JPH01138042A - Twin belt type continuous casting apparatus - Google Patents
Twin belt type continuous casting apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- JPH01138042A JPH01138042A JP29538587A JP29538587A JPH01138042A JP H01138042 A JPH01138042 A JP H01138042A JP 29538587 A JP29538587 A JP 29538587A JP 29538587 A JP29538587 A JP 29538587A JP H01138042 A JPH01138042 A JP H01138042A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- molten metal
- pouring nozzle
- belt
- pair
- metal surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N CoASH Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@H](OP(O)(O)=O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OCC(C)(C)[C@@H](O)C(=O)NCCC(=O)NCCS)O[C@H]1N1C2=NC=NC(N)=C2N=C1 RGJOEKWQDUBAIZ-IBOSZNHHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/064—Accessories therefor for supplying molten metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
- B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
- B22D41/60—Pouring-nozzles with heating or cooling means
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、溶融金属から連続的に鋳片を得るためのツイ
ン・ベルト式の連続鋳造装置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a twin belt type continuous casting apparatus for continuously obtaining slabs from molten metal.
従来の薄スラブ連鋳用のツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造装置
を第３図に示す。A conventional twin-belt continuous casting machine for continuous casting of thin slabs is shown in Fig. 3.
１．１′は金属製（主として鋼製）のエンドレスのベル
）、２．２’はベルト駆動用のロール、３，３′ハベル
ト位置決め用トップロール、４，４′はベルトノ蛇行防
止を行うためのステアリングロールであって、上記駆動
用ロール２，２′によって駆動される一対のベルト１，
１′は矢印ｗ、ｗ’の方向に上記の各ロールに案内され
て移動する。上記位置決め用トップロール３，３′と駆
動用ロール２，２′の間では、上記一対のベル） １．
１’は互いに平行をなして間隔Ｃを保って下方に移動す
る。1.1' is an endless bell made of metal (mainly steel), 2.2' is a roll for driving the belt, 3,3' is a top roll for positioning the belt, and 4,4' is for preventing belt meandering. a steering roll, comprising a pair of belts 1, which are driven by the driving rolls 2, 2'.
1' moves in the directions of arrows w and w' while being guided by the above rolls. Between the positioning top rolls 3, 3' and the driving rolls 2, 2', the pair of bells) 1.
1' are parallel to each other and move downward while maintaining the distance C.
上記の位置決め用ロール３，３′及び駆動用ロール２．
２′間を平行に間隔Ｃをおいて下降する一対のベルト１
．１’の部分においては、ベルト１．１’の両端部付近
に図示しない一対の側面鋳型が設置され、同はルト１，
１′と側面鋳型とで囲まれる矩形断面の上下に伸びる鋳
型部が形成されている。The above-mentioned positioning rolls 3, 3' and driving roll 2.
A pair of belts 1 descending parallel to each other with an interval C between 2'.
．． In the part 1', a pair of side molds (not shown) are installed near both ends of the belt 1.1'.
A mold part is formed that extends vertically in a rectangular cross section surrounded by 1' and the side mold.
５．５′は、ベルト１．１’を背面（本明細書において
は上記モールド部の反対側の面を背面と呼ぶことにする
）より冷却するための水冷パッドである。5.5' is a water cooling pad for cooling the belt 1.1' from the back side (in this specification, the side opposite to the molded part will be referred to as the back side).
加は溶融金属保持用のし一ドル、６は上記し一ドル加か
らの溶融金属を収容するタンデイシー、７は同タンプツ
シ−に設けられた注湯ノズルで上記モールド部の上部に
開口している。８はモールド部における溶湯面、９は鋳
型部で形成されたスラブ鋳片である。6 is a tamp for holding the molten metal; 7 is a pouring nozzle provided on the tamp, which opens at the top of the mold section; . 8 is a molten metal surface in the mold section, and 9 is a slab slab formed in the mold section.
