JPH02161369A - Measuring method for partial electric discharge - Google Patents

Measuring method for partial electric discharge

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Publication number
JPH02161369A
JPH02161369A JP31576688A JP31576688A JPH02161369A JP H02161369 A JPH02161369 A JP H02161369A JP 31576688 A JP31576688 A JP 31576688A JP 31576688 A JP31576688 A JP 31576688A JP H02161369 A JPH02161369 A JP H02161369A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
partial discharge
frequency
electric discharge
measuring
partial electric
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP31576688A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JPH0619413B2 (en
Inventor
Takeshi Endo
遠藤 桓
Mikio Hagitani
萩谷 幹夫
Tadayoshi Ikeda
池田 忠禧
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Cable Ltd
Original Assignee
Hitachi Cable Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Cable Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Cable Ltd
Priority to JP31576688A priority Critical patent/JPH0619413B2/en
Publication of JPH02161369A publication Critical patent/JPH02161369A/en
Publication of JPH0619413B2 publication Critical patent/JPH0619413B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Abstract

PURPOSE:To measure the partial electric discharge with high accuracy by prescribed S/N by selecting a measuring frequency from in a specific frequency band and measuring the partial electric discharge of a long-sized power cable having a terminal connecting part and an intermediate connecting part. CONSTITUTION:A conductor 1 is connected through a connecting sleeve 2, and the conductor 1 is covered with cross-link polyethylene 3. On the outside periphery of the polyethylene 3, an external semiconductor layer 4 is provided, and on its outside periphery, a metallic sheath 4 is provided. A sheath 5 is eliminated by prescribed length in the middle part of a metallic drum pipe 7, and a detection impedance 8 is connected to the sheath 5 therein, and also, provided so as to come into contact with the layer 4. One end of the impedance 8 is connected to an internal conductor of a coaxial cable 9. This cable 9 is connected to a measuring instrument 10 having a frequency band of 20 - 1,000MHz. In such a way, by selecting the measuring instrument 10 of a resistance value corresponding to the determined detection impedance, a high frequency pulse based on the partial electric discharge is detected by prescribed S/N.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 〔産業上の利用分野〕 本発明は電カケープルの絶縁劣化を診断するための部分
放電測定方法に関する。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a partial discharge measuring method for diagnosing insulation deterioration of a power cable.

〔従来の技術〕[Conventional technology]

従来の部分放電測定方法として、例えば、「電気学会技
術報告(■部)第222号」に示されるものがある。そ
の部分放電測定方法は送電線に接続されたガス開閉器の
接地線にセンサを配置し、そのセンサによってガス開閉
器の内部の部分放電を検出する。この検出において使用
されるセンサの感度は、1.5〜3.5MH2の周波数
帯域において最も鋭敏になっている。ガス開閉器には送
電線から外部ノイズや気中コロナ雑音が伝搬してきて接
地線を通して大地に流れる。この場合、外部ノイズは1
.5〜3.5MH2の周波数帯域を除くと部分放電信号
よりもノイズ強度が大きい。従って、前述したように、
1.5〜3.5MH2において鋭敏にされたセンサ感度
に基づいて部分放電を検出するようにしている。
As a conventional partial discharge measuring method, for example, there is a method shown in "IEEJ Technical Report (Part ■) No. 222". In this partial discharge measuring method, a sensor is placed on the ground wire of a gas switch connected to a power transmission line, and the sensor detects partial discharge inside the gas switch. The sensitivity of the sensor used in this detection is most acute in the 1.5-3.5 MH2 frequency band. External noise and airborne corona noise propagate to the gas switch from the power transmission line and flow to the ground through the grounding wire. In this case, the external noise is 1
.. Except for the frequency band of 5 to 3.5 MH2, the noise intensity is greater than that of the partial discharge signal. Therefore, as mentioned above,
Partial discharge is detected based on the sensor sensitivity, which is made more sensitive at 1.5 to 3.5 MH2.

