【発明の詳細な説明】[Detailed description of the invention]
本発明は、放線菌を主体とした有機廃棄物の生
物学的脱臭方法に関するものである。
有機廃棄物の悪臭の主成分は、近年研究の結果
主として、プロピオン酸、酪酸、吉草酸、カプロ
ン酸等の低級脂肪酸と、メチルメルカプタン、ジ
メチルサルフアイド、硫化水素等の硫化物である
ことが解明されている。
ところで、家庭から排出される塵芥や、有機産
業廃棄物には、当初は悪臭の主成分である低級脂
肪酸や硫化物は、ほとんど含まれていないが、そ
の後腐敗によつて低級脂肪酸、硫化物が増化し悪
臭を放つようになり悪臭公害を生じさせている。
この悪臭対策について従来採られている方法に
は、香水を散布する方法、活性炭に吸着させる方
法、焼却する方法、酸またはアルカリによつて中
和する方法等がある。しかし、香水の散布は単に
臭いのすり替えであり、活性炭に吸着させる方法
は、吸着が飽和状態になれば活性炭を交換しなけ
ればならず、また焼却方法は逆に悪臭をまき散ら
す結果となり、酸やアルカリによる中和の場合は
処理後の廃棄物の処分につき２次公害のおそれが
生じる等根本的な脱臭対策というものは存在しな
い。
本発明者は微生物を用いて悪臭を脱臭すること
ができないか永年研究を重ねた結果、放線菌が悪
臭の主成分である低級脂肪酸および硫化物を資化
することを見い出し本発明をなすに至つた。
即ち本発明は、馴養されかつ活性状態にある放
線菌類を多く含み水分含有率70％以下であつて１
ｇ中に品温50〜60℃で増殖出来る高温性放線菌が
1.3×107〜2.3×109個存在し他の細菌や真菌が少
ない固形有機物（以下「活性団粒構造体」とい
う）に、低級脂肪酸を含んだ被処理有機物を接触
させることにより放線菌に低級脂肪酸を資化させ
て短時間で悪臭を脱臭する方法である。
本発明において用いられる放線菌には、テルモ
モノスポラ・ビリデス、ストレプトミセス・フミ
ダス、サーモモノスポラ・ビリデス、アクチノビ
フイダ・クロモゲナ、サーモアクチノミセス・ブ
ルガリス等が上げられる。これら放線菌を含んだ
培養物はマイクロビツクＫ（商品名：浦上理工株
式会社）として市販されており、容易に入手でき
るものである。
また本発明では放線菌類だけでなく、アスペル
ギルス・オリゼー等のカビ類、トリコスポロン・
フアーメンタス、キヤンデイダモナサ等の酵母
類、コプリナス・マクロリザス等の担子菌類とい
つた糸状態の菌および細菌類も使用できるもので
ある。
放線菌は、活性団粒構造体中で馴養されかつ活
性状態にあることが必要で、この点は本発明の重
要な点である。すなわち、純粋培養状態にある放
線菌は、いわば温室育ちであるので環境に順応す
るまでに時間がかかり、更に活性化するまでには
時間を要するが、本発明では放線菌は馴養かつ活
性化しているため、いわば常時飢餓状態にあり、
低級脂肪酸あるいは硫化物を直ちに資化するので
ある。
なお、上記活性団粒構造体の具体例な一例とし
ては、１ｇ中に品温50〜60℃で増殖出来る高温性
放線菌が2.3×109個の外に、品温20〜40℃で増殖
出来る中温性放線菌が5.2×108個存在するものを
あげることが出来る。
また、活性団粒構造体の水分含有率は被処理有
機物が気体の場合は好気的放線菌が活動しやすい
水分含有率の限度である70％以下、被処理有機物
が固体の場合は60％以下、被処理有機物が液体の
場合は40％以下が好ましい。
特に活性団粒構造体の水分含有率が40％以下の
場合は、被処理有機物の水分含有率が80〜90％の
ものであつても、全体としての水分含有率は60％
以下になるので好ましいものである。
また、活性団粒構造体の品温は、25〜65℃が放
線菌にとつて好ましく、特に50〜60℃では大腸菌
が死滅する。
そこで本発明による方法を用いて有機物の脱臭
を行なう場合、気体にあつては、入口と出口を設
けた容器の中に活性団粒構造体を好気的雰囲気に
充填しておき、活性団粒構造体内で、悪臭の主成
分である低級脂肪酸や硫化物は放線菌によつて資
化され、脱臭された気体が出口から排出される。
固形物にあつては、活性団粒構造体で発酵床を作
りその中に固体を埋めるが、この場合固体の粒径
が20〜30mmのものであれば、ただちに周囲から放
線菌が資化をはじめ発酵が始まる。発酵の際は発
酵熱を発することから資化された部分に含まれる
水分は蒸発し、すると好気性菌である放線菌は固
形物の中心に向つて資化を始め、このようにして
急速に発酵され脱臭される。
被処理有機物が液体、例えば尿の場合は、活性
団粒構造体の水分含有率が70％をこえるため嫌気
的になり、放線菌の活動が抑制される。
したがつて、活性団粒構造体の容量および水分
含有率とによつて被処理有機物の量を定める。
なお、脱臭の過程は固形物の場合と同じであ
る。
本発明によれば、活性団粒構造体は馴養されか
つ活性状態にある放線菌を多く含んでおり、しか
も放線菌が活動しやすいように水分含有率を70％
以下にしているため悪臭の主成分である低級脂肪
酸あるいは硫化物が接触した場合は、直ちにこれ
らを資化し短時間で脱臭する。
特に水分含有率が60％以下の場合は脱臭効果お
よび後臭期間の短縮化が著しい。
また、有機物は処理後は堆肥となるので２次公
害を発生せず、特に近年は、有機農業化の方向に
あり、この場合の肥料として使用できる効果もあ
る。更には、被処理有機物は気体、固体、液体を
問わないので利用範囲は、ゴミ処理場から家庭ま
で広く利用でき、特に海水浴場や山小屋等、水洗
設備の備わつていない場所での人プンの脱臭処理
に当つて便利である等多くの効果をもたらすもの
である。
実施例 １
ストレプトミセス・グリセウス、ストレプトミ
セス・フミダス、テルモアクチノミセス・ブルガ
リス、アクチノビフイダ・クロモゲナ等を混合し
た乾燥種菌10Kgと、新鮮な豚糞100Kgと、オガク
ズ20Kgと消石灰２Kgとを混合し、30℃〜60℃で好
気的に14日培養して、PH8.2、水分含有率38％の
活性団粒構造体41.5Kgを得た。この活性団粒構造
体40Kgを、巾30cm、深さ30cm、長さ２ｍ容積をも
ち、保温性を有し上部に通気性のある覆を有する
プラスチツク製容器内に20cmの高さに均一に堆積
し、水分80％の厨芥を１〜３cmに切断したもの２
KgとCa（OH）2を20ｇを表面から約３cmの深さの
ところに埋めた。厨芥を埋めた個所の温度を計る
と30℃であつた。２時間後には該個所は45℃とな
り、５時間後には55℃に達した。なお３日後には
該個所の温度は低下した。処理結果物の臭気を被
検者10人にかがせた結果は表１のとおりである。
The present invention relates to a method for biologically deodorizing organic waste mainly using actinomycetes. Recent research has revealed that the main components of the foul odor of organic waste are lower fatty acids such as propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and caproic acid, and sulfides such as methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide. has been done. By the way, household garbage and organic industrial waste initially contain almost no lower fatty acids and sulfides, which are the main components of bad odors, but later rotting causes lower fatty acids and sulfides. They are increasing in number and emitting a foul odor, causing foul odor pollution. Conventional methods for combating this bad odor include spraying perfume, adsorbing it on activated carbon, incinerating it, and neutralizing it with acid or alkali. However, spraying perfume simply replaces the odor, and with the method of adsorbing perfume on activated carbon, the activated carbon must be replaced when the adsorption becomes saturated, and with the method of incineration, it ends up spreading bad odors, causing acid and In the case of neutralization with alkali, there is no fundamental deodorizing measure, as there is a risk of secondary pollution when disposing of the waste after treatment. As a result of many years of research into whether it is possible to deodorize bad odors using microorganisms, the present inventor discovered that actinomycetes assimilate lower fatty acids and sulfides, which are the main components of bad odors, and was able to accomplish the present invention. Ivy. That is, the present invention contains a large amount of actinomycetes that are acclimatized and in an active state, and has a water content of 70% or less.
