JP6865765B2 - 強度変調放射線治療における臨床目標の達成可能性を迅速に予測する事前最適化方法 - Google Patents
強度変調放射線治療における臨床目標の達成可能性を迅速に予測する事前最適化方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6865765B2 JP6865765B2 JP2018546846A JP2018546846A JP6865765B2 JP 6865765 B2 JP6865765 B2 JP 6865765B2 JP 2018546846 A JP2018546846 A JP 2018546846A JP 2018546846 A JP2018546846 A JP 2018546846A JP 6865765 B2 JP6865765 B2 JP 6865765B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- imrt
- geometry
- achievability
- target volume
- beamlets
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 101
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims 5
- 210000000920 organ at risk Anatomy 0.000 claims 3
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002059 diagnostic imaging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013170 computed tomography imaging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001936 parietal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003211 malignant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001394 metastastic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010061289 metastatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011287 therapeutic dose Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/103—Treatment planning systems
- A61N5/1031—Treatment planning systems using a specific method of dose optimization
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/52—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/5294—Devices using data or image processing specially adapted for radiation diagnosis involving using additional data, e.g. patient information, image labeling, acquisition parameters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/1042—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head
- A61N5/1045—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head using a multi-leaf collimator, e.g. for intensity modulated radiation therapy or IMRT
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/1048—Monitoring, verifying, controlling systems and methods
- A61N2005/1074—Details of the control system, e.g. user interfaces
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- Radiation-Therapy Devices (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US201662305647P | 2016-03-09 | 2016-03-09 | |
| US62/305,647 | 2016-03-09 | ||
| PCT/EP2017/054680 WO2017153211A1 (en) | 2016-03-09 | 2017-03-01 | Pre-optimization method for quick prediction of achievability of clinical goals in intensity modulated radiation therapy |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2019507650A JP2019507650A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
| JP2019507650A5 JP2019507650A5 (enExample) | 2021-03-25 |
| JP6865765B2 true JP6865765B2 (ja) | 2021-04-28 |
Family
ID=58277254
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2018546846A Expired - Fee Related JP6865765B2 (ja) | 2016-03-09 | 2017-03-01 | 強度変調放射線治療における臨床目標の達成可能性を迅速に予測する事前最適化方法 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10881875B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP3426343B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP6865765B2 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN108697905B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2017153211A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3927426A1 (en) * | 2019-02-21 | 2021-12-29 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method to optimally splitting arcs in modulated arc therapy (mat) plans |
| WO2020177844A1 (en) * | 2019-03-01 | 2020-09-10 | Brainlab Ag | Intelligent optimization setting adjustment for radiotherapy treatment planning using patient geometry information and artificial intelligence |
| KR102275098B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-02 | 2021-07-09 | 재단법인 아산사회복지재단 | 세기변조 방사선 치료계획 예측 시스템 및 방법 |
| EP3721940B1 (en) | 2019-04-12 | 2024-11-13 | RaySearch Laboratories AB | Generating a plurality of treatment plans for radiation therapy |
| US11679273B2 (en) * | 2020-09-24 | 2023-06-20 | Siemens Healthineers International Ag | Method and apparatus to deliver therapeutic radiation to a patient using field geography-based dose optimization |
| US12491379B2 (en) | 2023-05-11 | 2025-12-09 | Elekta, Inc. | Method and system for treatment planning |
Family Cites Families (53)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6504899B2 (en) * | 2000-09-25 | 2003-01-07 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Method for selecting beam orientations in intensity modulated radiation therapy |
| WO2003092789A2 (en) * | 2002-04-29 | 2003-11-13 | University Of Miami | Intensity modulated radiotherapy inverse planning algorithm |
| WO2005018742A1 (en) * | 2003-08-11 | 2005-03-03 | Nomos Corporation | Method and aparatus for optimization of collimator angles in intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment |
| US20150248780A1 (en) * | 2003-10-07 | 2015-09-03 | Carlos Daniel Caridad | Touchscreen Contouring Method for Radiation Oncology Treatment Planning and Treatment Administration |
| CN1953782A (zh) * | 2003-10-07 | 2007-04-25 | 诺莫斯公司 | 用于适形放射治疗的计划系统、方法和设备 |
| US7529339B2 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2009-05-05 | University Of Western Ontario | Method and system for optimizing dose delivery of radiation |
| US8077936B2 (en) * | 2005-06-02 | 2011-12-13 | Accuray Incorporated | Treatment planning software and corresponding user interface |