このような構成を有する従来のツイン・ベルト式連続鋳
造装置においては、一対のエンドレスの金属製ベル）
１．１’は、ロール２，２′によりそれぞれ、一定速度
で駆動されており、この一対の（ルトとベルト端部に位
置する一対の側面鋳型との間で構成される矩形断面を有
する上記モールド部に、タンデイシュ６より溶融金属が
注湯用ノズル７により連続的に注入される。エンドレス
で駆動されているベル）１．１’は上記のように水冷パ
ッド５，５′により背面から冷却されているので、ベル
） １．１’間に注入された溶融金属は順次冷却されて
凝固してスラブ鋳片９が形成され、同鋳片９はロール２
，２′の周りを移動するはル） １．１’から離れて更
に下方に送られる。In conventional twin-belt continuous casting equipment with this configuration, a pair of endless metal bells)
1.1' is driven at a constant speed by rolls 2 and 2', respectively, and has a rectangular cross section formed between the pair of belts and a pair of side molds located at the ends of the belt. Molten metal is continuously injected into the mold part from the tundish 6 through the pouring nozzle 7.The endlessly driven bell) 1.1' is cooled from the back by the water cooling pads 5 and 5' as described above. 1. The molten metal injected between 1' and 1' is sequentially cooled and solidified to form a slab slab 9, which is then rolled between
, 2' is moved further downward away from 1.1'.
上記従来のツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造装置の注湯ノズル
付近の状態を第４図に示す。注湯ノズル７の厚さＡは、
強度上及び製造上の制約によって、一定値以上に薄くす
ることは不可能である。このために、両ベル） １．１
’で構成される間隙Ｃ（スラブの厚さに相当）を、極力
小さくしてスラブ厚さを小さくしようとすると、ベルト
１，１′と注湯ノズル７の側面が接近することとなる。FIG. 4 shows the state of the vicinity of the pouring nozzle of the conventional twin belt type continuous casting apparatus. The thickness A of the pouring nozzle 7 is
Due to strength and manufacturing constraints, it is impossible to reduce the thickness beyond a certain value. For this purpose, both bells) 1.1
If an attempt is made to reduce the thickness of the slab by reducing the gap C (corresponding to the thickness of the slab) formed by ', as much as possible, the sides of the belts 1, 1' and the pouring nozzle 7 will approach each other.
溶湯面８付近の溶融金属は水冷パッド５，５′により冷
却されており、一方、注湯ノズル７の外面に接する付近
の溶融金属もノズルからの抜熱により冷却されるために
、ベルＭ、１’と注湯ノズル７の側面が接近すればする
程、符号１３で示される凝固物の橋渡し状の皮はりが溶
湯面８の付近で生ずることになる。この皮はり１３が生
ずると、駆動されているベルト１゜１′によって注湯ノ
ズル７は下向きの力を受けるので、注湯ノズル７の破損
を生ずる欠点があった。The molten metal near the molten metal surface 8 is cooled by the water cooling pads 5, 5', and on the other hand, the molten metal near the outer surface of the pouring nozzle 7 is also cooled by the heat removed from the nozzle. 1' and the side surface of the pouring nozzle 7, the more a bridging crust of solidified material shown by reference numeral 13 is formed near the molten metal surface 8. When this peeling 13 occurs, the pouring nozzle 7 receives a downward force from the driven belt 1.degree. 1', resulting in damage to the pouring nozzle 7.
本発明は、このような問題点を解決しようとするもので
ある。The present invention attempts to solve these problems.
本発明は、上下方向に伸びる断面四角形のモールド部を
有し、同モールド部は相対する二辺を構成する一対移動
するベルトと他の相対する二辺を構成する一対の鋳型で
形成されるツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造装置において、注
湯ノズルの少くともベルトに面する側の部分を導電性の
耐火物で構成し、かつモールド部の溶湯面の近傍の一対
のベルトの背面に互いに対向する少くとも一対の誘導加
熱装置を設けた。The present invention has a mold part with a rectangular cross section extending in the vertical direction, and the mold part is twin formed by a pair of moving belts forming two opposing sides and a pair of molds forming the other two opposing sides. - In a belt-type continuous casting device, at least the part of the pouring nozzle facing the belt is made of a conductive refractory material, and the back side of the pair of belts near the molten metal surface of the mold part is made of at least one part facing each other. Both were equipped with a pair of induction heating devices.