また、従来の他の部分放電測定方法として、例えば、「
試験電圧標準特別委員会二部分放電(コロナ)試験法J
に示されるものがある。その部分放電測定方法は、検出
インピーダンス増幅回路、指示回路等により構成される
測定システムによって部分放電を測定するものであり、
増幅回路として数に82〜数M Hz 、IOK Hz
〜100KH2,150KH2〜2000 K HZ等
の帯域幅のものを使用している。
In addition, as other conventional partial discharge measurement methods, for example,
Test Voltage Standards Special Committee Two Partial Discharge (Corona) Test Method J
There is something shown in The partial discharge measurement method measures partial discharge using a measurement system consisting of a detection impedance amplification circuit, an indicator circuit, etc.
As an amplifier circuit, 82 to several MHz, IOK Hz
Bandwidths such as ~100KH2, 150KH2~2000KHZ are used.

〔発明が解決しようとする課題〕[Problem to be solved by the invention]

しかし、従来の部分放電測定方法によると、終端接続部
、中間接続部等を有する高電圧電力ケーブル線路の部分
放電の測定が非常に困難である。 apち、周波数帯域
は前述したように、高々数MH2(具体的には、東ドイ
ツTUR社製の測定器が8MHz)であり、この周波数
帯域ではノイズ強度が非常に大きく、所定のS/N比を
得ることができない。
However, according to conventional partial discharge measuring methods, it is very difficult to measure partial discharges in high voltage power cable lines having terminal connections, intermediate connections, etc. As mentioned above, the frequency band is several MH2 at most (specifically, the measuring instrument made by East Germany's TUR is 8MHz), and the noise intensity is very large in this frequency band, and the predetermined S/N ratio is can't get it.

従って、本発明の目的は所定のS/N比を得ることがで
きる部分放電測定方法を提供することである。
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a partial discharge measuring method that can obtain a predetermined S/N ratio.

〔課題を解決するための手段〕[Means to solve the problem]

本発明は上記の目的を実現するため、終端接続部、中間
接続部等を有する高電圧長尺ケーブル線路において、2
0〜1000MHzを測定周波数帯域として部分放電を
測定する測定方法を提供する。
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides two high-voltage long cable lines having terminal connections, intermediate connections, etc.
A measurement method is provided for measuring partial discharge using a measurement frequency band of 0 to 1000 MHz.

即ち、本発明の部分放電測定方法によると、測定個所の
金属シースに検出インピーダンスを挿入し、検出インピ
ーダンスの両端の電位差を測定器によって検出すること
により部分放電を測定する。
That is, according to the partial discharge measuring method of the present invention, partial discharge is measured by inserting a detection impedance into a metal sheath at a measurement location and detecting the potential difference between both ends of the detection impedance with a measuring device.

このとき、測定周波数は20〜1000MHzの帯域に
おいて所定の周波数が決定される。測定周波数の選択は
以下の理由に基づく。
At this time, a predetermined measurement frequency is determined in a band of 20 to 1000 MHz. The selection of measurement frequency is based on the following reasons.

例えば、架橋ポリエチレンのブロックにニードル電極を
穿刺し、これと対向電極間に所定の試験電圧を課電して
トリーイング試験を行うと、トリーの発生に基づいて部
分放電が発生する。この部分放電は所定の周波数成分を
有するが、スペクトルアナライザを挿入して部分放電を
測定するとそれに基づく高周波パルス強度の周波数スペ
クトラムを得ることができる。これと、ノイズ強度の周
波数スペクトラムを比較すると、所定の周波数帯域にお
いて各周波数毎の高周波パルス対ノイズの強度比を得る
ことができる。架橋ポリエチレンの場合、高周波パルス
強度は、局部的な変化を無視すると、周波数の増加とと
もに減少する。前述の強度比は1000MHz程度まで
は高周波パルスの方がノイズの方よりかなり大きいが、
1000M Hzを越えると、その差が小さくなる。高
周波パルスは減衰を伴わずに測定個所に設けられた検出
インピーダンスによって検出されるが、外部ノイズは長
距離にわたって伝搬した後検出インピーダンスの両端に
表れる。前述したS/N比を改善するためには、ノイズ
を長距離伝搬によって大きく減衰させれば良い。本発明
ではノイズの減衰を大きくするために、測定周波数を2
0MH2以上とし、その上限を高周波パルスの強度がノ
イズのそれより可成り大きい1000MHzとすること
により所定のS/N比で部分放電を測定する。換言すれ
ば、測定周波数が20MH,以下になると、ノイズの伝
搬による減衰が十分でないため、所定のS/N比で部分
放電を測定することができない。
For example, when a treeing test is performed by puncturing a block of crosslinked polyethylene with a needle electrode and applying a predetermined test voltage between the needle electrode and a counter electrode, partial discharge occurs based on the generation of trees. This partial discharge has a predetermined frequency component, and by inserting a spectrum analyzer and measuring the partial discharge, it is possible to obtain a frequency spectrum of high-frequency pulse intensity based on the partial discharge. By comparing this with the frequency spectrum of the noise intensity, it is possible to obtain the intensity ratio of high frequency pulses to noise for each frequency in a predetermined frequency band. For cross-linked polyethylene, the radiofrequency pulse intensity decreases with increasing frequency, ignoring local variations. The above-mentioned intensity ratio is that the high frequency pulse is considerably larger than the noise up to about 1000MHz,
Above 1000 MHz, the difference becomes smaller. The high-frequency pulses are detected without attenuation by a detection impedance provided at the measurement location, while external noise appears across the detection impedance after propagating over a long distance. In order to improve the above-mentioned S/N ratio, it is sufficient to greatly attenuate the noise through long-distance propagation. In the present invention, in order to increase noise attenuation, the measurement frequency is
Partial discharge is measured at a predetermined S/N ratio by setting the upper limit to 1000 MHz, where the intensity of the high-frequency pulse is considerably larger than that of noise. In other words, when the measurement frequency is 20 MH or less, partial discharge cannot be measured with a predetermined S/N ratio because the attenuation due to noise propagation is insufficient.

〔実施例〕〔Example〕

以下、本発明の部分放電測定方法を詳細に説明する。 Hereinafter, the partial discharge measuring method of the present invention will be explained in detail.

第1図は本発明の一実施例を示し、導体1が接続スリー
ブ2を介して接続されており、導体1上には内部半導電
1!j(図示せず)を介して架橋ポリエチレン3が被覆
されている。架橋ポリエチレン3の外周には外部半導電
層4が設けられており、その外周に金属シース5が設け
られている。導体接続部の外周には絶縁補強部6(適当
に内外の半導電層が処理されている)が設けられ、その
外周には金属シース5に接続された金属胴管7が設けら
れている。金属シース5、金属胴管7の外周には、ビニ
ルシースが設けられているが、図示は省略されている。
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the invention, in which a conductor 1 is connected via a connecting sleeve 2, on which an internal semiconductor 1! A cross-linked polyethylene 3 is coated through the cross-linked polyethylene 3 (not shown). An outer semiconductive layer 4 is provided on the outer periphery of the crosslinked polyethylene 3, and a metal sheath 5 is provided on the outer periphery. An insulation reinforcing section 6 (inner and outer semiconductive layers are suitably treated) is provided on the outer periphery of the conductor connection section, and a metal trunk tube 7 connected to the metal sheath 5 is provided on the outer periphery. A vinyl sheath is provided around the outer periphery of the metal sheath 5 and the metal trunk tube 7, but is not shown.