| US20080123813A1 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2008-05-29 | Maurer Calvin R | Automatic selection of multiple collimators |
| US8699664B2 (en) * | 2006-07-27 | 2014-04-15 | British Columbia Center Agency Branch | Systems and methods for optimization of on-line adaptive radiation therapy |
| WO2008120116A1 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2008-10-09 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Improved treatment plan evaluation in radiotherapy by stochastic analysis of delineation uncertainty |
| US8180020B2 (en) * | 2008-10-23 | 2012-05-15 | Accuray Incorporated | Sequential optimizations for treatment planning |
| CN101422640B (zh) * | 2008-11-25 | 2011-10-19 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | 优化放射治疗射束强度分布的多目标优化方法和系统 |
| EP2260902A1 (en) * | 2009-06-10 | 2010-12-15 | Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Stiftung des öffentlichen Rechts | Radiation treatment planning system and computer program product |
| US8315357B2 (en) | 2009-10-08 | 2012-11-20 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Radiation therapy inverse treatment planning using a regularization of sparse segments |
| WO2011053802A2 (en) * | 2009-10-30 | 2011-05-05 | Tomotherapy Incorporated | Non-voxel-based broad-beam (nvbb) algorithm for intensity modulated radiation therapy dose calculation and plan optimization |
| WO2011139863A2 (en) * | 2010-04-28 | 2011-11-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Optimization process for volumetric modulated arc therapy |
| CA2796159A1 (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2011-12-15 | The University Of Manitoba | Multi-objective radiation therapy optimization method |
| US8986186B2 (en) * | 2010-08-17 | 2015-03-24 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Automated treatment planning for radiation therapy |
| CN102184319A (zh) * | 2011-04-18 | 2011-09-14 | 深圳市海博科技有限公司 | 治疗计划逆向规划方法和治疗计划系统 |
| US9679110B2 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-06-13 | Washington University | Developing predictive dose-volume relationships for a radiotherapy treatment |
| WO2013017164A2 (en) * | 2011-08-02 | 2013-02-07 | Brainlab Ag | Dose-optimised patient positioning for radiotherapy |
| US8774358B2 (en) | 2011-09-28 | 2014-07-08 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Radiation therapy treatment plan improvement through use of knowledge base |
| EP2785416B1 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2021-06-02 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Beam segment-level dose computation and temporal motion tracking for adaptive treatment planning |
| BR112014012775A8 (pt) * | 2011-11-30 | 2017-06-20 | Koninklijke Philips Nv | método para a avaliação de um plano de tratamento, e sistema de planejamento de tratamento |
| US8644571B1 (en) * | 2011-12-06 | 2014-02-04 | Loma Linda University Medical Center | Intensity-modulated proton therapy |
| DE102011088160B3 (de) * | 2011-12-09 | 2013-05-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Bestrahlungsplanungverfahren und Bestrahlungsplanungsvorrichtung für die Partikeltherapie |
| US9254396B2 (en) * | 2012-02-16 | 2016-02-09 | Rhode Island Hospital | Advanced radiotherapy treatment planning optimization |
| US9468776B2 (en) * | 2012-06-01 | 2016-10-18 | Raysearch Laboratories Ab | Method and a system for optimizing a radiation treatment plan based on a reference dose distribution |
| JP2014023741A (ja) * | 2012-07-27 | 2014-02-06 | Univ Of Tokushima | 強度変調放射線治療計画装置、強度変調放射線照射装置の放射線ビーム係数演算方法、強度変調放射線治療計画プログラム及びコンピュータで読み取り可能な記録媒体並びに記録した機器 |
| WO2014068435A2 (en) * | 2012-10-29 | 2014-05-08 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Automatic optimal imrt/vmat treatment plan generation. |
| RU2648226C2 (ru) * | 2012-12-17 | 2018-03-22 | Конинклейке Филипс Н.В. | Лучевая терапия с адаптивным расчетом дозы в реальном масштабе времени |
| EP2953680A1 (en) * | 2013-02-05 | 2015-12-16 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Apparatus for determining a number of beams in imrt |
| WO2014147511A1 (en) * | 2013-03-19 | 2014-09-25 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Audio-visual summarization system for rt plan evaluation |
| WO2014181204A2 (en) * | 2013-05-06 | 2014-11-13 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | An interactive dose gradient based optimization technique to control imrt delivery complexity |
| US20140378736A1 (en) * | 2013-06-21 | 2014-12-25 | Emory University | Methods, systems and computer readable storage media storing instructions for generating a radiation therapy treatment plan |
| CN105358218B (zh) * | 2013-06-27 | 2018-10-12 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 对外部射束辐射治疗中的皮肤灼伤的实时量化 |
| JP6557227B2 (ja) * | 2013-07-31 | 2019-08-07 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェKoninklijke Philips N.V. | 治療計画の自動化 |
| US9463336B2 (en) * | 2013-09-20 | 2016-10-11 | Sun Nuclear Corporation | Benchmark system for radiation therapy planning |
| CN105592887B (zh) * | 2013-09-30 | 2018-11-16 | 瓦里安医疗系统国际股份公司 | 使用3d信息作为输入来预测可实现的剂量分布 |
| WO2015083035A1 (en) * | 2013-12-04 | 2015-06-11 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Efficient treatment plan trade-off analysis |
| US10046177B2 (en) | 2014-06-18 | 2018-08-14 | Elekta Ab | System and method for automatic treatment planning |
