JPH01140132A - Electrochromic display element - Google Patents
Electrochromic display elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01140132A JPH01140132A JP62297576A JP29757687A JPH01140132A JP H01140132 A JPH01140132 A JP H01140132A JP 62297576 A JP62297576 A JP 62297576A JP 29757687 A JP29757687 A JP 29757687A JP H01140132 A JPH01140132 A JP H01140132A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- film
- electrolyte
- conductive film
- ito
- transparent conductive
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxoiridium Chemical compound O=[Ir]=O HTXDPTMKBJXEOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004299 exfoliation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 3
- CMSGUKVDXXTJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(2-naphthalen-1-ylethylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCNC(=O)CCC(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 CMSGUKVDXXTJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021639 Iridium tetrachloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000410 antimony oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004042 decolorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- IUJMNDNTFMJNEL-UHFFFAOYSA-K iridium(3+);trihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ir+3] IUJMNDNTFMJNEL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxoantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=O VTRUBDSFZJNXHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005546 reactive sputtering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明はイリジウム酸化物を発色材料とするエレクトロ
クロミック表示素子に係り、特に好適な電解液に関する
。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Field of Application] The present invention relates to an electrochromic display element using iridium oxide as a coloring material, and particularly to a suitable electrolytic solution.
従来、エレクトロクロミック物質として知られるイリジ
ウム酸化物薄膜は、リアクティブスパッタ（Ｕ、Ｓ、Ｐ
４，２５８，９８４）やイオンブレーティング（特
開昭５４−３１７６３）などの真空技術、あるいはアプ
ライド フィジックス レター、３３ （１９７８年）
第５６７から第５６８頁（Ａｐｐｌ、 Ｐｈｙｓ、 Ｌ
ｅｔｔ、 ３３ （１９７８） ＰＰ５６７−５６８）
において論じられている陽極酸化法によって形成されて
きた。また最近では陽極側に電析して形成する技術も開
発された（特願昭６１−１７３６３５．同６ｌ−３０１
２３４）。Conventionally, iridium oxide thin films, known as electrochromic materials, have been produced using reactive sputtering (U, S, P
4,258,984) and ion brating (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 54-31763), or Applied Physics Letters, 33 (1978).
Pages 567 to 568 (Appl, Phys, L
ett, 33 (1978) PP567-568)
have been formed by the anodic oxidation method discussed in . Recently, a technique has also been developed in which the anode is formed by electrodeposition (Patent Application No. 61-173635. No. 6l-301).
234).
さらに、素子の電解液には硫酸や硝酸リチウムや水酸化
ナトリウムの水溶液が用いられ、対向電極には表示極と
同じイリジウム酸化物や活性炭素繊維が用いられてきた
。Furthermore, an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, lithium nitrate, or sodium hydroxide has been used as the electrolyte of the device, and the same iridium oxide or activated carbon fiber as the display electrode has been used for the counter electrode.
しかし、上記技術は素子の電解液について未検討な部分
が多く、信頼性に問題があった。However, in the above technology, there were many unexamined aspects regarding the electrolyte of the element, and there were problems with reliability.
本発明の目的は、適切な電解液を提供し、素子の信頼性
を高めることにある。An object of the present invention is to provide an appropriate electrolytic solution and improve the reliability of the device.
上記目的は、電解液にｐＨが２．０から６．０の弱酸性
溶液を用いることによって、達成できる。The above object can be achieved by using a weakly acidic solution having a pH of 2.0 to 6.0 as the electrolyte.
エレクトロクロミック表示素子の一例を第１図に示す、
第１図において、１は表示極側のガラス基板、２は透明
導電膜、３は発色膜、４は例えば二酸化ケイ素の蒸着膜
などで形成される透明導電体２の保護膜、５は電解液、
６は対向電極、７は対向電極側のガラス基板、８はスペ
ーサである。An example of an electrochromic display element is shown in FIG.
In FIG. 1, 1 is a glass substrate on the display electrode side, 2 is a transparent conductive film, 3 is a coloring film, 4 is a protective film for the transparent conductor 2 formed of, for example, a vapor deposited film of silicon dioxide, and 5 is an electrolytic solution. ,
6 is a counter electrode, 7 is a glass substrate on the counter electrode side, and 8 is a spacer.
９は電解液中に挿入された背景材である。9 is a background material inserted into the electrolyte.