本発明においては、誘導加熱装置によって、両はシト間
に形成される溶湯面近傍に位置する注湯ノズルの導電性
耐火物で構成されている部分が誘導加熱装置によってジ
ュール加熱を受けて、溶融金属の凝固点以上の温度に維
持される。In the present invention, the part of the pouring nozzle made of conductive refractory located near the molten metal surface formed between the two sheets is subjected to Joule heating by the induction heating device, and the molten metal is heated by the induction heating device. Maintained at a temperature above the freezing point of the metal.
従って、鋳片の肉厚を薄くするために一対の（ルトの間
隔ケ狭（しても、注湯ノズルとベルトとの間を橋渡しす
る凝固物の皮はっか生ずることが防止される。Therefore, even if the distance between the pair of belts is narrowed in order to reduce the wall thickness of the slab, the formation of a crust of coagulated material bridging the gap between the pouring nozzle and the belt can be prevented.
本発明の一実施例を第１図及び第２図によって説明する
。An embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
第１図及び第２図において、符号１〜８及び符号１′〜
５′によって示される部分は、第３図及び第４図に対応
する符号で示される部分と同一であるので、その説明を
省略する。In Figures 1 and 2, symbols 1 to 8 and symbols 1' to
Since the portion designated by 5' is the same as the portion designated by the corresponding reference numeral in FIGS. 3 and 4, the description thereof will be omitted.
本実施例においては、第２図に示されるように、一対の
ベルト１，１′とその端部付近に配置された一対の鋳型
１１．１１’とによって上下方向に伸びる矩形断面のモ
ールド部Ｍが形成されている。また、上記鋳型１１．１
１’は矩形断面を有し、熱電導性の良好な銅等の材料で
作られている。In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, a mold part M with a rectangular cross section extending in the vertical direction is formed by a pair of belts 1 and 1' and a pair of molds 11 and 11' arranged near the ends of the belts. is formed. In addition, the above mold 11.1
1' has a rectangular cross section and is made of a material such as copper that has good thermal conductivity.
９．９′は溶湯面８の近傍の位置において冷却パッド５
，５′内のベル）１，１．’の背面に設けられた電磁コ
イルであり、１０は同電磁コイルにより生起される磁力
線を示す。9.9' is the cooling pad 5 at a position near the molten metal surface 8.
, 5' bell) 1, 1. 10 is an electromagnetic coil provided on the back side of the electromagnetic coil, and 10 indicates lines of magnetic force generated by the electromagnetic coil.
３０ 、３０’は注湯ノズルのベルト側の面に設げられ
た導電性の耐火物ライニングで、第１図に示すように、
溶湯面８の近傍を覆うように同溶湯面の近傍に設けであ
る。30 and 30' are conductive refractory linings provided on the belt side surface of the pouring nozzle, as shown in Figure 1.
It is provided near the molten metal surface 8 so as to cover the molten metal surface 8.
第１図に示すように、電磁コイル９，９′は、溶湯面８
近傍に設けられ、また第２図に示すように、一対のベル
ト１．１’の中心線に対して対称の位置に設けられてい
る。同電磁コイル９，９′には適宜の周波数を有する交
流電流が印加される。As shown in FIG. 1, the electromagnetic coils 9, 9'
They are provided nearby and, as shown in FIG. 2, are provided at symmetrical positions with respect to the center line of the pair of belts 1.1'. An alternating current having an appropriate frequency is applied to the electromagnetic coils 9, 9'.
