せなくなるおそれがあ
る。なおアークホーン4の先端からの引込み距離
はアークホーン4の材質が鉄である場合、下記
の実験式により求めることができる。
In both embodiments, the tip of the mounting portion 6 is retracted by a predetermined retraction distance from the tip of the arc horn 4. If the mounting portion 6 protrudes more than the arc horn 4, the insulation performance of the insulator device will deteriorate and insulation coordination will not be maintained. Furthermore, if the retracting distance is too small, there is a risk that the mounting portion 6 will be welded to the arc horn 4 due to melting damage at the tip of the arc horn when an arc occurs, making it impossible to remove it. Note that the retraction distance from the tip of the arc horn 4 can be determined by the following empirical formula when the material of the arc horn 4 is iron.

ホーンの溶損量(g)=0.0059×電流(A)×通
電時間(秒)−2.6 ホーンの溶損距離(mm)=溶損量(g)/(ホ
ーン断面積(cm2)×ホーン比重) 例えば、短絡条件が電流6500A、通電時間0.5秒
でホーン外径が16mmの場合、上式からホーンの溶
損距離は約1cmとなり、従つて引込み距離はこ
のようにして求めた溶損距離にアーク耐用回数お
よび裕度を見込んで定めればよいこととなる。
Horn erosion amount (g) = 0.0059 x current (A) x energization time (seconds) - 2.6 Horn erosion distance (mm) = erosion loss amount (g) / (horn cross-sectional area (cm 2 ) x horn specific gravity ) For example, if the short circuit conditions are 6500A current, 0.5 seconds of current, and the horn outer diameter is 16mm, the horn erosion distance will be approximately 1cm from the above formula, and therefore the retraction distance will be the erosion distance calculated in this way. It is sufficient to determine this by taking into consideration the arc service life and margin.

(作用) このように構成されたものは、金属製の取付部
6の円形断面部11をアークホーン4の先端の直
線部分4aに嵌合したうえ、これに続く外周面を
切欠いた半割部12をアークホーン4のわん曲部
分4bの碍子に面する側に密着させることにより
全体をアークホーン4に取付け、該取付部6の先
端の耐熱性の絶縁カバー部7によつてアークホー
ン4の先端部分を覆わせるものである。このよう
にしてアークホーン4に本考案の鳥害防止装置を
取付ければ、仮に大型の鳥類が反対側のアークホ
ーン5に止まつて翼を広げ翼の先端が鳥害防止具
に接触した場合にも、アークホーン4の先端と翼
先端との間に対地電圧に耐える絶縁間隔が保たれ
るので鳥類を媒体とする閃絡事故を防止すること
ができる。また本考案においては耐熱性の絶縁カ
バー部7によりアークホーン4の先端部分を覆わ
せているので、雷撃や碍子汚損等によりアークが
発生しても煤を生じたり変形することがなく、ア
ークホーン4の閃絡特性や碍子の電気的特性を劣
化させることがない。
(Function) In this structure, the circular section 11 of the metal attachment section 6 is fitted into the straight section 4a at the tip of the arc horn 4, and the subsequent half section is formed by cutting out the outer peripheral surface. 12 is tightly attached to the side facing the insulator of the curved portion 4b of the arc horn 4, and the entire body is attached to the arc horn 4. It covers the tip. If the bird damage prevention device of the present invention is attached to the arc horn 4 in this way, if a large bird lands on the opposite arc horn 5 and spreads its wings, the tip of the wing comes into contact with the bird damage prevention device. Also, since an insulating interval that can withstand ground voltage is maintained between the tip of the arc horn 4 and the tip of the blade, it is possible to prevent flashover accidents caused by birds as a medium. In addition, in the present invention, since the tip of the arc horn 4 is covered with a heat-resistant insulating cover part 7, even if an arc occurs due to a lightning strike or staining of the insulator, the arc horn does not generate soot or deform. There is no deterioration of the flash characteristics of No. 4 or the electrical characteristics of the insulator.