第１図矢印２で示した透明導電膜には酸化インジウムを
主体とし少量の酸化スズを含むいわゆるＩ Ｔ Ｏ（Ｉ
ｎｄｉｕｍ Ｔｉｎ ０ｘｉｄｅ ）や酸化スズを主体
とし少量の酸化アンチモンを含むネサ膜が用いられる。The transparent conductive film indicated by arrow 2 in FIG.
ndium Tin Oxide) or a NESA film mainly composed of tin oxide and containing a small amount of antimony oxide.
ところで、エレクトロクロミック表示素子は、発・消色
時に表示面積１平方センチメートル当り１００ミリアン
ペア程度の電流を流す必要がある。このため、透明導電
膜には、ネサ膜よりも抵抗を低く出来るＩＴＯの方がよ
り広く使用されてきた。Incidentally, an electrochromic display element requires a current of approximately 100 milliamperes to flow per square centimeter of display area when producing and erasing color. For this reason, ITO, which has a lower resistance than NESA film, has been more widely used as a transparent conductive film.
しかるに、ＩＴＯは強い酸性液（ｐＨが約２．０以下）
の下では溶解し易い。特に電圧印加時にはこの溶解反応
が促進される。この溶解は１発色膜とＩＴＯの保護膜と
の間の間隙あるいは発色膜や保護膜のピンホールを介し
て起こる。このため、発色膜と外部との導通が不能にな
ることがある。However, ITO is a strongly acidic liquid (pH approximately 2.0 or less).
It dissolves easily under This dissolution reaction is particularly accelerated when voltage is applied. This dissolution occurs through a gap between the color-forming film and the ITO protective film or through pinholes in the color-forming film or the protective film. For this reason, conduction between the coloring film and the outside may become impossible.
他方、ｐＨが６．０以上の中性ないしアルカリ性溶液を
電解液とする場合には、発色膜のイリジウム酸化物が発
・消色を繰り返すうちに透明導電膜から剥離するという
現象が起こる。電解液が酸性の場合にはこうした剥離は
起こらない。On the other hand, when a neutral or alkaline solution with a pH of 6.0 or higher is used as the electrolyte, a phenomenon occurs in which the iridium oxide of the coloring film peels off from the transparent conductive film while repeating coloring and decoloring. Such peeling does not occur if the electrolyte is acidic.
電解液のｐＨが２．０以上６．０以下の場合には、ＩＴ
Ｏの溶解が起こり難く、しがもイリジウム酸化物の透明
導電膜からの剥離も起き難い。このため、素子の高信頼
化が達成できる。If the pH of the electrolyte is 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less, IT
Dissolution of O is less likely to occur, and peeling of iridium oxide from the transparent conductive film is also less likely to occur. Therefore, high reliability of the device can be achieved.
イリジウム酸化物の着・消色反応は、ジャーナル オブ
エレクトワケミカル ソサエティー１２７ （１９８
０）第１３４２から第１３４８頁（Ｊ、 Ｅｌｅｃｔ
ｒｏｃｈｅｉｔ、 Ｓｏｃ、 １ ２ ７ （１
９８０）ｐｐ１３４２−１３４８）において論じられて
いる。それによれば、イリジウム酸化物は電解液中では
水酸化イリジウムになっており、エレクトロクロミック
反応は、式（１）に示すアニオンメカニズムに従って起
こると考えられている。The coloring and decoloring reactions of iridium oxide are described in Journal of Electrical Chemical Society 127 (198
0) Pages 1342 to 1348 (J, Elect
rocheit, Soc, 1 2 7 (1
980) pp 1342-1348). According to this, iridium oxide becomes iridium hydroxide in the electrolytic solution, and the electrochromic reaction is thought to occur according to the anion mechanism shown in formula (1).
式（１）の反応に従えば１着色・消色にともない発色膜
中にイオン半径の大きなＯＨ−イオンが注入・放出され
ることになる。このため、発色膜にはストレスが誘起さ
れると考えられる。このストレスのため膜にクラックが
入ったり、透明導電膜と発色膜との間で剥離が起こった
りすると考えられる。According to the reaction of formula (1), OH- ions with a large ionic radius are injected into and released from the coloring film as the coloring and decoloring occur. Therefore, it is thought that stress is induced in the coloring film. It is thought that this stress may cause cracks in the film or peeling between the transparent conductive film and the coloring film.
式（１）の反応は電解液の液性を問わず、酸性でもアル
カリ性でも起こると考えられている。しかし、確実な立
証は未だなされていない、酸性溶液ではプロトンが主体
となって着色・消色反応が起こる可能性がある０例えば
１式（２）に従って着色・消色が起こることも考えられ
る。The reaction of formula (1) is thought to occur regardless of the liquid nature of the electrolyte, whether acidic or alkaline. However, reliable proof has not yet been made. In acidic solutions, there is a possibility that coloring and decoloring reactions occur mainly due to protons. For example, it is also possible that coloring and decolorization occur according to formula 1 (2).