金属シース5は金属胴管7の内部において所定の長さだ
け削除されており、そこに1ターン(巻)の検出インピ
ーダンス8が金属シース5に接続され、かつ、外部半導
電層4に接触して設けられている。検出インピーダンス
8の一端は同軸ケーブル9の内部導体に接続され、その
他端はその外部導体に接続されている。この同軸ケーブ
ル9は20MH2〜1000fイ2の周波数帯域、例え
ば、30MH,の測定周波数を有する測定器1゜に接続
されている。測定対象の電カケープル線路を275KV
のC■ケーブルとした場合、外部半導電層4の外径は約
105 mであり、金属シース5の削除部の長さを約2
0mmにすると、検出インピーダンス8のインダクタン
スは約0.5 μHとなる。これから、検出インピーダ
ンスZは、Z=2πf×0.5 Xl0−h(Ω)とな
り、測定周波数fに応じた値が得られる。このようにし
て決められた検出インピーダンスに応じた抵抗値の測定
器10を選択することにより所定のS/N比で部分放電
に基づく高周波パルスを検出することができる。
The metal sheath 5 is removed by a predetermined length inside the metal body tube 7, and a one-turn (winding) detection impedance 8 is connected to the metal sheath 5 and in contact with the outer semiconducting layer 4. It is provided. One end of the detection impedance 8 is connected to the inner conductor of the coaxial cable 9, and the other end is connected to its outer conductor. This coaxial cable 9 is connected to a measuring device 1° having a measurement frequency in a frequency band of 20 MH2 to 1000 MHz, for example, 30 MH2. Electric cable line to be measured at 275KV
In the case of a C■ cable, the outer diameter of the outer semiconducting layer 4 is approximately 105 m, and the length of the removed portion of the metal sheath 5 is approximately 2 m.
When set to 0 mm, the inductance of the detection impedance 8 is approximately 0.5 μH. From this, the detection impedance Z becomes Z=2πf×0.5 Xl0−h (Ω), and a value corresponding to the measurement frequency f is obtained. By selecting the measuring device 10 having a resistance value corresponding to the detection impedance determined in this manner, it is possible to detect a high frequency pulse based on partial discharge at a predetermined S/N ratio.

本発明では、測定周波数が20〜1000MHzと高い
ため、金属シース5の削除の部分を非常に短くすること
ができる。しかも、実施例のように、金属胴管7の内部
に設けると、遮蔽効果の低減、開閉サージの侵入等に対
してもシステムとしての特性の劣化は生じない。
In the present invention, since the measurement frequency is as high as 20 to 1000 MHz, the portion of the metal sheath 5 to be removed can be made very short. Moreover, if it is provided inside the metal trunk tube 7 as in the embodiment, the shielding effect will be reduced and the characteristics of the system will not deteriorate even against the intrusion of opening/closing surges.

第2図は架橋ポリエレンブロック20の中にニードル電
極21を穿刺し、トリー発生に基づく部分放電を検出す
る例である。架橋ポリエチレンブロック20の底面には
検出電極22が設けられており、それにスペクトルアナ
ライザ23が接続されている。
FIG. 2 shows an example in which a needle electrode 21 is inserted into a crosslinked polyethylene block 20 to detect partial discharge based on tree generation. A detection electrode 22 is provided on the bottom surface of the crosslinked polyethylene block 20, and a spectrum analyzer 23 is connected to it.

架橋ポリエチレンブロック20の部分放電を検出するた
めに結合コンデンサ24が設けられており、また、架橋
ポリエチレンブロック20のニードル電極2工と検出電
極22の間に高圧課電トランス25から高電圧が課電さ
れる。高圧課電トランス25の一次側には交番電源26
が接続されている。
A coupling capacitor 24 is provided to detect partial discharge of the cross-linked polyethylene block 20, and a high voltage is applied from a high-voltage charging transformer 25 between the needle electrode 2 of the cross-linked polyethylene block 20 and the detection electrode 22. be done. An alternating power supply 26 is provided on the primary side of the high voltage charging transformer 25.
is connected.