Thermophilic actinomycetes that can grow at a temperature of 50 to 60℃ are present in
By contacting a solid organic material containing 1.3×10 7 to 2.3×10 9 particles and few other bacteria and fungi (hereinafter referred to as "active aggregate structure") with an organic material to be treated containing lower fatty acids, actinomycetes are produced. This is a method to deodorize bad odors in a short time by assimilating lower fatty acids. Actinomycetes used in the present invention include Thermomonospora virides, Streptomyces fumidus, Thermomonospora virides, Actinobiphida chromogena, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, and the like. Cultures containing these actinomycetes are commercially available as Microvic K (trade name: Urakami Riko Co., Ltd.) and are easily available. In addition, the present invention not only targets actinomycetes, but also molds such as Aspergillus oryzae, Trichosporon, and
Fungi and bacteria in the form of filaments, such as yeasts such as Y. fermentus and Candeida monasa, and basidiomycetes such as Coprinus macrorhizas, can also be used. The actinomycetes must be domesticated and in an active state in the active aggregate structure, which is an important point of the present invention. In other words, actinomycetes in a pure culture state are grown in a greenhouse, so it takes time to adapt to the environment, and it takes time to become activated. Because of this, they are constantly in a state of starvation, so to speak.
It immediately assimilates lower fatty acids or sulfides. In addition, as a specific example of the above-mentioned active aggregate structure, there are 2.3 x 10 9 thermophilic actinomycetes that can grow at a temperature of 50 to 60°C per gram, and 2.3 x 109 thermophilic actinomycetes that can grow at a temperature of 20 to 40°C. I can name a species with 5.2 x 10 8 mesophilic actinomycetes. In addition, the moisture content of the active aggregate structure is 70% or less when the organic matter to be treated is a gas, which is the moisture content limit at which aerobic actinomycetes are likely to be active, and 60% when the organic matter to be treated is a solid. Hereinafter, when the organic substance to be treated is a liquid, it is preferably 40% or less. In particular, if the moisture content of the active aggregate structure is 40% or less, even if the moisture content of the organic matter to be treated is 80 to 90%, the overall moisture content will be 60%.
This is preferable because it is as follows. Further, the temperature of the active aggregate structure is preferably 25 to 65°C for actinomycetes, and especially Escherichia coli is killed at 50 to 60°C. Therefore, when deodorizing organic substances using the method according to the present invention, in the case of gases, activated aggregate structures are filled in an aerobic atmosphere in a container provided with an inlet and an outlet. Within the structure, lower fatty acids and sulfides, which are the main components of bad odors, are assimilated by actinomycetes, and deodorized gas is discharged from the outlet.
In the case of solids, a fermentation bed is made of active aggregate structures and the solids are buried in it. In this case, if the solid particles have a particle size of 20 to 30 mm, actinomycetes from the surrounding area will immediately assimilate them. Fermentation begins. During fermentation, fermentation heat is released, so the moisture contained in the assimilated part evaporates, and the actinomycetes, which are aerobic bacteria, begin to assimilate towards the center of the solid matter, and in this way rapidly Fermented and deodorized. When the organic matter to be treated is a liquid, for example urine, the moisture content of the active aggregate structure exceeds 70%, making it anaerobic and suppressing the activity of actinomycetes. Therefore, the amount of organic matter to be treated is determined depending on the volume and moisture content of the active aggregate structure. Note that the deodorizing process is the same as for solid materials. According to the present invention, the active aggregate structure contains many actinomycetes that are acclimatized and in an active state, and the water content is reduced to 70% to facilitate the activity of actinomycetes.