このように両側の電磁コイル９，９′に交流電流が流れ
ることによって両コイル９，９′間に磁力線１０が誘起
され、この誘起された磁力線１０は溶湯面、８近傍の溶
融金属及び注湯ノズル７を通過することになる。しかる
に、溶融金属及び注湯ノズルのベルトに面する側で、か
つ溶湯面近傍の部分は導電性であるために、交互にその
極性が切替わる磁力線１０の周りに電流を誘起され、こ
の誘起電流により、溶湯面８近傍の溶融金属及び注湯ノ
ズルの導電性耐火ライニング３０．３０’の部分は、い
わゆるジーール加熱を受けることとなる。従って、注湯
ノズル７の導電性耐火ライニング３０ 、３０’に和尚
するベルトに面する側のノズル壁面は溶融金属の凝固点
以上の温度に維持されるので、溶湯面８近傍の皮はり現
象（ベルトとノズル間に存在する溶融金属が凝固してノ
ズル７とベルト１．１’とを凝固物で橋渡しする現像）
を防止することができ、注湯ノズル７の破損事故を未然
に防ぐことができる。As the alternating current flows through the electromagnetic coils 9 and 9' on both sides, magnetic lines of force 10 are induced between the two coils 9 and 9', and these induced magnetic lines of force 10 affect the molten metal surface, the molten metal in the vicinity of 8, and the poured metal. It will pass through the nozzle 7. However, since the molten metal and the portion of the pouring nozzle facing the belt and near the molten metal surface are conductive, a current is induced around the magnetic field lines 10 whose polarity alternately switches, and this induced current As a result, the molten metal near the molten metal surface 8 and the conductive refractory lining 30, 30' of the pouring nozzle are subjected to so-called Zeel heating. Therefore, the nozzle wall surface of the pouring nozzle 7 on the side facing the belt, which is connected to the conductive refractory linings 30 and 30', is maintained at a temperature above the freezing point of the molten metal. (Development in which the molten metal existing between the nozzle and the nozzle solidifies and bridges the nozzle 7 and the belt 1.1' with the solidified material)
This makes it possible to prevent damage to the pouring nozzle 7 from occurring.
また、本実施例においては、ベルト１．１’は金属であ
るので、電磁コイル９，９′により誘導加熱（ジーール
加熱）を受けるが、ベルトの裏側を水冷パッド５，５′
により直接冷却されているので、ベルト自体が高温に加
熱されることはない。Further, in this embodiment, since the belt 1.1' is made of metal, it is subjected to induction heating (Ziel heating) by the electromagnetic coils 9, 9'.
Since the belt is directly cooled by the belt, the belt itself is not heated to high temperatures.
注湯ノズル７の導電性耐火物の部分３０ 、３０’の材
質としてはアルミナグラファイト、ジルコニアグラファ
イト、ホウ化ジルコニウムなどの導電性セラミックス等
を用いることができる。As the material for the conductive refractory parts 30 and 30' of the pouring nozzle 7, conductive ceramics such as alumina graphite, zirconia graphite, and zirconium boride can be used.
本実施例では、導電性耐火材を注湯ノズル７のはルトに
面し、かつ溶湯面８近傍にのみ、ライニングして取付け
である例を示しているが、注湯ノズル７自体を、これら
導電性耐火物で構成してもよく、また、注湯ノズル７の
下部（溶湯浸漬される部分の近傍）のみを導電性耐火物
で構成してもよい。This embodiment shows an example in which the conductive refractory material is installed by lining the pouring nozzle 7 facing the root and only in the vicinity of the molten metal surface 8. It may be made of a conductive refractory, or only the lower part of the pouring nozzle 7 (near the part immersed in the molten metal) may be made of a conductive refractory.
また、電磁コイル９，９′を設置する位置は、上下方向
のしばル的には、溶湯面８近傍ｔ、カバーするようにし
ておくのが望ましい。この場合、溶湯面８が連続鋳造装
置の運転中に変動するので、変動式も見込んだコイルサ
イズにしてお（のが望ましい。Further, it is preferable that the electromagnetic coils 9, 9' be installed in the vicinity t of the molten metal surface 8 in the vertical direction so as to cover the molten metal surface 8. In this case, since the molten metal surface 8 changes during operation of the continuous casting apparatus, it is desirable to select a coil size that takes into account the variation.