以上の構成において、ニードル電極21と検出電極22
の間に所定の電圧を加えて架橋ポリエチレンブロック2
0に課電すると、架橋ポリエチレンブロック20に部分
放電が生じる。この部分放電を結合コンデンサ24を介
して測定器(図示せず)に結合し、部分放電を測定する
。測定周波数はスペクトルアナライザ23によって分析
され、第3図に示す部分放電の周波数スペクトラムが得
られる。第3図は部分放電に基づく高周波パルスの周波
数スペクトラムにノイズの周波数スペクトラを対比させ
ることにより得られた両者の相対的強度比を示している
。第3図より明らかなように、1000MHz程度まで
は両者の強度比は大きい。しかし、本発明では、所定の
S/N比を得るために測定周波数の下限を20MH2と
し、ノイズを伝搬によって減衰させるよ、うにしている
。第3図は架橋ポリエチレンについて得たものであるが
、OFケーブル等についても同じような結果を得ている
In the above configuration, the needle electrode 21 and the detection electrode 22
Crosslinked polyethylene block 2 by applying a predetermined voltage between
When a voltage of 0 is applied, partial discharge occurs in the crosslinked polyethylene block 20. This partial discharge is coupled to a measuring device (not shown) via a coupling capacitor 24 to measure the partial discharge. The measured frequency is analyzed by the spectrum analyzer 23, and the frequency spectrum of the partial discharge shown in FIG. 3 is obtained. FIG. 3 shows the relative intensity ratio of the high-frequency pulse based on partial discharge and the frequency spectrum of noise obtained by comparing the frequency spectrum of the two. As is clear from FIG. 3, the intensity ratio between the two is large up to about 1000 MHz. However, in the present invention, in order to obtain a predetermined S/N ratio, the lower limit of the measurement frequency is set to 20 MH2, and the noise is attenuated by propagation. Figure 3 shows the results obtained for cross-linked polyethylene, but similar results were obtained for OF cables and the like.

以上の実施例では、金属シースを削除し、外部半導電層
の外周に導電体をコイル巻きして検出インピーダンスを
設けたが、検出インピーダンスの挿入方法はそれに限定
するものではない。
In the above embodiments, the metal sheath was omitted and a conductor was coiled around the outer periphery of the outer semiconducting layer to provide a detection impedance, but the method of inserting the detection impedance is not limited thereto.

本発明の部分放電測定方法は以下の実施態様において効
果を奏することができる。
The partial discharge measuring method of the present invention can be effective in the following embodiments.

(1)外部ノイズが少ない胴道内布設長尺ケーブルの部
分放電測定。洞道両端の気中布設部から胴道内布設部へ
外部ノイズが伝搬してきても高周波外部ノイズの減衰量
が大きいために所定のS/N比が得られる。
(1) Partial discharge measurement of long cables installed in the trunk tunnel with little external noise. Even if external noise propagates from the aerial installation parts at both ends of the tunnel to the trunk installation part, a predetermined S/N ratio can be obtained because the amount of attenuation of high-frequency external noise is large.

(2)長尺電力ケーブル線路の特定の部分、例えば、中
間接続部、終端接続部の部分放電測定。
(2) Partial discharge measurement of specific parts of long power cable lines, such as intermediate connections and terminal connections.

(3)検出インピーダンスの取り付けによって生じる電
カケープル系統の信幀性の低下を防止したい場合の部分
放電測定。高周波検出インピーダンスの小型化によって
前述の偉績性低下の防止を実現する。
(3) Partial discharge measurement when it is desired to prevent the reliability of the power cable system from decreasing due to the installation of a detection impedance. By reducing the size of the high-frequency detection impedance, the above-mentioned degradation in performance can be prevented.

(4)活線状態を含めて常時実施しなければならない電
カケープル線路の部分放電測定。
(4) Partial discharge measurement of power cable lines must be carried out at all times, including when the line is live.