As the following is done, when lower fatty acids or sulfides, which are the main components of bad odors, come into contact, they are immediately assimilated and deodorized in a short time. In particular, when the moisture content is 60% or less, the deodorizing effect and shortening of the after-odor period are remarkable. In addition, since the organic matter becomes compost after processing, it does not cause secondary pollution, and especially in recent years, there has been a trend toward organic agriculture, and it can also be used as fertilizer in this case. Furthermore, since the organic matter to be treated can be gas, solid, or liquid, it can be used in a wide range of applications, from garbage disposal sites to homes, and is particularly useful for human waste in places without washing facilities, such as beaches and mountain huts. It brings about many effects such as convenience in deodorizing treatment. Example 1 10Kg of dried inoculum mixed with Streptomyces griseus, Streptomyces fumidus, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Actinobiphida chromogena, etc., 100Kg of fresh pig manure, 20Kg of sawdust, and 2Kg of slaked lime were mixed, After culturing aerobically for 14 days at ~60°C, 41.5 kg of active aggregate structures with pH 8.2 and water content 38% were obtained. 40 kg of this active aggregate structure is deposited uniformly at a height of 20 cm in a plastic container with a volume of 30 cm wide, 30 cm deep, and 2 m long, and has a heat-retaining and breathable cover on the top. Kitchen waste with 80% water content cut into 1-3cm pieces 2
20g of Kg and Ca(OH) 2 were buried at a depth of about 3cm from the surface. The temperature at the place where the kitchen waste was buried was 30°C. After 2 hours, the temperature at this point reached 45°C, and after 5 hours, it reached 55°C. Note that the temperature at this location decreased after 3 days. Table 1 shows the results of 10 subjects exposed to the odor of the treatment products.
【表】
また、３日に１度撹拌しながら10日経過後の全
体の成分変化を示すと、厨芥の水分含有率80％の
ものは、投入初期には水分60.5％、
BOD36500ppm、低級脂肪酸22000ppm、灰分
15.6％であつたが10日後は、水分38.5％、
BOD11500ppm、低級脂肪酸210ppm、および灰
分28.5％であつた。また、菌数は、初期には被線
菌1.3×107／ｇ、大腸菌5.6×107／ｇ、一般細菌
3.8×109／ｇあつたものが処理後は、放線菌1.5×
109／ｇ、大腸菌1.3×103／ｇおよび一般細菌6.2
×106／ｇになつた。すなわち、悪臭の主成分で
ある低級脂肪酸が1/100に、微生物汚染の指標で
ある大腸菌数は1/25000に減少し、BODが1/3に
低下し、灰分は３倍に増加して肥料としての資質
を向上し、肥料として使用できることがわかつ
た。また、全量は当初は110Kgであつたが処理後
は水分含有率38.5％のものが22.6Kg得られた。
実施例 ２
実施例１で得られた活性団粒構造体10Kgと鶏毛
１Kgとを混合し、水分含有率40％に調整したもの
を二重になつた円筒体であつて外側の円筒体の直
径が20cm、内側の円筒体の直径が10cmであり、内
側の円筒体は、周壁が網または多数の孔が穿設し
てある脱臭塔で、その内側の円筒体と外側の円筒
体との間に上記調整済みの活性団粒構造体を充填
し、人糞尿20Kgを入れた密閉容器の開口部に設置
し、円筒体の俳気口で悪臭度を比較した。なお、
脱臭塔の品温は40℃〜50℃で人糞尿の品温25℃よ
りも高温に保ち、脱臭培の気流は上昇状態に保つ
た。
被検者20人に臭いをかがせた結果は表２のとお
りである。[Table] Also, showing the change in the overall composition after 10 days while stirring once every 3 days, the moisture content of kitchen waste is 80%, the moisture content is 60.5% at the beginning of feeding,
BOD36500ppm, lower fatty acids 22000ppm, ash content
The moisture content was 15.6%, but after 10 days, the moisture content was 38.5%.