Ｉ ｒ（ＯＨ）ｎ＋ｘＯＨＩ ｒｏｘ（ＯＨ）ｙｌ−）
（＋ｘＨ”＋ｚｅ−（２）無色 ブルーブラッ
ク
このメカニズムに従えば、注入・放出されるイオンがイ
オン半径の小さなプロトンであるため、誘起されるスト
レスも少なくなる可能性がある。I r(OH)n+xOHI rox(OH)yl-)
(+xH"+ze-(2) Colorless Blue Black If this mechanism is followed, the induced stress may be reduced because the injected and ejected ions are protons with a small ionic radius.
これが実現されれば、着色・消色にともなう発色膜の基
板からの剥離を抑制できるのであろう。If this is realized, it will be possible to suppress the peeling of the colored film from the substrate due to coloring and decoloring.
本発明は、上記の着想に基づき電解液の液性につき検討
した結果、生れたものである。ｐＨが６以下の電解液を
用いた場合に、発色膜の透明導電・膜からの剥離を抑制
できるのは、中性ないしはアルカリ性の電解液を用いた
場合と着・消色のメカニズムが異なるためと考えられる
。The present invention was created as a result of studies on the liquid properties of electrolyte solutions based on the above idea. When using an electrolytic solution with a pH of 6 or less, peeling of the colored film from the transparent conductive film can be suppressed because the mechanism of coloring and decoloring is different from when using a neutral or alkaline electrolytic solution. it is conceivable that.
以下１本発明の詳細を具体的実施例で示す。 The details of the present invention will be shown below using specific examples.
失胤■よ
第１図に示した素子を用い、電解液の種類を変えて素子
寿命を調べた実施例である。第１図に示した透明導電膜
２には、シート抵抗１０Ω／ ｃ ｍ ”の酸化インジ
ウムを主成分とするＩＴＯを用いた。This is an example in which the device shown in FIG. 1 was used and the life of the device was investigated by changing the type of electrolyte. For the transparent conductive film 2 shown in FIG. 1, ITO containing indium oxide as a main component and having a sheet resistance of 10 Ω/cm'' was used.
３の発色膜には、４ ｇ ／ ＱのＩｒＣｌ４・Ｈ２０
゜５ｇ／Ｑ（７）（ＣＯＯＨ）２および約２５ｇ／（１
）Ｎａ２ＣＯ３を含むｐＨが１０．０の電析液から、Ｉ
ＴＯを陽極として電析して得られる被膜を使用した。こ
の際、電析液の温度は１０℃、電析時間は３０分、電析
電流密度は１６０μＡ／ａｍ”とした。また応答特性を
良くするため、電析膜は、電析直後に１００℃、ｌｈの
熱処理を加えた。さらに、４つの透明導電体の保護膜に
は二酸化ケイ素を、６の対向電極には透明導電膜６′と
その上に形成した活性炭素繊維６′とからなる電極を、
９の背景材には、酸化チタンの白色粉末を充填した多孔
性テフロンシートを使用した。The coloring film of No. 3 contains 4 g/Q of IrCl4.H20.
゜5g/Q(7)(COOH)2 and about 25g/(1
) From an electrolyte solution containing Na2CO3 with a pH of 10.0, I
A film obtained by electrodeposition using TO as an anode was used. At this time, the temperature of the electrodeposition solution was 10℃, the electrodeposition time was 30 minutes, and the deposition current density was 160μA/am''.In addition, in order to improve the response characteristics, the deposited film was heated to 10℃ immediately after electrodeposition. , lh heat treatment was applied.Furthermore, silicon dioxide was applied to the protective films of the four transparent conductors, and an electrode consisting of a transparent conductive film 6' and activated carbon fibers 6' formed thereon was applied to the counter electrode 6. of,
As the background material in No. 9, a porous Teflon sheet filled with white powder of titanium oxide was used.
作成したセルに種々の中性電解液を注入し、封止した。Various neutral electrolytes were injected into the created cells and sealed.
