JP7355335B2 - 小分子重炭酸イオンチャネルを用いた嚢胞性線維症の遺伝子型非依存性救済 - Google Patents
小分子重炭酸イオンチャネルを用いた嚢胞性線維症の遺伝子型非依存性救済 Download PDFInfo
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- A61K31/575—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of three or more carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, ergosterol, sitosterol
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Description
一態様では、嚢胞性線維症を治療する方法であって、それを必要とする患者に、治療有効量の(i)アムホテリシンB(AmB)またはその薬学的に許容される塩もしくは水和物、および(ii)ステロールまたはその薬学的に許容される塩を併せて投与し、それにより嚢胞性線維症を治療することを含む方法を本明細書で提供する。
本発明で使用される製剤は、薬学的に許容される濃度の塩、緩衝剤、保存剤、適合性のある担体、アジュバント、および任意選択で他の治療成分を通常含みうる薬学的に許容される溶液中において投与してよい。
上記のように、「有効量」とは、所望の生物学的効果を達成するのに十分な任意の量を指す。本明細書で提供される教示とあわせて、さまざまな活性化合物の中から選択し、さらに効力、相対的バイオアベイラビリティ、患者の体重、有害な副作用の重症度、および、好ましい投与方式などの因子に重み付けすることによって、有効な予防的または治療的治療レジメンを、実質的に望ましくない毒性を生じさせずになお特定の対象を治療するのに有効となるように計画することができる。特定の適用のための有効量は、治療される疾患または状態、投与される本発明の特定化合物、対象のサイズ、あるいは疾患または状態の重症度などの因子に応じて変動しうる。当業者は、本発明の特定化合物および/または他の治療剤の有効量を、過度の実験を必要とすることなく、経験的に決定することができる。一般的に、最大用量、すなわち何らかの医学的判断に従った最高安全用量が用いられることが好ましい。化合物の適切な全身レベルを達成するために、1日当たり複数回の投与が予定されてもよい。適切な全身レベルは、例えば、患者における薬物のピークまたは持続血漿レベルの測定によって決定することができる。「用量」および「投薬量」は本明細書において交換可能に用いられる。
NuLi、CuFi-1、およびCuFi-4細胞(15)(アイオワ大学、Welsh研究室)は、最初に凍結ストックから、それぞれ1.5x104細胞/cm2、1x103細胞/cm2、および1x104細胞/cm2で播種して、Thermo Scientific BioLite Cell Culture Treated 75cm2フラスコで成長させた。これらのフラスコは、事前に3mLの60μg/mLのヒト胎盤VI型コラーゲン(Sigma-Aldrich)を用いて室温で最低18時間コーティングし、PBSで2回すすいだ後、播種前に乾燥させた。細胞は、12mLの気管支上皮細胞増殖培地(BEGM)BulletKit(Lonza CC-3170)で培養し、その培地には、基本培地と8つのSingleQuotsのサプリメント(BPE、2mL;ヒドロコルチゾン、0.5mL;hEGF、0.5mL;エピネフリン、0.5mL;トランスフェリン、0.5mL;インスリン、0.5mL;レチノイン酸、0.5mL;トリヨードサイロニン、0.5mL)が含まれる。ゲンタマイシン-アムホテリシンBアリコートは捨てて、代わりに培地に50μg/mLペニシリン-ストレプトマイシン(Corning Cellgro)、50μg/mLゲンタマイシン(Sigma-Aldrich G1397)、および2μg/mLのフルコナゾール(Sigma-Aldrich)を補足した。
気道上皮細胞は、死後標本として、または移植に適さないと見なされた組織から、アイオワドナーネットワーク(Iowa Donor Network)から得られたCFおよび非CF標本のヒト気管および気管支から得た。研究は、アイオワ大学の治験審査委員会によって承認された。プロナーゼ酵素消化後、コラーゲンコーティング半透膜(0.33~1.12cm2、Corning 3470ポリエステル、3460ポリエステル、3413ポリカーボネート)に細胞を播種し、気液界面で成長させた(52)。気道上皮細胞培養物は、それらが分化した後でかつ播種後少なくとも14日後に分析した。
除外されたデータはない。データはすべて、最低6生物学的反復での平均値±SEMを表す。ダゴスティーノ・ピアソン(DAgostino&Pearson)正規性検定を使用して、データの正規分布を確認した。統計分析は、必要に応じて、一元配置分散分析(one-way ANOVA)、あるいは両側の対応のないまたは対応のあるスチューデントのt検定から得られた、P値を表す。比較群間で分散が均一でない場合は、分散の違いを明らかにするために、ウェルチ補正を使用したパラメトリックt検定を行った。NSは有意ではない。特に明記しない限り、*P≦0.05、**P≦0.01、***p≦0.001、****P≦0.0001である。パイロット実験に基づき、群間の結果の違いを検出するために、各実験を適切に強化するサンプルサイズを選択した。サンプルサイズを事前に決定するのに統計的手法は使用しなかった。上皮サンプルを無作為に各実験の対照群と実験群に手動で割り当てた。動物はそれら自身の対照となる。