〔発明の効果〕〔Effect of the invention〕

以上説明した通り、本発明の部分放電測定方法によると
、20〜1000M H,の周波数帯域の中から測定周
波数を選択して終端接続部、中間接続部を有する長尺電
力ケーブルの部分放電を測定するため、所定のS/N比
で精度の高い部分放電の測定を行うことができる。
As explained above, according to the partial discharge measurement method of the present invention, a measurement frequency is selected from a frequency band of 20 to 1000 MH, and partial discharge of a long power cable having a terminal connection part and an intermediate connection part is measured. Therefore, partial discharge can be measured with high precision at a predetermined S/N ratio.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は本発明の一実施例を示す説明図、第2図はトリ
ーイング試験を示す説明図、第3図は部分放電信号とノ
イズの相対強度比を示す説明図。 符号の説明 1・・・−・−・導体      2−  導体接続部
3−−−−−・・−・−絶縁体     4・−・−・
−−−−−・外部半導電層5・−・・−・−・金属シー
ス   6−・−一一一−−・−・絶縁補強部7−・−
・・・−・−金属胴管 8−・−・−・−・・−検出インピーダンス9−・−・
・−・−同軸ケーブル  10・−−−−−−・・−・
測定器20−−−−・・−・・架橋ポリエチレンブロッ
ク21・・−・−・・・ニードル電極  22・−−−
−−−・・−検出電極23−・−・・−・スペクトルア
ナライザ24−・−・・・−・結合コンデンサ 25−
・−・−・・・・−高圧トランス26−・−・−・・−
・−・交流電源
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing a treeing test, and FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing the relative intensity ratio of a partial discharge signal and noise. Explanation of symbols 1...--Conductor 2-Conductor connection part 3--Insulator 4--
------・Outer semiconducting layer 5・−・・−・−・Metal sheath 6−・−111−−・−・Insulation reinforcement part 7−・−
・・・−・−Metal trunk tube 8−・−・−・−・・Detection impedance 9−・−・
・−・−Coaxial cable 10・−−−−−・・−・
Measuring device 20 --- Crosslinked polyethylene block 21 --- Needle electrode 22 ---
---...Detection electrode 23--Spectrum analyzer 24--Coupling capacitor 25-
・−・−・・−High voltage transformer 26−・−・−・・−
・−・AC power supply

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 終端接続部、中間接続部等を有する長尺高電圧電力ケー
ブルの部分放電測定方法において、測定周波数において
所定のインピーダンス値を有する検出インピーダンスに
部分放電に基づいて誘起された高周波パルスを流し、 前記検出インピーダンスの両端の電位差を20〜100
0MHzの周波数帯域の中から選択された測定周波数に
よって測定することを特徴とする部分放電測定方法。
[Claims] In a method for measuring partial discharge of a long high-voltage power cable having a terminal connection part, an intermediate connection part, etc., a high frequency wave induced based on a partial discharge in a detection impedance having a predetermined impedance value at a measurement frequency is provided. A pulse is applied to increase the potential difference between both ends of the detection impedance by 20 to 100.
A method for measuring partial discharge, characterized in that measurement is performed using a measurement frequency selected from a frequency band of 0 MHz.
JP31576688A 1988-12-14 1988-12-14 Partial discharge measurement method Expired - Lifetime JPH0619413B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP31576688A JPH0619413B2 (en) 1988-12-14 1988-12-14 Partial discharge measurement method

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP31576688A JPH0619413B2 (en) 1988-12-14 1988-12-14 Partial discharge measurement method

Publications (2)

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JPH02161369A true JPH02161369A (en) 1990-06-21
JPH0619413B2 JPH0619413B2 (en) 1994-03-16

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04256876A (en) * 1991-02-08 1992-09-11 Hitachi Cable Ltd Diagnosis of dielectric deterioration
CN106054047A (en) * 2016-08-18 2016-10-26 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Insulation breakdown development characteristic test method and fault diagnosis method of sleeve
CN107167717A (en) * 2017-07-20 2017-09-15 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 A kind of local discharge signal blocking device

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH04256876A (en) * 1991-02-08 1992-09-11 Hitachi Cable Ltd Diagnosis of dielectric deterioration
CN106054047A (en) * 2016-08-18 2016-10-26 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Insulation breakdown development characteristic test method and fault diagnosis method of sleeve
CN107167717A (en) * 2017-07-20 2017-09-15 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 A kind of local discharge signal blocking device
CN107167717B (en) * 2017-07-20 2024-02-06 云南电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 Partial discharge signal blocking device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
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