また、ベル） １．１’からの電磁コイル９，９′の先
端の距離は、ベルト冷却のための水流を妨げない範囲で
、極力ベル） １．１’に近づけるのが磁力線１ｏの強
度、即ち磁束密度を確保する上で望ましい。In addition, the distance of the tips of the electromagnetic coils 9, 9' from Bell) 1.1' should be as close to Bell) 1.1' as possible within a range that does not impede the water flow for cooling the belt, depending on the strength of the magnetic field line 1o. That is, this is desirable in terms of ensuring magnetic flux density.
上記実施例は、水冷パッドを有する型式のツイン・ワイ
ヤ式遵鋳装置に係るものであるが、本発明はこれに限ら
ず水冷パッドに代えてスプレー等で冷却を行うものでも
よ（、また、誘導加熱装置は、要は注湯面の近傍のベル
トの背面に設ければよく、冷却パッド内に設けたものに
限られるものでもない。Although the above embodiment relates to a twin-wire casting machine having a water-cooling pad, the present invention is not limited to this, and cooling may be performed by spraying or the like instead of the water-cooling pad. In short, the induction heating device may be provided on the back side of the belt near the pouring surface, and is not limited to being provided inside the cooling pad.
本発明は次の効果を奏することができる。 The present invention can have the following effects.
即ち、誘導加熱装置によって、溶湯面付近の溶融金属及
び注湯ノズルが加熱されるので、溶湯面が冷却されて凝
固し、ベルトと注湯ノズル間を橋渡しする皮はりの発生
が防止される。That is, since the molten metal near the molten metal surface and the pouring nozzle are heated by the induction heating device, the molten metal surface is cooled and solidified, thereby preventing the formation of skin that bridges the belt and the pouring nozzle.
従って、この皮はりによって注湯ノズルが破損すること
を防ぐことができる。Therefore, the pouring nozzle can be prevented from being damaged by this skinning.
第１図は本発明の一実施例の説明図、
第２図は第１図の■−ｎ断面図、
第３図は従来のツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造装置の説明図
、
第４図は第３図に示す従来のツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造
装置の注湯ノズル付近の状態を示す説明図である。Fig. 1 is an explanatory diagram of one embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line ■-n in Fig. 1, Fig. 3 is an explanatory diagram of a conventional twin belt type continuous casting machine, and Fig. 4 is a FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing the state around the pouring nozzle of the conventional twin-belt continuous casting apparatus shown in FIG. 3;
Claims (1)
モールド部は相対する二辺を構成する一対の移動するベ
ルトと他の相対する二辺を構成する一対の鋳型で形成さ
れるツイン・ベルト式連続鋳造装置において、浸漬式注
湯ノズルの少くともベルトに面する側の部分を導電性の
耐火物で構成し、かつモールド部の溶湯面の近傍の一対
のベルトの背面に互いに対向する少くとも一対の誘導加
熱装置を設けたことを特徴とするツイン・ベルト式連続
鋳造装置。It has a mold part with a rectangular cross section that extends in the vertical direction, and the mold part is a twin belt type formed by a pair of moving belts that make up two opposing sides and a pair of molds that make up the other two opposing sides. In a continuous casting device, at least the part of the submerged pouring nozzle facing the belt is made of a conductive refractory material, and at least the part of the submerged pouring nozzle facing each other is made of a conductive refractory material, and the back side of the pair of belts near the molten metal surface of the mold part is made of A twin belt type continuous casting device characterized by being equipped with a pair of induction heating devices.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29538587A JPH07112600B2 (en) | 1987-11-25 | 1987-11-25 | Twin belt type continuous casting machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29538587A JPH07112600B2 (en) | 1987-11-25 | 1987-11-25 | Twin belt type continuous casting machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01138042A true JPH01138042A (en) | 1989-05-30 |
| JPH07112600B2 JPH07112600B2 (en) | 1995-12-06 |
Family
ID=17819941
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP29538587A Expired - Lifetime JPH07112600B2 (en) | 1987-11-25 | 1987-11-25 | Twin belt type continuous casting machine |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH07112600B2 (en) |
-
1987
- 1987-11-25 JP JP29538587A patent/JPH07112600B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH07112600B2 (en) | 1995-12-06 |
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