リポソーム、細胞、および/またはマウスの鼻上皮を陰イオンに対して透過性にすることが以前報告されている一連の天然物および合成化合物(11-14)を、Ussingチャンバ、および最も一般的なΔF508/ΔF508遺伝子型(CuFi-1)のCF患者からの不死化気道上皮細胞株に由来する気道上皮の分化培養物(15)を使用して試験した。臨床的に承認された抗真菌天然物アムホテリシンB(AmB)(図1、パネルD)(16)は、短絡電流の変化を引き起こすのに非常に効果的であった。試験した他の化合物のいずれを用いても、これら同じ上皮の透過化はほとんどまたはまったく観察されなかった。それら化合物には、AmBの単原子欠損合成誘導体(C35deOAmB)が含まれ、それはイオンチャネル活性を欠くことが以前示されており(17)、したがってこの誘導体は優れた陰性対照になる。AmBおよびC35deOAmBがコレステロール含有POPCリポソームを横断して重炭酸イオンを輸送する能力を、適応させた13C MMRベースアッセイ(18)を使用して試験した。AmBで処理したリポソームから13C標識重炭酸イオンの強力かつ迅速な放出が観察されたが、C35deOAmBで処理したものからは観察されなかった(図1、パネルE、F)。
この有望な小分子プローブのペアを用いて、正常な肺上皮と比較してCF肺上皮において頂端膜をはさんだpH勾配の利用可能な増大があるという予測(図1、パネルA、B)について試験した。蛍光pH色素(3、4、21)により、正常個体に由来する分化上皮単層(NuLi)(15)と比較して、CuFi-1上皮が細胞内pHの上昇(図2、パネルA)およびASLのpHの低下(図2、パネルB)を有することが確認された。CuFi-1上皮の頂端膜に低濃度のAmB(2μM)を添加すると、2時間にわたりpHの漸進的な上昇が生じた(図2、パネルC)。驚くべきことに、その後、同じpH上昇が少なくとも48時間持続した。これは、エアロゾル化された重炭酸緩衝液によって引き起こされるASLのpHへの一時的効果(3、8)とは大きく異なる。非チャネル形成バリアントC35deOAmBの頂端添加またはAmBの側底膜への添加(側底添加)では、pHの上昇は全く見られなかった(図2、パネルD)。AmBで処理したCuFi-1単層は、フォルスコリン/IBMXに応答した短絡電流の増加を示さず、ASLのpHのAmB媒介性の上昇は、CFTR活性/表面へのトラフィッキングを高めることによるものではないことを示す。AmBの添加は、膜の完全性も破壊しなかった。
このASLのpHのAmB媒介性の上昇が遺伝子型非依存性であるかどうかを調べるために、AmBを使用した結果を、遺伝子型特異的な治療薬であるイバカフトールと比較した。イバカフトールは、ゲーティング欠損を引き起こしかつCF患者の2~4%に存在する特定の変異(G551D)を有するCFTRの活性を増強する、臨床的に承認された小分子である。G551D変異を有する患者由来の初代副鼻腔上皮において、イバカフトールは、未処理の対照と比較して、ASLのpHを0.20単位上昇させ、粘度を約1.5単位低下させた(25)。少なくとも1つのG551D対立遺伝子を持つCF患者での大規模な臨床試験では、イバカフトールは実質的なプラス効果をもたらし、努力呼気量(forced expiratory volume)が10%増加し、体重、生活の質、および肺増悪の発生率が大幅に改善された(2、26、27)。この化合物は、G551Dまたは類似の対立遺伝子を欠くCF上皮では恩恵を示さない。
本発明者らは、AmBが、頂端膜を横切る重炭酸イオンの流出を促進することにより、このASLのpHの上昇を媒介すると仮定した。AmBはプロトン(H+)に対しても透過性であり(20)、したがってプロトン吸収の促進は代替的または補完的なメカニズムの可能性を示した。
AmBが遺伝子型非依存的な様式でASLのpHを回復する能力が、初代ヒト気道上皮に転化できるかどうかを確認するために、広範囲の異なるCFTR変異を表す9人のCF患者ドナーからサンプルを得た。これらには、最も一般的なΔF508/ΔF508遺伝子型、CFTRタンパク質が実質的に生成されないダブルヌル遺伝子型(R553X/E60X、患者6)、まれなスプライス部位対立遺伝子(ΔF508/1717-1G->A、患者7)、およびいくつかのまれな未分類の対立遺伝子(ΔF508/c.2052dupA、患者8、およびD259G/V520F、患者9)(37)を有する多様な患者が含まれる。患者9におけるV520F対立遺伝子は、G551Dと同じ機能カテゴリにあるが、イバカフトールによる治療に不応性である(26)。