| US9956428B2 (en) * | 2014-07-18 | 2018-05-01 | Generations International Asset Management Company Llc | Radiosurgical planning and treatment |
| US9889317B2 (en) * | 2014-08-28 | 2018-02-13 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | System and method for automated radiation treatment planning using physical objectives |
| WO2016046683A2 (en) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-31 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Radiation therapy planning optimization and visualization |
| CN107278303B (zh) * | 2014-12-04 | 2021-06-29 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 一种用于生成最佳处置计划的治疗规划系统和方法 |
| US10549121B2 (en) * | 2015-03-06 | 2020-02-04 | Duke University | Automatic determination of radiation beam configurations for patient-specific radiation therapy planning |
| EP3076317B1 (en) * | 2015-04-02 | 2018-08-15 | RaySearch Laboratories AB | System and method for providing a radiation therapy treatment plan and a radiation therapy machine |
| EP3302699A1 (en) * | 2015-05-28 | 2018-04-11 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Method of selecting beam geometries |
| CN107708806B (zh) * | 2015-06-08 | 2020-08-04 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 具有全局考虑的辐射治疗优化单元 |
| EP3218057B1 (en) * | 2015-10-15 | 2018-12-12 | Brainlab AG | Target region partitioning in radiation therapy for minimising irradiation of non-target tissue |
| US10307615B2 (en) * | 2016-09-19 | 2019-06-04 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag | Optimization of radiation treatment plans for optimal treatment time in external-beam radiation treatments |
| US10143859B2 (en) * | 2016-09-22 | 2018-12-04 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag | Controlling and shaping the dose distribution outside treatment targets in external-beam radiation treatments |
| US10485988B2 (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2019-11-26 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag | Interactive dose manipulation using prioritized constraints |
-
2017
- 2017-03-01 EP EP17710677.0A patent/EP3426343B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2017-03-01 JP JP2018546846A patent/JP6865765B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-01 CN CN201780015913.2A patent/CN108697905B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-01 US US16/076,721 patent/US10881875B2/en active Active
- 2017-03-01 WO PCT/EP2017/054680 patent/WO2017153211A1/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3426343B1 (en) | 2020-09-16 |
| EP3426343A1 (en) | 2019-01-16 |
| CN108697905A (zh) | 2018-10-23 |
| CN108697905B (zh) | 2021-04-06 |
| WO2017153211A1 (en) | 2017-09-14 |
| JP2019507650A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
| US10881875B2 (en) | 2021-01-05 |
| US20190038916A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP6865765B2 (ja) | 強度変調放射線治療における臨床目標の達成可能性を迅速に予測する事前最適化方法 | |
| CN110960805B (zh) | 对强度调制质子疗法执行照射时间优化的方法和装置 | |
| CN110114117B (zh) | 用于辐射治疗计划的计算机系统和计算机产品 | |
| US10762167B2 (en) | Decision support tool for choosing treatment plans | |
| RU2603606C2 (ru) | Изучение дозиметрического воздействия движения на формирование адаптивных границ для конкретного пациента при планировании наружной дистанционной лучевой терапии | |
| US11331515B2 (en) | Method of optimizing collimator trajectory in volumetric modulated Arc therapy | |
| US11986672B2 (en) | Radiation treatment planning for delivering high dose rates to spots in a target | |
| JP2022534324A (ja) | 微分可能な線量関数を用いた放射線治療計画 | |
| CN111417435A (zh) | 放射疗法治疗计划优化工作流程 | |
| EP3388108B1 (en) | Systems and methods for dose calculation in generating radiation treatment plans | |
| JP7057754B2 (ja) | 反復治療計画における最適化方針の自動選択 | |
| JP2020529252A (ja) | 最適化中のoar及び標的目標に対する調整メカニズム | |
| JP2022541102A (ja) | 生物学的不確実性に関する堅牢な放射線治療計画作成のための方法及びシステム | |
| JP2018515274A (ja) | ビームジオメトリを選択する方法 | |
| JP6692923B2 (ja) | 放射線治療計画における分画選択ツール | |
| EP4363054A1 (en) | Assessing treatment parameters for radiation treatment planning | |
| CN119626454A (zh) | 两步射束几何优化和无等中心的射束入射角 | |
| CN113332616B (zh) | 治疗计划 | |
| US20250054598A1 (en) | Use of fields bounding box to reduce dose calculation computational effort | |
| US20230021570A1 (en) | Radiotherapy treatment decision method and systems for palliative care | |
| HK1262097A1 (en) | Systems and methods for dose calculation in generating radiation treatment plans |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20200227 |
|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20200227 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20200604 |
|
| A871 | Explanation of circumstances concerning accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A871 Effective date: 20200604 |
|
| A975 | Report on accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971005 Effective date: 20200629 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20200706 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20201002 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20201110 |
|
| A524 | Written submission of copy of amendment under article 19 pct |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A524 Effective date: 20210209 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20210308 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20210406 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6865765 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |