JPH0148388B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0148388B2 JPH0148388B2 JP468684A JP468684A JPH0148388B2 JP H0148388 B2 JPH0148388 B2 JP H0148388B2 JP 468684 A JP468684 A JP 468684A JP 468684 A JP468684 A JP 468684A JP H0148388 B2 JPH0148388 B2 JP H0148388B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- treatment
- nitrided layer
- piston ring
- vol
- oxygen
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001105 martensitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002335 surface treatment layer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
（発明の技術分野）
この発明は耐摩耗性摺動部材とその製造方法に
関し、更に詳しくは内燃機関のピストンリングと
その製造方法に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Technical Field of the Invention) The present invention relates to a wear-resistant sliding member and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a piston ring for an internal combustion engine and a method for manufacturing the same.
（従来技術と問題点）
従来、内燃機関用ピストンリングの耐摩耗特性
を改善する手段として、その摺動面に硬質クロム
めつき処理や窒化処理が施されている。(Prior Art and Problems) Conventionally, as a means to improve the wear resistance of piston rings for internal combustion engines, hard chromium plating or nitriding has been applied to the sliding surfaces thereof.
ここで、窒化処理は低コストで耐摩耗性表面が
形成できる手段として多用されている。 Here, nitriding treatment is often used as a means to form a wear-resistant surface at low cost.
しかしながら、窒化処理は550℃以上の高温域
で施されるのが一般であり、特にピストンリング
に窒化処理を施す場合にはリング母材の硬度低下
を防止する必要からその処理時間は短時間（一般
には２時間が限度）とする必要がり、処理時間が
短いと、形成される窒化層の厚さが薄く２時間の
処理でも窒化深さは60〜80μｍ程度である。この
ように窒化層の厚さが薄い場合には短時間の使用
で窒化層が消失してしまい部材の耐久性が充分に
確保されないという難点があり改善が望まれてい
た。また、苛酷な使用条件で使用されるピストン
リングでは従来の方法により形成される窒化層で
はなお耐摩耗特性が充分ではない。 However, nitriding treatment is generally performed at a high temperature of 550°C or higher, and when nitriding piston rings in particular, the treatment time is short ( Generally, the treatment time is limited to 2 hours), and if the treatment time is short, the thickness of the nitrided layer formed is thin, and even with the treatment for 2 hours, the nitridation depth is about 60 to 80 μm. When the thickness of the nitrided layer is small as described above, there is a problem that the nitrided layer disappears after a short period of use, making it impossible to ensure sufficient durability of the member, and an improvement has been desired. Further, in piston rings used under severe operating conditions, the nitrided layer formed by the conventional method still does not have sufficient wear resistance.
（発明の目的）
この発明は、上記に鑑み、耐摩耗特性と耐スカ
ツフ特性に優れた、改善された表面処理層を有す
る内燃機関用ピストンリングとその製造方法を提
供することを目的としてなされたものである。(Object of the Invention) In view of the above, the present invention has been made for the purpose of providing a piston ring for an internal combustion engine having an improved surface treatment layer with excellent wear resistance and scuff resistance, and a method for manufacturing the same. It is something.
（発明の構成および効果）
本発明は、摺動面に窒化層が形成され、該窒化
層の少なくともその表面には四三酸化鉄でなる酸
化物層が形成されている内燃機関用ピストンリン
グに係る。(Configuration and Effects of the Invention) The present invention provides a piston ring for an internal combustion engine, in which a nitrided layer is formed on a sliding surface, and an oxide layer made of triiron tetroxide is formed on at least the surface of the nitrided layer. It depends.
上記本発明の内燃機関用ピストンリングは、鋼
製ピストンリングを、通常のガス窒化処理用雰囲
気に１〜5vol％の酸素又は４〜30vol％の空気を
含む550〜580℃の処理雰囲気中で0.5〜４時間処
理すること（以下、酸窒化処理という。）により
容易に得ることができる。 The above-mentioned piston ring for an internal combustion engine of the present invention is a steel piston ring in a treatment atmosphere of 550 to 580°C containing 1 to 5 vol% of oxygen or 4 to 30 vol% of air in a normal gas nitriding atmosphere. It can be easily obtained by treating for ~4 hours (hereinafter referred to as oxynitriding treatment).