研究により、HCO3 -分泌は、ASLのpHを高め(3、4)、ASLの粘度を低下させ(4、7、25)、抗菌因子の活性を高め(4)、ASL体積のホメオスタシスを維持し(41)、緑膿菌による局所環境の酸性化に対抗し(5)、さらにグラム陽性菌およびグラム陰性菌におけるプロトン推進力を消散させる(42)ことにより、気道の宿主防御を増強することができることが示されている(4、36、40)。頂端膜を横切る電気化学的勾配はHCO3 -分泌を促進する;HCO3 -は、Na+/K+ ATPase(30)、H+/K+ ATPase(4)、K+チャネル、Na+/HCO3 -輸送体(NBC)、およびNa+/H+対向輸送体(アンチポーター)、ならびに炭酸脱水酵素(43)の統合された活動を通して細胞内に蓄積される。したがって、CFTRが開くと、HCO3 -はASLに流れ込み、ASLのpHが上昇する。CFTRがない場合、細胞内[HCO3 -]が保持され(44)、HCO3 -出口のこの勾配が持続し、さらにASLにおけるHCO3 -の減少によりASLのpHが低下するため増加さえする。CFのヒトの上皮における結果として生じるHCO3 -勾配の部位選択的および方向選択的な構築が、比較的非選択的な小分子HCO3 -輸送体でさえ、側底側から頂端側へのHCO3 -の流れを回復させ、したがってCFTR欠損上皮における気道宿主防御を回復させることを可能にすると推論された。最近、非選択的小分子鉄輸送体が、鉄輸送タンパク質を欠く細胞や動物においてヘモグロビン合成(hemoglobinization)を回復するのに十分であることが判明し、この選択性欠如に対する許容性は、欠損タンパク質を通常は提供している膜での部位選択的および方向選択的な鉄勾配の構築に機構的に関連付けられた(23)。
CuFi-1上皮において、AmBの濃度の漸進的増加に伴い、ASLのpHが上昇し、その後低下することが観察された(図8、パネルA)。酵母での研究(17、19、20)に基づき、事前に形成されたAmB:コレステロール複合体が、AmBの高濃度での有効性の低下に寄与し得る潜在的なステロール結合媒介性の影響を低減すると仮定した。結果的に、事前に形成されたAmB:コレステロール(1:5)複合体は、試験したAmBの最高濃度(100μΜ)まで、ASLのpHを高めたことが分かった(図8、パネルA)。
一般情報:パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン(POPC)は、CHCl3中の25mg/mL溶液としてAvanti Polar Lipids(Alabaster、AL)から入手し、乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下において-20℃で保存し、3か月以内に使用した。コレステロール(Sigma Aldrich)はエタノールからの再結晶により精製した。NaH13CO3は、Sigma Aldrichから白色固体として得た。ナトリウム、カリウムおよびクロライドイオンの測定は、ファラデーケージ内に適切なイオン選択性プローブを備えたDenver Instruments(Denver、CO)Model 225 pHメーターを使用して取得した。ナトリウム選択性測定は、Orionマイクロナトリウム電極(Thermo 9811BN)を使用して取得した。カリウム選択性測定は、防水BNCコネクタを備えたOrionカリウムシュアフロー複合電極(Thermo 9719BNWP)を用いて取得した。クロライド選択性測定は、Orionクロライド複合型電極(Thermo 9617BNWP)を使用して取得した。ナトリウム流出実験では、23℃でインキュベートした7mLバイアル中の磁気攪拌した1.5mL溶液において測定を行った。クロライドおよびカリウムの流出実験では、23℃でインキュベートした20mLバイアル中の磁気攪拌した4mL溶液において測定を行った。ナトリウム、カリウム、およびクロライドの流出実験に関して、流出実験の過程全体を通して、各イオンの濃度を10秒ごとにサンプリングした。HCO3 -流出実験のための13C NMRスペクトルは、Varian 5mm broadband autoxプローブを備えたVarian Inova 600MHz NMR分光計で取得した。13C周波数は150.83MHzに設定し、スペクトル幅は37037Hzであった。機器をD2Oでロックした。実験条件は次のとおりである:取得時間、0.93秒;30°パルス幅、3.3μ秒;緩和遅延、0.2秒;スキャン数、256;温度23℃。インバースゲート13Cスペクトルを収集した。
POPC/10%コレステロールリポソームからのプロトン流出を上記のように決定した(33)。