BOD was 11,500 ppm, lower fatty acid was 210 ppm, and ash was 28.5%. In addition, the number of bacteria was initially 1.3×10 7 /g, Escherichia coli 5.6×10 7 /g, and general bacteria.
3.8×10 9 /g After treatment, actinomycetes 1.5×
10 9 /g, Escherichia coli 1.3×10 3 /g and general bacteria 6.2
It became ×10 6 /g. In other words, lower fatty acids, which are the main component of bad odors, are reduced to 1/100, the number of E. coli, which is an indicator of microbial contamination, is reduced to 1/25,000, BOD is reduced to 1/3, and ash content is increased by 3 times, making it difficult to use fertilizer. It was found that the quality of the fertilizer has been improved and that it can be used as a fertilizer. The total amount was initially 110 kg, but after treatment, 22.6 kg with a moisture content of 38.5% was obtained. Example 2 10 kg of the active aggregate structure obtained in Example 1 and 1 kg of chicken hair were mixed and the moisture content was adjusted to 40%, and a double cylindrical body was prepared. The diameter of the inner cylinder is 20cm, and the diameter of the inner cylinder is 10cm.The inner cylinder is a deodorizing tower whose peripheral wall is a mesh or has many holes. The above-prepared activated aggregate structure was filled between the containers, and the container was placed at the opening of a sealed container containing 20 kg of human excrement, and the degree of bad odor was compared using the air outlet of the cylinder. In addition,
The temperature of the deodorizing tower was kept at 40°C to 50°C, higher than the temperature of human waste and urine at 25°C, and the air flow in the deodorizing culture medium was kept in an elevated state. Table 2 shows the results of 20 subjects smelling the odor.
【表】
実施例 ３
実施例１で得られた活性団粒構造体50Kgを巾30
cm、深さ30cm、長さ２ｍの容器に入れ、下部に敷
設した孔径２cm2の金網を通して常時40℃の熱風を
送り込んでいる前記容器中に、水分含有率92％の
人糞尿を５cm2間隔で100mlずつを20ケ所に滴下し、
３日間放置後撹拌した。第２日目は別の場所で同
様のことを実施し、７日間を一巡して処理を行つ
た。その間人糞尿添加部分の品温の変化は少な
く、40℃〜48℃であつた。しかし水分有率の変化
は著しく、滴下10分後には滴下中心部60％に、３
日後には45％に変化した。またBODは初め
62000ppmあつたものが７日後には25000ppmに低
下し、大腸菌数も8.5×108／ｇから4.2×103／ｇ
に低下した。また低級脂肪酸は12000ppmであつ
たものが160ppmになつた。適下による増加分を
移動させ、１ケ月間連続処理を行つた結果を臭気
の被検者による測定結果を表３に示す。[Table] Example 3 50 kg of active aggregate structure obtained in Example 1 was placed in a width of 30 kg.
human waste with a moisture content of 92% is placed in a container with a depth of 30 cm and a length of 2 m, and human excrement with a water content of 92% is placed at intervals of 5 cm 2 into the container, into which hot air at 40°C is constantly blown through a wire mesh with a hole diameter of 2 cm 2 laid at the bottom. Drop 100ml each at 20 locations,
After being left for 3 days, it was stirred. On the second day, the same process was carried out at a different location, and the treatment was carried out over a period of seven days. During that time, there was little change in the temperature of the part to which human excreta was added, ranging from 40°C to 48°C. However, the change in moisture content was remarkable, and after 10 minutes of dropping, the center of the drop had reached 60%, and 3.
After a few days, it changed to 45%. Also, BOD is the beginning
The temperature of 62,000ppm decreased to 25,000ppm after 7 days, and the number of E. coli bacteria decreased from 8.5×10 8 /g to 4.2×10 3 /g.
It declined to . Also, lower fatty acids decreased from 12,000 ppm to 160 ppm. Table 3 shows the results of odor measurement by subjects after one month of continuous treatment by removing the increased amount due to application.
【表】【table】