また、前記酸窒化処理の後に、520〜550℃で
0.5〜１時間の水蒸気処理を施す場合には表面の
酸化物層をより緻密に形成させることができピス
トンリングの耐スカツフ特性の改善に特に有効で
ある。。 In addition, after the oxynitriding treatment, at 520 to 550℃
When the steam treatment is carried out for 0.5 to 1 hour, the oxide layer on the surface can be formed more densely, which is particularly effective in improving the scuff resistance of the piston ring. .
本発明では鋼製ピストンリングは、１〜5vol％
の酸素又は４〜30vol％の空気を含有するガス窒
化処理雰囲気中で酸窒化処理される。この処理に
よれば窒化が促進され、100μｍ以上の窒化深さ
も短時間にして容易に得ることができ、また、窒
化層表面には四三酸化鉄よりなる酸化物が形成さ
れていて耐摩耗性および耐スカツフ性に優れ且つ
耐久性の良好な内燃機関用ピストンリングを得る
ことができる。 In the present invention, the steel piston ring is 1 to 5 vol%
Oxynitriding is carried out in a gas nitriding atmosphere containing 4 to 30 vol% of oxygen or air. This treatment accelerates nitriding, making it possible to easily obtain a nitriding depth of 100 μm or more in a short time.In addition, an oxide consisting of triiron tetroxide is formed on the surface of the nitrided layer, which improves wear resistance. Moreover, a piston ring for an internal combustion engine having excellent scuff resistance and good durability can be obtained.
さらに、前記酸窒化処理の後、通常の水蒸気処
理を施すことにより窒化処理層の表面の酸化鉄層
がより緻密に形成されるためにピストンリング摺
動面の耐スカツフ特性が改善される。本発明方法
による場合には、鋼製ピストンリングの摺動面に
深さが深く且つ表面に四三酸化鉄層を有する窒化
層を短時間で形成することができる。したがつ
て、本処理方法は、母材の軟化をできるだけ抑え
ることを必要とするピストンリングの摺動面形成
方法として特に好適である。 Further, by performing a normal steam treatment after the oxynitriding treatment, the iron oxide layer on the surface of the nitrided layer is formed more densely, so that the scuff resistance of the piston ring sliding surface is improved. According to the method of the present invention, a deep nitrided layer having a triiron tetroxide layer on the surface can be formed on the sliding surface of a steel piston ring in a short time. Therefore, this treatment method is particularly suitable as a method for forming a sliding surface of a piston ring, which requires suppressing softening of the base material as much as possible.
従来、マルテンサイト系ステンレス鋼がピスト
ンリング用材として多用されており、この種のピ
ストンリングの摺動面に窒化処理が施されが、母
材が軟化してしまう関係で長時間の処理が出来
ず、せいぜい２時間程度が限度である。この場
合、得られる窒化深さは60〜80μｍ程度と浅く、
したがつて、耐久性が充分ではなかつた。これに
対して本発明方法により得られるピストンリング
は窒化深さが深く且つ窒化層表面には四三酸化鉄
でなる酸化鉄層を有するものであるために耐摩耗
耐スカツフ性に優れており、また、処理が短時間
で行えるので母材の軟化も少なく抑えることもで
きる。 Conventionally, martensitic stainless steel has been widely used as a material for piston rings, and although nitriding treatment is applied to the sliding surfaces of this type of piston ring, the treatment cannot be carried out for a long time because the base metal softens. , the maximum time is about 2 hours. In this case, the obtained nitriding depth is shallow, about 60 to 80 μm.
Therefore, durability was not sufficient. On the other hand, the piston ring obtained by the method of the present invention has a deep nitriding depth and has an iron oxide layer of triiron tetroxide on the surface of the nitrided layer, so it has excellent wear resistance and scuff resistance. Furthermore, since the treatment can be carried out in a short time, softening of the base material can also be suppressed to a minimum.
なお、本発明方法では、ガス窒化処理雰気中の
酸素含有量あるいは空気含有量が過度に不足であ
ると四三酸化鉄の形成が不足し、また、これらの
含有量が過度に多くなると窒化物の形成量が不足
するので、本発明方法では酸素あるいは空気の含
有量を前記所定の範囲とすることが望ましい。 In addition, in the method of the present invention, if the oxygen content or air content in the gas nitriding atmosphere is excessively insufficient, the formation of triiron tetroxide will be insufficient, and if these contents are excessively high, nitriding will occur. Since the amount of substances formed is insufficient, in the method of the present invention, it is desirable that the content of oxygen or air be within the above-mentioned predetermined range.
（実施例）
硬度Hv400に調質したDIN90材（Ｃ：0.8、
Si：0.4、Mn：0.3、Cr：17.5、Ｖ：0.1、Mo：
1.1、Fe：残）を、NH3ガスでなる通常のガス窒
化処理雰囲気に酸素を2.5vol％混合した処理雰囲
気中で、処理温度570℃、処理時間90分で処理し、
表面に四三酸化鉄でなる酸化鉄層を有する窒化層
を母材表面に形成し試料１（本発明品）とした。(Example) DIN90 material tempered to hardness Hv400 (C: 0.8,
Si: 0.4, Mn: 0.3, Cr: 17.5, V: 0.1, Mo:
1.1, Fe: residual) was treated in a normal gas nitriding atmosphere consisting of NH 3 gas mixed with 2.5 vol% oxygen at a treatment temperature of 570°C and a treatment time of 90 minutes.
A nitrided layer having an iron oxide layer made of triiron tetroxide on the surface was formed on the surface of the base material to obtain Sample 1 (product of the present invention).
比較のために、上記と同じ母材を、シアン塩と
シアン酸塩でなる通常の窒化用塩浴中で、処理温
度を570℃とし、処理時間を90分および180分とし
て処理し母材表面に窒化処理層を形成し比較材を
得た（比較材１および比較材２）。 For comparison, the same base material as above was treated in a normal nitriding salt bath consisting of cyanate and cyanate at a treatment temperature of 570°C and a treatment time of 90 minutes and 180 minutes. Comparative materials were obtained by forming a nitrided layer on the material (Comparative material 1 and Comparative material 2).
第１図は上記各試料の表面から内部への硬度分
布を示すグラフである。 FIG. 1 is a graph showing the hardness distribution from the surface to the inside of each of the above samples.
第１図から明らかなごとく、従来方法で90分処
理した比較材１の場合、その窒化深さが70μｍ程
度であるのに対して、本発明品の場合、同一処理
温度及び時間であるにかかわらず、その処理層の
深さは100μｍと、180分処理の比較材２と同程度
に達している。 As is clear from Fig. 1, in the case of Comparative Material 1 treated for 90 minutes using the conventional method, the nitriding depth was approximately 70 μm, whereas in the case of the product of the present invention, the nitriding depth was approximately 70 μm even though the treatment temperature and time were the same. First, the depth of the treated layer was 100 μm, which is about the same as Comparative Material 2 treated for 180 minutes.
また、処理後の母材硬度は、180分間処理の比
較材２の場合Hv320であるに対し、本発明品（試
料１）ではHv350であり母材硬度の低下を少なく
抑えることができる。それ故、本発明は母材の硬
度低下を極力抑えることを必要とするピストンリ
ングに適用するに特に有効である。 In addition, the hardness of the base material after treatment is Hv320 in the case of Comparative Material 2 treated for 180 minutes, whereas it is Hv350 in the product of the present invention (Sample 1), so that a decrease in the base material hardness can be suppressed to a small extent. Therefore, the present invention is particularly effective when applied to piston rings that require minimizing the decrease in hardness of the base material.