コレステロール含有POPC脂質フィルムを上記のように調製し、使用前に最低12時間高真空下で保管した。次に、フィルムを、40mM HEPES緩衝液、pH7.5(D2O)中の250mM NaH13CO32mLで水和し、約3分間激しくボルテックスして、多層小胞(MLV)の懸濁液を形成した。次に、脂質懸濁液を15回の凍結融解サイクル(懸濁液を交互に、液体窒素浴で凍結させ、その後50℃の水浴で解凍させる)にかけた。得られた脂質懸濁液をHamilton(Reno、NV)の1mLの気密シリンジに引き込み、シリンジをアバンティポーラーリピッド社のミニ押出機(Avanti Polar Lipids Mini-Extruder)に入れた。次に、脂質溶液を5.00μmのMilipore(Billerica,MA)ポリカーボネートフィルターに35回通し、新たに形成されたLUV懸濁液を、MLVの元の懸濁液を含まないシリンジに収集して、MLVがLUV溶液に入り込むのを防いだ。十分な量のLUVを得るために、2つの独立した1mLの調製物を一緒にプールして透析およびその後の流出実験に使用した。新たに形成されたLUVを、Pierce(Rockford、IL)Slide-A-Lyzer MWCO 3,500透析カセット(3mL容量)を使用して透析した。LUV懸濁液を、攪拌しながら、40mM HEPES緩衝液、pH7.3(H2O)中の87mM Na2SO4溶液300mLに対して10回透析した。最初の透析は4時間であったが、その後の9回の透析は1時間行った。リン含有量の決定は上記のように行った。
緩和遅延、0.2秒;スキャン数、256;温度23℃。
この実験には、小径のNuLi、CuFi、および初代培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。レシオメトリックpHインジケーターSNARF結合デキストラン(Molecular Probes)を使用してASLのpHを測定した。SNARF粉末を、超音波処理を介してパーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)中に懸濁させ、頂端表面に分配させた。ASLのpHを2時間後に測定した(3、4、25)。細胞株培養物については、40倍水浸レンズでZeiss LSM 800顕微鏡を使用し、また初代培養物についてはZeiss LSM 510顕微鏡を使用して、SNARFを488nmで励起し、580nmおよび640nmで発光を記録した。pH測定の標準曲線を作成するために、SNARFを無色のpH標準物に溶解し、蛍光比をpHに変換した。
アムホテリシンB:0.25~100μΜ
アムホテリシンB-コレステロール複合体:0.5~100μΜ
C35deOAmB:2μΜ(17)
10mMウアバイン(Na+/K+ ATPaseの阻害)(9)
10μΜフォルスコリン/10μΜイバカフトール(25)
AmBisome:0.25~2450μg/mL
この実験には、大径のNuLiおよびCuFi-1培養上皮を使用した(4.67cm2)。これらの培養物を、トランズウェルアダプター用の培養カップインサート、24mm(U9924T-24)を使用して、デュアルチャネルUssingチャンバ(Warner U2500)に取り付けた。頂端側には緩衝剤を含まない溶液(140mM NaCl、2mM KC1、2mM CaCl2、および1mM MgCl2、15mMデキストロース、空気でガス処理)を用い、側底側にはHCO3 -緩衝液(120mM NaCl、25mM NaHCO3、5mM KC1、2mM CaCl2、1.2mM MgCl2、13.75mM NaH2PO4、5.6mMデキストロース、pHを7.0に調整)またはHCO3 -を含まない緩衝液(140mM NaCl、2mM KCl、2mM CaCl2、1mM MgCl2、10mM HEPES、5mMデキストロース、pH7.0に調整)を用いて、37℃で膜を浸した。微小径のpH電極(89231-590)および温度プローブ(Radiometer Analytical T201 Temperature Sensor,E51M001)、およびHach ΤIΜ856 NB pH/EP/Stat pH-STAT Titrator(R41T028)に取り付けられた滴定ビュレットを頂端チャンバに挿入した。ガス交換を防ぐために、側底チャンバをチャンバの蓋で覆った。次に、既知のpH溶液(Hach、S11M002、S11M004、S11M007)を使用して、pH電極を校正した。
この実験には、小径のCuFi-1培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。実験の開始の24時間前に、すべての培養上皮の頂端側を200μLの温かいPBSで3回すすいで過剰な粘液を除去した。新鮮なUSG培地を側底膜に添加した。CuFi-1上皮を、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72)ビヒクル、またはFC-72中に懸濁した2μMのAmBのいずれかで処理し、37℃で48時間インキュベートした。0.1μL容量のマイクロキャピラリーチューブ(Drummond Scientific NC1453214)を200μLのピペットチップ(Denville Scientific P1122)に入れた。AmB添加の48時間後、毛細管現象によってASLで完全に満たされるまで、マイクロキャピラリーチューブを各上皮培養インサートの頂端膜の端の周りにそっと触れさせた。0.1μLのASLを収集した後、p200ピペットを使用して、サンプル全体を15μLの分子生物学用グレードの水(Corning 46-000-CM)に押し込んだ。次に、サンプルを、50μLの分子生物学用グレードの水で3回洗浄することにより、15mL容量の円錐バイアルに定量的に移した。
この実験には、小径のNuLiおよびCuFi培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。14C標識されたHCO3 -ナトリウムは、無菌の35.7mM水溶液、pH9.5(MP Biomedicals 0117441H)として得た。すべての実験を、播種後2か月未満で実行した。実験の前に、新鮮なUSG培地を側底側に添加した。頂端膜を、パーフルオロカーボン72(Sigma Aldrich)中の懸濁液として20μLのビヒクル、AmBまたはイバカフトール/フォルスコリンで処理し、培養上皮を5%CO2雰囲気中、37℃で48時間、7日、14日または28日間インキュベートした。治療期間の終了後、USG培地中の1.4mM H14CO3 -ストック溶液5μLを側底側の培地に加えた。次に、培養上皮を37℃で10分間インキュベートした。10分後、培養上皮の頂端膜を直ちに200μLのPBSで洗浄した。ASL洗浄液と200μLの側底培地のアリコートをシンチレーションカクテルで希釈し、液体シンチレーションカウンティングで分析した(23)。
膜発現CFTRの存在を評価するために、Corning Costar 0.4μm24ウェルプレート トランズウェルクリアーポリエステルメンブレンインサート上で成長させたNuLiおよびCuFi-1上皮の分化培養物を使用した。NuLiおよびCuFi-1上皮を、20μLのパーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)ビヒクル、または超音波処理してFC-72中に懸濁させた2μLのアムホテリシンB(AmB)で処理した。48時間のインキュベーション後、トランズウェルアダプター用の培養カップインサート6.5mm(Warner U9924T-06)を使用して、上皮をデュアルチャネルUssingチャンバ(Warner U2500)に取り付け、頂端側と側底側の両方を、37℃のHCO3 -溶液(120mM NaCl、25mM NaHCO3、5mM KC1、2mM CaCl2、1.2mM MgCl2、13.75mM NaH2PO4、pH7.0)に浸し、圧縮空気でガス処理した。デキストロースを実験の直前にこの溶液に加えて、最終濃度を5.6mMにした。上皮のナトリウムチャネル(ENaC)とカルシウム活性化クロライドチャネル(CaCC)をそれぞれ1μΜのアミロライドと1μΜのDIDS(4,4’-ジイソチオシアノスチルベン-2,2’-ジスルホン酸)の頂端添加により阻害して、透過化(permeabilization)のベースラインを樹立した。頂端に添加した10μΜフォルスコリン/100μΜ IBMX(3-イソブチル-1-メチルキサンチン)を使用してCFTRを活性化し、1μΜ CFTRinh-172を使用してCFTRを阻害した。試薬を連続して添加するたびに、次の試薬を添加する前に約10分間平衡化させた(15)。
この実験には、小径のCuFi-1培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。培養上皮を、FC-72ビヒクル、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)中の2および50μMのAmBで48時間、7日または28日間処理した。200μLの新鮮なUSG培地を上皮の頂端側に置いた。次に、Millicell(登録商標)ERS-2電圧計を使用して、生物学的複製ごとに2つの技術的複製について蛇行パターンで上皮の頂端側と側底側を横切る経上皮電気抵抗(Rt)を測定した。
この実験には、小径のCuFi-1培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。LDH細胞毒性アッセイキット(Cayman Chemical)を使用して、AmBがCuFi-1気道上皮に毒性があるかどうかを確認した。処理前に、上皮の側底側から培地を除去し、500μLの新鮮なUSG培地と交換した。次に、培養上皮を、FC-72ビヒクル、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)中の2および50μMのAmBで48時間、7日または28日間処理した。各実験時間枠の終了の48時間前に、側底側の培地を再度交換し、20μLの10%Triton X-100溶液を頂端表面に添加して、最大の放出を引き出した。実験当日、キットの指示に従ってアッセイ試薬を調製し、バックグラウンド対照用に500μLのUSG培地を24ウェルプレートの3つの空のウェルに添加した。培養インサートをウェルから取り外し、250μLのLDH反応溶液を各ウェルに添加した。次に、プレートをオービタルシェーカーで30分間、37℃で穏やかに振盪した。プレートリーダーを使用して、490nmで吸光度を読み取った。細胞毒性%は次のように計算した:
ASLの高さは、確立された蛍光色素アッセイ(60、61)を使用して検討した。この実験には、小径のNuLiおよびCuFi-1培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。実験開始の24時間前に、すべての培養上皮の頂端側を温かいPBSで3回すすいで、過剰な粘液を除去した。NuLi上皮は、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72)ビヒクル、または側底側の培地に添加したDMSOビヒクル中の500μMのブメタニドで処理し、CuFi上皮は、側底側の培地に添加したDMSOビヒクル中の500μMのブメタニドありまたはなしで、20μLのビヒクル、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)中に懸濁させた0.005、0.5または50μMのAmB、あるいは0.5μMのC35deOAmBで処理し、37℃で24時間インキュベートした。24時間後、PBS中の2mg/mLの70kDa Texas Red-デキストランコンジュゲート(Molecular Probes)溶液2.5μLを上皮の頂端側に添加し、続いて蒸発を防ぐために100μLのFC-770を添加した。次に、イメージング用の10mmガラスボトムFluorodish(World Precision Instruments)上の100μLのPBSの上に培養支持体を置いた。上皮を色素添加直後と24時間後に再度画像化して、色素吸収を調べた。メンブレンごとに3つのZスタック画像をZeiss LSM700共焦点顕微鏡で40倍の油浸で撮影した。ImageJ(62)を使用してこれらの画像を解析して、各画像の中央の1300ピクセルの平均ASL高さを決定した。画像を平滑化し、8ビットに変換し、赤い領域を最も正確に表すために閾値処理した。Analyze Particlesのパラメータは、サイズが1~無限大μm2で、真円度が0%~100%の粒子であった。高さは、ピクセル単位の出力領域を既知の1300ピクセル幅で割って決定し、既知の倍率(scaling factor)0.49μm/ピクセルを使用してマイクロメートルに変換した。
気道上皮培養物のASLの粘度を測定した(7、25)。この実験には、小直径の初代培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。頂端表面は、研究前少なくとも2週間洗浄しなかった。培養上皮を、パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)中において投与した2μMのAmBで48時間処理した。次に、粘度の測定の2時間前に、FITC-デキストラン(70kD、Sigma)を乾燥粉末として上皮の頂端表面に投与した。FRAPは、Zeiss LSM 510 META顕微鏡を使用して、37℃の加湿チャンバ内でアッセイした。最大の回復に達するまで画像を取得した。各培養物の異なる場所から少なくとも6つの回復曲線を取得して平均化し、1つの上皮培養物のデータを得た。時定数(τ生理食塩水)は、蛍光回復曲線から回帰分析によって計算した。粘度は、生理食塩水の時定数に対する相対値として表した(τASL/τ生理食塩水)。
黄色ブドウ球菌でコーティングされた金グリッドを使用して、気道上皮培養物の抗菌活性を測定した(3、4)。この実験には、小径の初代培養上皮を使用した(0.33cm2)。パーフルオロカーボン(FC-72、Sigma)、2μMのAmB、または2μMのC35deOAmBでの48時間の処理後、気道上皮の頂端表面に、細菌でコーティングされた金TEMグリッドを1分間置いた。対照として、細菌でコーティングされたグリッドを、生理食塩水または生理食塩水の上に置いたFC-72中のAmBに入れて、投与方法を1分間模倣した。除去後、Live/Dead BacLight Bacterial Viabilityアッセイ(In vitrogen)を使用してグリッド上の細菌の生存率を評価した。4~6領域で生存率を決定して、死んだ細菌のパーセンテージを決定した。
CFTR遺伝子CFTR-/-の標的破壊を有する雌および雄の新生ブタが研究され、CFTR+/-ブタの交配から作製された。ブタはExemplar Geneticsから入手した。アイオワ大学の動物管理使用委員会はすべての動物実験を承認した。
ASLのpHをブタにおいてin vivoで測定した(3、8)。AmBisomeをブタの気管に投与するために、ブタを最初にケタミン(Ketaject、Phoenix、20mg/kg、筋肉内注射)で鎮静させ、プロポフォール(Diprivan、Fresenius Kabi、2mg/kg、静脈内注射)を使用して麻酔した。気管を外科的に露出させ、前方からアクセスし、気管軟骨輪を切開して小さな前方窓を開けた。生理的状態を模倣するために、100%加湿チャンバ内で37℃および一定の5%CO2でデータを取得した。
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上記の説明で言及されたすべての特許および公開特許出願は、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる。
理解を明確にするために、例証および例を通して本発明をある程度詳細に説明したが、本発明の範囲またはそれらのいずれかの具体的な実施形態に影響を与えることなく、条件、配合および他のパラメータの広いおよび同等の範囲内で本発明を修正または変更することによっても本発明を実施でき、またこのような修正および変更が添付の特許請求の範囲内に含まれることが意図されていることは当業者に明らかであろう。
Claims (18)