更に本考案においては取付部6をアークホーン
4の直線部分4aに嵌合される円形断面部11と
わん曲部分4bに対応する半割部12とから構成
したので、アークホーン4の先端側から挿込むだ
けで極めて容易にアークホーン4への取付けがで
きるうえ、半割部12が全体の回転を防止するの
で風圧や振動を受けても回転することがない。し
かも本考案においては取付部6を金属製としたう
え、碍子に面する側をなめらかな形状としたの
で、仮に汚損により碍子沿面でアークが発生して
もアークホーン4への移行が取付部6によつて妨
げられることがなく、アークホーン4の閃絡特性
を悪化させることがない。
Furthermore, in the present invention, since the mounting part 6 is composed of a circular cross-section part 11 that fits into the straight part 4a of the arc horn 4 and a half part 12 that corresponds to the curved part 4b, it is possible to It can be attached to the arc horn 4 very easily just by inserting it, and since the half part 12 prevents the entire rotation, it will not rotate even when subjected to wind pressure or vibration. Furthermore, in the present invention, the mounting part 6 is made of metal, and the side facing the insulator has a smooth shape, so that even if an arc occurs along the insulator due to contamination, it will not move to the arc horn 4. Therefore, the flash characteristics of the arc horn 4 will not be deteriorated.

(考案の効果) 本考案は以上の説明からも明らかなように、鳥
害をほぼ完全に防止できることは勿論、アークホ
ーンの閃絡特性や耐アーク性等を損なうことがな
く、また既設送電線への取付けも極めて容易であ
るにもかかわらず風圧や振動によつても回転した
り脱落するおそれのないものである。従つて本考
案の鳥害防止装置によれば長期間にわたり安定し
た鳥害防止効果を得ることができることとなるか
ら、その実用的価値は極めて大きいものである。
(Effects of the invention) As is clear from the above explanation, the present invention not only can almost completely prevent bird damage, but also does not impair the flash fault characteristics or arc resistance of the arc horn, and Although it is extremely easy to install, there is no risk of it rotating or falling off due to wind pressure or vibration. Therefore, the bird damage prevention device of the present invention can provide a stable bird damage prevention effect over a long period of time, and therefore has extremely great practical value.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は本考案の第1の実施例を示す一部切欠
正面図、第2図は第2の実施例を示す正面図、第
3図は第3の実施例を示す正面図、第4図は第4
の実施例を示す一部切欠正面図である。 4:アークホーン、4a:その直線部分、4
b:そのわん曲部分、6:取付部、7:絶縁カバ
ー部、11:円形断面部、12:半割部。
Fig. 1 is a partially cutaway front view showing the first embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a front view showing the second embodiment, Fig. 3 is a front view showing the third embodiment, and Fig. 4 is a front view showing the third embodiment. The figure is number 4
FIG. 2 is a partially cutaway front view showing an embodiment of the invention. 4: Arc horn, 4a: Its straight part, 4
b: Curved portion, 6: Mounting portion, 7: Insulating cover portion, 11: Circular cross-section portion, 12: Half portion.

Claims (1)

【実用新案登録請求の範囲】[Scope of utility model registration request] アークホーン4の外周に嵌着される金属製の取
付部6と該取付部6の先端に支持されてアークホ
ーン4の先端部分を覆う耐熱性の絶縁カバー部7
とからなり、該取付部6はその碍子に面する側を
アークホーン4の形状に対応するなめらかな形状
とするとともに、アークホーン4の先端の直線部
分4aに嵌合される部分の少なくとも一部に円形
断面部11を形成し、またアークホーン4のわん
曲部分4bに対応する部分を碍子に面しない外周
面を切欠いた半割部12としたことを特徴とする
鳥害防止装置。
A metal attachment part 6 fitted to the outer periphery of the arc horn 4 and a heat-resistant insulating cover part 7 supported by the tip of the attachment part 6 and covering the tip part of the arc horn 4.
The mounting part 6 has a side facing the insulator with a smooth shape corresponding to the shape of the arc horn 4, and at least a part of the part that fits into the straight part 4a at the tip of the arc horn 4. A bird damage prevention device characterized in that a circular cross section 11 is formed in the arc horn 4, and a half portion 12 is formed by cutting out the outer peripheral surface not facing the insulator at a portion corresponding to the curved portion 4b of the arc horn 4.
JP1986169900U 1986-11-05 1986-11-05 Expired JPH0241780Y2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1986169900U JPH0241780Y2 (en) 1986-11-05 1986-11-05

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP1986169900U JPH0241780Y2 (en) 1986-11-05 1986-11-05

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS6375911U JPS6375911U (en) 1988-05-20
JPH0241780Y2 true JPH0241780Y2 (en) 1990-11-07

Family

ID=31104129

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP1986169900U Expired JPH0241780Y2 (en) 1986-11-05 1986-11-05

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPH0241780Y2 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP5946891B2 (en) * 2014-11-26 2016-07-06 中国電力株式会社 Bird and beast damage prevention equipment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS6375911U (en) 1988-05-20

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