次に、DIN x90鋼を母材として上記と同様に
して酸窒化処理を施した後、550℃で30分間の水
蒸気処理を施して試料Ａとし、耐焼き付き性（耐
スカツフ性）の試験を行つた。試験装置は第２図
および第３図に概要を示すものであつて、ステー
タ１に取はずし可能に取り付けられた直径80mmの
円板（相手材）２の中央には裏側から注油孔３を
通して潤滑油が注油される。ステータ１には図示
省略した油圧装置によつて図において右方に向け
て所定圧力で押圧力が作用するようにしてある。
円板２に相対向してロータ４があり、図示省略し
た駆動装置によつて所定速度で回転するようにし
てある。ロータ４の円板２に対向する端面に取付
けられた試料保持具４ａには５mm角で高さ10mmの
試験片５が同心円上に等間隔をなして４個着脱可
能に、且つ円板２に対接して正方形端面が摺動す
るように取付けてある。このような試験装置にお
いて、注油孔３から摺動面に所定給油速度で給油
しながら試験片５を円板２に対接摺動させ、ステ
ータ１に作用する圧力を一定時間毎に増加させて
ゆき、試験片５と円板２との間に発生する摩擦力
をトルクＴとしてスピンドル６を介してロードセ
ル７で測定し、トルクＴに急激な増加が発生する
ときの前記圧力の値をもつて耐スカツフ特性の善
し悪しを判定した。 Next, DIN x90 steel was used as the base material and subjected to oxynitriding treatment in the same manner as above, followed by steam treatment at 550°C for 30 minutes to prepare sample A, and a seizure resistance (scuff resistance) test was conducted. Ivy. The test equipment is shown in outline in Figures 2 and 3. Lubricating oil is supplied to the center of a disk (mating material) 2 with a diameter of 80 mm that is removably attached to the stator 1 through an oiling hole 3 from the back side. Oil is applied. A pressing force is applied to the stator 1 at a predetermined pressure toward the right in the figure by a hydraulic device (not shown).
A rotor 4 is provided opposite to the disk 2, and is rotated at a predetermined speed by a drive device (not shown). A sample holder 4a attached to the end face of the rotor 4 facing the disk 2 has four test pieces 5 of 5 mm square and 10 mm height spaced concentrically at equal intervals. They are mounted so that the square end faces slide against each other. In such a testing device, the test piece 5 was slid against the disk 2 while lubricating the sliding surface from the oiling hole 3 at a predetermined oiling speed, and the pressure acting on the stator 1 was increased at regular intervals. Then, the frictional force generated between the test piece 5 and the disk 2 is measured as torque T by the load cell 7 via the spindle 6, and the value of the pressure when a sudden increase in torque T occurs is determined. The quality of the scathing resistance was judged.
試験条件：相手円板材……FC25材
摺動速度……８ｍ／秒
潤滑油及び……モータオイル＃30
供給条件 温度80度
350〜400ml／分
摺接面圧……40Kg／cm2から３分間毎に
10Kg／cm2づつ増加させる。Test conditions: Mating disc material...FC25 material Sliding speed...8m/sec Lubricating oil and...Motor oil #30 Supply conditions Temperature 80 degrees 350-400ml/min Sliding contact pressure...40Kg/cm 2 to 3 minutes Every
Increase by 10Kg/ cm2 .
上記耐スカツフ性テストの結果を第４図に示
す。 The results of the above scuff resistance test are shown in FIG.
なお、水蒸気処理を施さない本発明品（試料
Ｂ）および従来の塩浴窒化処理を施した試料（試
料Ｃ）についても同様にしてテストし結果を第４
図に並記した。 In addition, the product of the present invention (sample B) that was not subjected to steam treatment and the sample that was subjected to conventional salt bath nitriding treatment (sample C) were tested in the same way, and the results are summarized in the fourth section.
Also listed in the figure.
第４図より、本発明品（試料Ａ及びＢ）は比較
試料（試料Ｃ）に比べその耐スカツフ特性が改善
されており、酸窒化処理後に水蒸気処理を施した
試料Ａの耐スカツフ特性が特に改善されているこ
とが明らかである。 From Figure 4, the products of the present invention (Samples A and B) have improved scuffing resistance compared to the comparative sample (Sample C), and the scuffing resistance of Sample A, which was subjected to steam treatment after oxynitriding treatment, is particularly good. It is clear that there has been an improvement.
上述の通りで、本発明は耐摩耗性と耐スカツフ
性を特に必要とする内燃機関用ピストンリングと
して好適なピストンリングを提供するものであ
る。 As mentioned above, the present invention provides a piston ring suitable as a piston ring for an internal combustion engine which particularly requires wear resistance and scuff resistance.