検討した電解液は、Ｎ ａｓｓ ０４ｔＬ １２ Ｓ
Ｏ４ｙ （Ｎ Ｈ４）２ Ｓ Ｏ４ｙ Ｎ Ｈ４ＣＱ
ｅ Ｌ ｉＣＱ ＠Ｌ ｉ Ｌ Ｑ ０４の１Ｍ水溶液
である。作成した素子を０．６Ｖ、ＩＨｚの方形波で駆
動し、寿命を調べた結果を第２図に示す、第２図に示し
たように、 −（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４の場合を除き
、注入電荷ｑは、着色−消色のサイクルを繰り返すうち
に、著しく減少する。これに伴ない、着色したままの部
分が生じ、次第にこの部分の割合が増す、そして、つい
には全体が濃いブルーブラックに着色したままになる。The electrolyte solution studied was N ass 04tL 12S
O4y (NH4)2 S O4y N H4CQ
It is a 1M aqueous solution of e L iCQ @L i L Q 04. The created device was driven with a square wave of 0.6 V and IHz, and the lifetime was investigated. As shown in Figure 2, except for the case of -(NH4)2SO4, the injected charge q decreases significantly as the coloring-decoloring cycle is repeated. As a result, some areas remain colored, and the proportion of these areas gradually increases, until the entire area remains colored deep blue-black.
これは、劣化が発色膜の透明導電膜からの剥離に基づく
ことを示すものである。ＮＨ４ＣＱを用いた素子では、
比較的劣化が少ない。This indicates that the deterioration is due to peeling of the color forming film from the transparent conductive film. In the device using NH4CQ,
Relatively little deterioration.
本実施例から明らかなように、中性の電解液を用いた素
子では、多少の差があるものの、駆動により劣化が進行
する。As is clear from this example, in the element using a neutral electrolyte, deterioration progresses due to driving, although there are some differences.
尖胤旌主 実施例１と同様にして作成したセルに。Lord of Tetsutane In a cell created in the same manner as in Example 1.
Ｈ３ＰＯ３とＮａＯＨとからなる種々のｐＨの電解液を
注入し、素子の寿命に及ぼす電解液のｐＨの影響を調べ
た実施例である。この際Ｈ３Ｐ Ｏｓの濃度はＩＭとし
、ｐＨは１．０から８．０まで変化させた。結果を第３
図に示す０図に示したように、ｐＨが２．０から６．０
までの電解液を用いたセルでは劣化し難い。とりわけ、
ｐＨが３．０から５．０の電解液を用いた場合には、３
Ｘ １０６サイクルの繰り返しののちにも劣化はほと
んど認められなかった。This is an example in which the influence of the pH of the electrolytic solution on the life of the element was investigated by injecting electrolytic solutions of various pHs consisting of H3PO3 and NaOH. At this time, the concentration of H3P Os was set to IM, and the pH was varied from 1.0 to 8.0. 3rd result
As shown in the figure, the pH ranges from 2.0 to 6.0.
Cells using electrolytes up to 100% are unlikely to deteriorate. Above all,
When using an electrolyte with a pH of 3.0 to 5.0, 3.
Almost no deterioration was observed even after X 106 cycles.
以上の実施例から明らかなように、本発明によれば、酸
化イリジウムを発色材料とするエレクトロクロミック表
示素子における素子の劣化を低減できる。As is clear from the above examples, according to the present invention, deterioration of an electrochromic display element using iridium oxide as a coloring material can be reduced.
第１図は本発明の実施例のエレクトロクロミック表示素
子の断面図、第２図および第３図は１本発明の効果を示
す補足図特性である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electrochromic display element according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIGS. 2 and 3 are supplementary diagrams showing characteristics of the effects of the present invention.
Claims (1)
料からなるエレクトロクロミック表示素子において電解
液のｐＨを２．０以上６．０以下としたことを特徴とす
るエレクトロクロミック表示素子。 ２、電解液がリン酸系緩衝液からなることを特徴とする
特許請求の範囲第１項記載のエレクトロクロミック表示
素子。[Claims] 1. An electrochromic display element comprising an iridium oxide coloring material, an electrolyte, and a counter electrode material, characterized in that the electrolyte has a pH of 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less. . 2. The electrochromic display element according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises a phosphate buffer.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62297576A JPH01140132A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Electrochromic display element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62297576A JPH01140132A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Electrochromic display element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01140132A true JPH01140132A (en) | 1989-06-01 |
Family
ID=17848342
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62297576A Pending JPH01140132A (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Electrochromic display element |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH01140132A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6879424B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2005-04-12 | Aveso, Inc. | Electrochromic display device and compositions useful in making such devices |
-
1987
- 1987-11-27 JP JP62297576A patent/JPH01140132A/en active Pending
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6879424B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2005-04-12 | Aveso, Inc. | Electrochromic display device and compositions useful in making such devices |
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