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが約1:1~約1:2.5の範囲のモル比で投与される、請求項1または2に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが約1:2.5のモル比で投与される、請求項3に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが、水と、AmBと、水素添加大豆ホスファチジルコリン、コレステロール、ジステアロイルホスファチジルグリセロール、α-トコフェロール、スクロースおよびコハク酸二ナトリウム六水和物からなるリポソーム膜とから本質的になる組成物の形態で一緒に投与される、請求項4に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが別個の医薬組成物として投与される、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが同時に投与される、請求項6に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記コレステロールが、前記AmBの前または後の約5分以内~約168時間以内に投与される、請求項6に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが単一の医薬組成物で投与される、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記AmBと前記コレステロールが複合体として存在する、請求項9に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記2つの変異が、それぞれ独立して、2184delA、F508del、V520F、1717-1G->A、E60X、G551D、R553X、およびD259Gから選択される、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記患者が、F508del/F508del、G551D/F508del、R553X/E60X、F508del/1717-1G->A、F508del/2184delA、およびD259G/V520Fから選択される一対のCTFR変異を有する、請求項11に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記患者が、F508del/F508del、R553X/E60X、F508del/1717-1G->A、F508del/2184delA、およびD259G/V520Fから選択される一対のCTFR変異を有する、請求項11に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記嚢胞性線維症がイバカフトールによる治療に不応性である、請求項13に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 治療有効量の抗生物質と併用される、請求項1~14のいずれか一項に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記患者がヒトである、請求項1~15のいずれか一項に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記ヒトが12歳未満である、請求項16に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
- 前記ヒトが少なくとも12歳である、請求項16に記載の組み合わせ医薬。
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WO2016073462A1 (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2016-05-12 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Restoring physiology with small molecule mimics of missing proteins |
JP7041961B2 (ja) | 2016-04-08 | 2022-03-25 | ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ ユニヴァーシティ オブ イリノイ | ヒト嚢胞性線維症肺上皮における気道表面の生理機能の小分子介在性回復 |
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WO2016073462A1 (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2016-05-12 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois | Restoring physiology with small molecule mimics of missing proteins |
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