第１図は試料表面から内部への硬度分布を示す
グラフ図。第２図は耐スカツフ性テスト装置の要
部断面をしめす。第３図は第２図の−断面を
示す。第４図は耐スカツフ性テスト結果を示すグ
ラフ。
図中：１……ステータ、２……円板（摺動相
手）、３……注油孔、４……ロータ、５……試験
片、６……スピンドル、７……ロードセル。
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the hardness distribution from the surface of the sample to the inside. Figure 2 shows a cross section of the main part of the scuff resistance test device. FIG. 3 shows a - cross section of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of the scuff resistance test. In the figure: 1... Stator, 2... Disk (sliding partner), 3... Lubrication hole, 4... Rotor, 5... Test piece, 6... Spindle, 7... Load cell.
Claims (1)
され、且つ該窒化処理層の少なくともその外表面
に四三酸化鉄でなる酸化物層が形成されているこ
とを特徴とする内燃機関用ピストンリング。 ２ ピストンリングを１〜5vol％の酸素又は４〜
30vol％の空気を含む窒化処理雰囲気中において
550〜580℃で0.5〜４時間処理することを特徴と
する摺動面に窒化処理層が形成され、且つ該窒化
処理層の少なくとも外表面に四三酸化鉄でなる酸
化物層が形成されている内燃機関用ピストンリン
グの製造方法。 ３ ピストンリングを１〜5vol％の酸素又は４〜
30vol％の空気を含むの窒化処理雰囲気中におい
て550〜580℃で0.5〜４時間処理した後に520〜
550℃で0.1〜１時間の水蒸気処理を施すことを特
徴とする、摺動面に窒化処理層が形成され且つ該
窒化処理層の少なくとも外表面に四三酸化鉄でな
る酸化物層が形成されている耐摩耗性摺動部材の
製造方法。[Claims] 1. A nitrided layer is formed on the sliding surface of the piston ring, and an oxide layer made of triiron tetroxide is formed on at least the outer surface of the nitrided layer. Piston rings for internal combustion engines. 2. Piston rings with 1 to 5 vol% oxygen or 4 to 5 vol% oxygen
In a nitriding atmosphere containing 30vol% air
A nitrided layer is formed on the sliding surface by treatment at 550 to 580°C for 0.5 to 4 hours, and an oxide layer made of triiron tetroxide is formed on at least the outer surface of the nitrided layer. A method of manufacturing piston rings for internal combustion engines. 3 The piston ring is heated with 1 to 5 vol% oxygen or 4 to 5 vol% oxygen.
After treatment at 550-580℃ for 0.5-4 hours in a nitriding atmosphere containing 30vol% air, 520~
A nitrided layer is formed on the sliding surface, and an oxide layer made of triiron tetroxide is formed on at least the outer surface of the nitrided layer, characterized by subjecting it to steam treatment at 550°C for 0.1 to 1 hour. A method for manufacturing wear-resistant sliding members.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP468684A JPS60150462A (en) | 1984-01-17 | 1984-01-17 | Piston ring for internal-combustion engine and manufacture thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP468684A JPS60150462A (en) | 1984-01-17 | 1984-01-17 | Piston ring for internal-combustion engine and manufacture thereof |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS60150462A JPS60150462A (en) | 1985-08-08 |
| JPH0148388B2 true JPH0148388B2 (en) | 1989-10-19 |
Family
ID=11590773
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP468684A Granted JPS60150462A (en) | 1984-01-17 | 1984-01-17 | Piston ring for internal-combustion engine and manufacture thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS60150462A (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS60153455A (en) * | 1984-01-23 | 1985-08-12 | Nippon Piston Ring Co Ltd | Steel piston ring |
| JPH0436549A (en) * | 1990-05-30 | 1992-02-06 | Toshiba Corp | Sliding member and variable frequency type refrigerant compressor using this sliding member |
| JP2686244B2 (en) * | 1995-06-14 | 1997-12-08 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Rotary refrigerant gas compressor and method of manufacturing the same |
| DE10127020B4 (en) * | 2001-06-01 | 2004-07-08 | Federal-Mogul Friedberg Gmbh | Piston ring with an oxide-nitride composite layer |
-
1984
- 1984-01-17 JP JP468684A patent/JPS60150462A/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS60150462A (en) | 1985-08-08 |
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